Chapter 31 1. The Lost Nation

Many ancient nations have their own sacred mountains. The ancient Donghu was destroyed by Mao Dun Shanyu of the Xiongnu. Those who walked to Baowuwan Mountain were called "Wuwan", and those who walked to Baoda Xianbei Mountain were called "Xianbei".During the later "Five Husbands and Disasters", the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei took the lead, and sent people to ask for the mountain and inscribe it, and to sacrifice to the ancestors. The "Wei Shu" contained its inscription. More than 1,500 years later, people today found this inscription in a cave called "Gaxian Cave" by the locals on the east side of Dingding in the northern section of Daxing'an Mountains, ten kilometers northwest of Alihe Town, the capital of the Oroqen Autonomous Banner of the Hulunbuir League. monument.From this we can confirm that this is the legendary "Great Xianbei Mountain".

The Xianbei people from the Great Xianbei Mountains have written a magnificent chapter in Chinese history. Since the Han and Wei dynasties, due to the endless plagues and wars in the interior, the population has been greatly reduced. The frontier ethnic groups have poured into the prosperous Central Plains and gradually merged with the Han nationality. This process lasted for hundreds of years.Among them, the most famous are the five races of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Jie, and Qiang, so they are called "five random Chinese" in history.During the hundreds of years of integration, there have been countless genocides, insults and ravages of alien races, and brutal enslavement and destruction.

History is rolling in, crushing all the doomed guys mercilessly under its wheels, using all kinds of tricks and tricks to blend their fragrant or rancid flesh and blood together, and put them in the big jar of the Central Plains for brewing After thousands of years, you and I will become the group of people-so there will inevitably be cold-blooded people like Mao Dun among us, and bookworms like Song Xianggong. The Xianbei tribe is one of the "Five Hus", among which Duanbu, Yuwenbu, Murongbu, Tuobabu, etc. are famous. They successively established Qianyan, Houyan, Nanyan, Beiyan, Xiyan and Xiqin , Nanliang, Dai, Northern Wei and other kingdoms or dynasties.The Tuoba Department is a relatively new branch of Xianbei. When they rose up, even the Murong Department's part was almost finished. The next few solitary seeds are still wandering around the corners of history like ghosts—but we can rest assured that they will still play a role in the future, but they will no longer appear under the names of these tribes.The outstanding ones, such as Yuwentai, the founder of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Khitan people who claim to be from the Yuwenbebe tribe, etc., will continue to perform on the stage of Chinese history.

The predecessor of Tuoba Wei was the Dai State of Tuoba Shiyijian, which was later destroyed by Emperor Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty.According to the "Book of Jin", which is famous for its gossip, after Fu Jian captured Mr. Shi Yijian, he thought that he was born out of vulgarity, lacked education, and his evaluation was not very high. Studies, specializing in etiquette, it is said that the emperor himself went to Taixue to study Mr. Shi Yijian's studies. With the help of the Han Wang Meng, Fu Jian tried his best to carry out Sinicization reforms and external expansion. This small western border country, which has both the wisdom of the Han nationality and the savagery of the Hu nationality, once unified the north and established the glorious former Qin Empire.However, the unification of North China was short-lived. With the defeat of the former Qin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui, it once again fell into a big split.

Tuoba is the grandson of Shi Yijian. He collected scattered tribes and took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains to re-establish a powerful dynasty on the ancestral homeland. The founding monarch Dao Wudi.It took three generations for the Northern Wei Dynasty, and it was not until the time of Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao that the Northern Yan, Beiliang, and Helianxia who ruled the roost were wiped out, and the unification of Northern China was completed. At about the same time, Liu Yu in the south also flattened the heroes and created the Southern Dynasty. Since then, Chinese history has entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties period.

During this period, the two-legged infantrymen of the Southern Dynasty were bullied by the six-legged Northern Dynasty cavalry as soon as they crossed the Yellow River and the Huai River and entered the plains; It is also uncomfortable to be hit by light infantry as a guerrilla. The two sides had no choice but to admit that each had their strengths and weaknesses on the battlefield, and for a while it seemed that there was no winner. So the form of struggle was changed to look down on each other, you called me "Daoyi", and I called you "Soru".Even when diplomatic envoys visit friendly countries, they try every means to make them look like a fool, even if they take advantage of it verbally, they think it is the glory of the country.

During this period, the Southern Dynasty changed dynasties like a revolving lantern, while the Northern Dynasty slaughtered the emperor like a revolving lantern.This era lasted for more than a hundred years, and this hundred years was a nightmare for all emperor families. It took less than a century and a half from the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the end of Emperor Daowu. Even counting the puppet emperors of the Eastern and Western Weis, the old Tuoba family ruled Northern China for only 171 years.In these one hundred and seventy-one years, the old Tuoba family has successively contributed eighteen emperors, big and small, to Chinese history, and it can be regarded as a professional emperor.Among the eighteen emperors, thirteen died violently, and the probability of being slaughtered was as high as 72%. The oldest one did not live to be more than forty-five years old.Some emperors had mental breakdowns before they died, and they actually begged the Bodhisattva to bless them not to do the high-risk occupation of the emperor in their next life.

The rule of this empire built on the basis of slaughter is so fragile! In Northern China at that time, ethnic conflicts were quite sharp.At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the dispute between Hu and Han was endless. As the ruler, the Tuoba clan of Xianbei aristocrats has been walking a tightrope in the dilemma of "Huhua or Sinicization". In the summer of 493 A.D., Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who was deeply influenced by Han culture, moved his capital to Luoyang in the name of the Southern Expedition, and carried out major reforms in an attempt to promote the Sinicization process of the Daibei Xianbei tribe with personal will and national power. .

First of all, Emperor Xiaowen reformed the official system.He appointed Wang Su to refer to the system of the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties to reform the original official titles, etiquette and laws of this dynasty, so as to further Sinicize the regime organization of the Northern Wei Dynasty.When appointing officials, he no longer sticks to the blood-related official system of the tribal era, but draws on the ruling experience of the unified dynasty in the Central Plains, and uses whether he is worthy or not as the standard.Secondly, Emperor Xiaowen ordered the prohibition of Hu clothing, the breaking of Beiyu, and the change of surnames.

Previously, the court of the Northern Wei Dynasty had always used the dialect of the South and the North, mixing Hu and Han. After Luoyang was established as the capital, Emperor Xiaowen issued an edict announcing that northern vulgar language should not be used in the court. If there is any violation, he will be removed from his official position.In terms of specific implementation, it is required that officials under the age of 30 must switch to speaking in Chinese at the court, and those over the age of 30 who are difficult to change their speech can be appropriately relaxed. It turns out that most of the Hu people in the north have compound surnames, such as Tuoba, Dugu, Buliugu, etc. Emperor Xiaowen ordered to change the compound surnames of the Hu people to monophonic Chinese surnames with similar sounds or similar meanings or origins, such as changing Tuoba to Yuan. The Dugu family was changed to the Liu family, Buliugu was changed to the Lu family, etc. At the same time, it was stipulated that the Xianbei people who moved south took Luoyang as their native place, and they were not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng after death, but were buried in Beimang Mountain, Luoyang.

Emperor Xiaowen also determined the clan surnames and established a clan system for the Xianbei clan surnames.The Yuan family is the royal family with the highest rank. The remaining Xianbei surnames such as Mu, Lu, He, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Wei are all comparable to the Han surnames. This series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen did achieve the expected results. The Daibei tribe who moved into the Central Plains quickly Sinicized in form.However, Emperor Xiaowen's reforms did not achieve results once and for all - it was by no means an easy task for an ancient race to completely change its customs and way of life.It is easy to complete formal transformation, but to completely change a nation culturally, it is not enough to rely on the efforts of only one generation. In the years to come, the blood and cultures from the Great Xianbei Mountain and the Yellow River will continue to conflict, compromise, and blend... Countless warriors serve on the battlefield, and countless wise men plan strategies for the future. The calamity of life burns out the candle of life. It was a long and painful process. This race from the Great Xianbei Mountains came to the Central Plains where their ancestors had dreamed of for generations, and became the master there.However, prosperity does not mean happiness. They gained the Central Plains, but lost themselves.When the dust settled all over the sky, they were also buried under the thick loess, leaving a legendary story in vain. Since then, Xianbei people have never been seen in Chinese history.Alas, where is the Great Xianbei Mountain among the lonely humming sound?