Chapter 69 Qiu Jin: Designing Military Systems

The military system in the late Qing Dynasty had changed several times by the time of the New Deal.Regardless of the Eight Banners, the green battalion system inherited the guarding system after the middle of the Ming Dynasty.The governor of a province is the admiral, followed by the commander-in-chief of each town.The troops subordinate to the governor, governor, admiral, and general soldier are organized as a standard, and the sub-standard is an association.Under the battalion is the news, led by Mr. Qian and the president.In this system, although the official ranks are distinct, there is not only a difference in strength between each standard and each battalion, but also a large gap in the number of troops.In addition, when fighting, each battalion is combined separately, and another senior officer is assigned to lead, and soldiers and soldiers, soldiers and generals, do not know each other.On the battlefield, you can bluff people, but if you really fight, you will have trouble.It is said that a battalion is sent, when there are many, there are nearly a thousand people, and when there are few, there are less than a hundred people. How can the commander count the number of troops?

After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was in trouble, the Xianghuai Army basically replaced the Eight Banners and the Green Battalion. The system of the Xianghuai Army is the brave camp system. The basic unit is the battalion, with more than 400 people in each battalion. People, divided into eight teams under the whistle, each team has more than ten people.But the official rank of the leader is still like that of the green camp, nothing more than mention, chief, deputy, participant, tour, capital, and guard.It's just that because of the many battles and the rapid promotion of officials, the head of a team is by no means the general manager or general manager, but the general soldier or admiral.However, according to the researchers' research, it is said that the military system of the Xianghuai Army, compared with the rival Taiping Army's imitation of Zhou Li's military system, five people form an army, five Wu are two, four are pawns, five pawns are brigades, and five brigades are brigades. Divisions, the structure of five divisions as an army is still better.Because foreign guns and cannons are also used, the system of the Xianghuai Army is relatively close to the structure of the western battalion and company platoon, but there is no platoon between the company and the squad.Such an arrangement structure is more suitable for the use of modern firearms.That’s true, among other things, each small unit of the Taiping Army has its own flag. When fighting, there are too many flags flying, and sometimes it feels like a cloud of flags. There are naturally fewer people shooting guns and fighting.

When the Xianghuai Army was useless, the New Deal of the Qing Dynasty and the military system of the new army changed again, and it was completely Westernized, specifically Prussianized.Army, town (division), association (brigade), standard (regiment), battalion, team, platoon, shed (squad), the commander of the army is called Juntong, the division commander is called Zhentong, the brigade commander is called Xietong, and the head of the regiment is called Biaotong. The battalion commander is called Guandai, the company commander is called team officer, the platoon leader is called platoon leader, and the squad leader is called Pengtou.However, the ranks of officers have not had time to implement the Western style, and they are still ranked according to the ladder of the green battalion.Although such a military system is westernized, it still has a bit of Chinese characteristics in its name.This tail was completely cut off after the Revolution of 1911 and the Republic of China.Not only the titles of officers at all levels, but also the titles of Western military ranks.

However, between the new army of the Qing Dynasty and the army of the Republic of China, there is another improved version of the military system design of the new army, which is the recovery army organized by the recovery society uprising in 1907.This military system was designed by the heroine Qiu Jin of the Revolutionary Party.The Restoration Army was divided into three groups, the North Road, the Middle Road and the South Road. There were three divisions on the North Road, four divisions on the Middle Road, and two divisions on the South Road.Another theory is that the Guangfu Army is divided into eight armies, using the eight characters "Recovering the Han nationality, Dazheng Guoquan" as a symbol, divided into the Guangzi Army, the Fuzi Army, and the Chinese Character Army... The leader of each army is a general and a deputy general, and then Is the marching staff and deputy marching staff.Each army consists of the left, middle, and right armies, and the army has three assistants, Zuo Zuo, Zhong Zuo, and You Zuo.But I don't know what the relationship between the division and the army is. It seems that there is no explanation in the documents seized by the Qing officials.In the biography of Qiu Jin written by the revolutionary Chen Qubing, there is no mention of divisions at all.Perhaps, the design of the Three Route Division was designed for the successful expansion of the uprising.

The Restoration Army not only has a military system and rank, but also has designed clothing.The military uniform is a white Baotou, a black military uniform on the front, with epaulettes, and a chest strap. From the general to the lieutenant, they all wear chest straps, just like the oblique chest straps of Western soldiers hanging medals.The color of the chest belt represents the military rank, yellow is the most expensive, followed by white, then red, and the last light blue.It is similar to the later use of stars and bars to distinguish. Qiu Jin is worthy of being a heroine of Jianhu, a female stream, studying in Japan, not only often carrying Japanese swords, playing with pistols, but also always paying attention to military affairs.The so-called "confession" before her arrest and martyrdom, even though it was recorded by a clerk, still showed her fearless spirit. She didn't even bother to talk about the Revolutionary Party with the interrogating officials, and she died calmly without fear.In terms of courage, there are really few revolutionaries who can compare.The military system she designed is actually better than the new army of the Qing Dynasty.The structure of the three-three system was not adopted until the establishment of the Huangpu Army of the Kuomintang of the Republic of China. It is more flexible and more suitable for combat than the two-two system of Beiyang (inherited from the new army).This kind of military system has a shadow of Japan and a little trace of China. The most important thing is that it has also introduced Japanese military ranks, such as general, assistant, and lieutenant.Unlike the new army at that time, he was obviously a brigade commander, and he still had the title of admiral, just like the old photos of soldiers at that time, wearing Western military uniforms, sabers on their waists, and a crown on their heads.It is said that the staff officers of the Japanese army are not like the blind staff officers and rotten officers that we understood later, they have great energy and power. Therefore, Qiu Jin also has the post of staff officer in the recovery army, just below the generals and lieutenants.

It's a pity that such a beautifully designed military system can only be used on a group of mobs.The only people Qiu Jin relied on to succeed were those who knew the party.The congregation parties in various parts of Zhejiang are used to being unorganized, and it is unlikely that they will be organized according to this system. Even if they are given military ranks and chest belts, they are just as messy.As soon as he heard that there was going to be an uprising, he would do it himself without an order. The uprising planned by the Guangfu Society for many years was actually ruined by the unauthorized actions of these reckless people, and Qiu Jin's carefully designed military ranks were useless.

The only gratifying thing is that the ranks used by the Nanjing Provisional Government of the 1911 Revolution to organize the Northern Expedition were roughly similar to Qiu Jin's design.