Chapter 10 Chapter 10: Xiang Yu Severes Daqin's Last Breath

The degree to which nobles are expensive, like diamonds, also has grades.Xiong Xin is the highest grade diamond that everyone can find - he is the grandson of the former King Huai of Chu.King Huai of Chu died ninety years ago, so Xiong Xin was about forty years old.The first two-thirds of his life were probably spent in the royal palace, and the last third was herding sheep for others in Huaibei. The story of the real prince marrying the shepherdess is most likely to happen to him. According to the observations of the ancients, sheep are very very animals, very, which means disobedience, so someone must watch them, and 8% of rams have homosexual behavior, so Xiong Xin's daily task is to beat those homosexuals with a stick sheep.In short, goats are promiscuous, this is an ancient saying.Sheep are very greedy, even reaching the level of fierce greed of tigers and wolves.To be able to shepherd sheep well, Xiongxin must be a very capable shepherd.

Xiong Xin knew that in 208 BC, his chance was coming soon. Fan Zeng, 70 years old, from Chaoxian County, Anhui Province, is a person who survived the Warring States Period. His knowledge is between a famous scholar and a political strategist. of." Xiang Liang asked why. Fan Zeng sat kneeling on the mat. Because he was older, he was afraid that he would not be able to kneel stably, so he supported a stool-like thing with his elbows in front of him. He was detained and died in Xianyang, and the people of Chu love and pity him to this day. The people of Chu have the deepest resentment towards Qin, so Mr. Nan Gong, an astrologer of Chu State, said: Although there are three families in Chu, the death of Qin must be Chu! Now Chen Sheng is the first to initiate the riot, His uprising also called for the revival of the Chu State, but he did not establish himself as the king instead of the successor of the Chu king, so he is bound to not last long.

"Now, general, you came from Jiangzuo, and the reason why all the generals in Chu are scrambling to follow you like a wasp is because your family has been the generals of the Chu state for generations, and they think that you will be able to restore the successor of the Chu state. Now if you don’t make the queen of Chu the king, how can you get it?” Chen Sheng once said to Wu Guang: "Nowadays, fleeing is death, and planning is also death. Waiting for death, is it possible to die a country?"--this country refers to Chu, that is to say, the original intention of Chen Sheng's uprising is not to oppose The greater exploitation lies in the return to the enfeoffment system, which is specifically manifested in the restoration of the Chu State. His political slogan "Great Chu Xing, Chen Shengwang" also illustrates this point.When Chen Sheng entered Chencheng, Zhang Er and Chen Yu analyzed the situation, and they said that the first crime of Qin was to destroy the six kingdoms, cut off the community of the six kingdoms, and after destroying the six kingdoms, the second was serious exploitation.From Chen Sheng, to the opinions of Zhang Er and Chen Yu, to Fan Zeng, to the practices of some uprising leaders Ge Ying, Zhou Shi, and Qin Jia in other areas to establish the Six Kingdoms, to the general popularity (Sima Qian said that Xiang Liang was the successor to the King of Chu) "Following the expectations of the people"), many social classes hope to restore the six-nation enfeoffment system that Qin broke off.

Historical development is a gradual transition, and the transition from the enfeoffment system to the imperial autocracy cannot be as sharp as the Qin Empire.To a large extent, the social turmoil at the end of the Qin Dynasty was based on the main social contradictions of the historical inertia of the enfeoffment system during the sharp transition from the enfeoffment system to the imperial autocracy, rather than the peasant uprising against the exploitation of the landlord regime as the primary Contradiction (this is at best the second contradiction of subordination).All social strata who have long been accustomed to the enfeoffment social system reject the centralized social system of imperial autocracy, especially since this system does not bring happiness to people, but life is increasingly embarrassing.

Restoring the six kingdoms and restoring the enfeoffment system (of course, there can still be an emperor under this system) is a political proposition clearly held by the uprising forces including Chen Sheng, and it is also the "people's hope" of multiple social classes.The big reason for Chen Sheng's failure was that he did not strictly implement this political goal, but instead pursued his own private "big ambition". Xiang Liang is a person who understands righteousness. Since the primary nature of this movement is to seek the return of the six-nation enfeoffment system after being cut off by Qin (the second is to fight against exploitation and oppression), then after the restoration of King Chu, there is nothing to do with this movement. The choice of compliance and promotion is the key to the continuous development and final victory of this movement, and Chen Sheng's failure is not far behind. Although he may not like to add another king to his head to suppress him, he still has all He affirmed Fan Zeng's suggestion, and immediately went to the people to find Xiong Xin, the grandson of King Huai of Chu, so as to conform to and promote the development of this movement to a higher level, and gave this movement a clearer color of restoring the enfeoffment system in action.

Xiong Xin threw down his sheep whip, this person who had received political edification and experience in folk life in the palace of Chu—a bit like Shaokang who lived among the people in the Xia Dynasty—complied with the popularity and situation, and generously boarded the new era of two thousand miles in Chu. The King of Chu, who was still known as King Huai of Chu in history. King Huai of Chu is a good coagulant and catalyst. Since he joined the Chu army, the situation has been going in a good direction. Xiang Liang has successively won a series of victories in Dong'e, Puyang, and killing Li Si's son Li You.

Yes, it is unimaginable that the state of Chu, which is two thousand miles away, does not have a king. It's a pity that the good times didn't last long, because Xiang Liang was so good at fighting, he beat himself to death.After Xiang Liang died in battle, King Huai of Chu ordered the Chu army to retreat to the Pengcheng area. What King Huai of Chu had to do at this time was to win over and condense some "disobedient" sheep into a concentrated flock that could fight against the lions. King Huai of Chu first attacked Xiang Yu, the most "very" among the sheep, and captured the army of Xiang Yu and Lu Chen, and put him under direct command.This is because he is afraid that Xiang Yu will be too powerful to bully the master.

"The king of Chu was established by my family, why is this?" Xiang Yu finally couldn't help but uttered these words. Fan Zeng smiled lightly at the side: "You are still young, the King of Chu is not wrong." He admired this eight-foot man very much, but he still had a lot to learn. "I really don't understand, why did you call him here?" Xiang Yu said. "This is the hope of the people. What is the hope of the people? It is the restoration of the Chu State. You can't get involved in this movement without knowing the reality of this movement. The reality and the name must match. There is reality without name , the reality will be scattered. There is a name but no reality, and the reality is not far away. The king of Chu is the best choice to add a suitable name to the reality of this movement.”

"It's also what Yafu said." Xiang Yu raised his head and let out a long, speechless breath. King Huai of Chu knew that while offending some sheep, he had to win over some sheep.He felt that Liu Bang was kind-hearted, so he named him Marquis of Wu'an and asked him to be stationed in Dang County, northwest of Pengcheng-of course, this was also the territory that Liu Bang himself laid down. You also need the largest sheep.King Huai of Chu felt that neither Liu Bang nor Lu Chen could reach the level of being a leader, if he himself was still a shepherd. The new shepherd has to choose a brand new leading sheep that he raised up by himself.

At this time, Song Yi appeared in his vision. Not long before Xiang Liang's death, Lord Gao Ling, the envoy of the King of Qi, met Song Yi, the envoy sent by Xiang Liang to the state of Qi for help, when he was on a mission to contact Xiang Liang, the king of Chu Wuxin.The two made a behind-the-scenes deal that was lost in historical records. At that time, in the state of Qi, Tian Dan had already died in battle. Tian Shi, the son of Tian Dan, was established as the king of Qi, Tian Rong was the prime minister, and Tian Heng was the general.The princes and generals are all ready.Tian Rong, as Tian Dan's younger brother, is the actual person in charge.

From the point of view of Qi State, it is necessary to form a good relationship with Chu State in order to protect each other, and more importantly, King Qi has the support of Chu State, so that he can remain invincible in the competition of various factions in Qi.King Qi urgently needs a high-ranking official under King Huai of Chu to be the patron saint and facilitator of Qi's interests.From Song Yi's point of view, if he wanted to overpower Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and other generals and become the number one high-ranking official that King Huai of Chu valued and relied on, he needed the military support of a country such as Qi to back him up. If he himself is an insignificant little weight weighing one gram, with the boosting force of Qi's magnetic force line, his weight is better than a weight. "I really hope that Qi Chu can make friends, but unfortunately, I am a soft-spoken person." Having dinner at the post station, Song Yi said while holding his earcup. The earcup is a boat-shaped lacquerware, with a red inner bottom that shimmers with wine. Mr. Gaoling blinked his eyes, his pupils began to shrink, and focused repeatedly, like a chameleon that has found food, he mustered up his courage and said: "The widow and the subordinates all think that General Song is very strategic, if General Song is willing to humiliate him Our country is the chancellor, and it is indeed a blessing that few kings dare not hope for." Song Yi put down his cup and said, "I am serving King Chu now, so I can only thank King Gui Qi for his kindness." "Then, General Song's noble son Song Xiang, with his extraordinary talents, can also be the king's assistant. Simply invite your noble son Song Xiang to come to Qi to be your friend." Song Yi said: "The dog is a mediocre person, and the name is not worthy of the name. I am afraid it will only insult the royal court." Lord Gaoling said: "General Song's civil and military strategy, sincerity is highly valued by the king of Chu, and your son insulted Qi to regard him as his prime minister. Qi and Chu have a good relationship. Isn't it a blessing for the two countries?" Song Yi's heart finally settled down, and he smiled knowingly at Lord Gao Ling: "Everything is up to God!" So the two happily clinked glasses. More than ten days later, Lord Gaoling followed the Chu army to Pengcheng and visited King Huai of Chu as an envoy of Qi.After a certain amount of etiquette and a formal conversation, Lord Gao Ling said: "It is a pity that General Xiang Liang was defeated. If he had listened to General Song Yi earlier, he might have avoided this difficulty." King Huai of Chu said, "What do you mean?" Lord Gao Ling said: "A foreign minister was sent to Xiang Liang's army a few days ago, and he met General Song Yi on his way. General Song Yi said that the most prudent use of troops is when you have won many battles and won many battles. Generals are arrogant and lazy. It is easy to be taken advantage of by the enemy. However, General Xiang Liang did not listen to General Song's advice, and finally the army was defeated, and many died, causing the king of Chu to be in the embarrassment he is today. General Song Yi saw the defeat before the battle, which can be said He is someone who knows the art of war!" King Huai of Chu took it down secretly, and then summoned Song Yi to talk. When Song Yi came in, King Huai of Chu asked for talents and said eagerly, "Sir, please talk about the current military affairs." Song Yi talked about the art of war and governing the country endlessly, with flying diction, spitting out musical fountains, and eloquent and eloquent words, and the logic was so tight that King Huai of Chu moved his knees out of the mat unconsciously. Whenever Song Yi left, King Huai of Chu felt lonely like a wild goose alone. "Encounter and encounter, it suits my wish." King Huai of Chu, who is very literary, said. After gaining the trust and admiration of King Huai of Chu, Song Yi suggested that King Huai of Chu form a close alliance with the State of Qi by sending Song Yi's son Song Xiang to the State of Qi as Prime Minister.The advantage of this to Qi is that if Qi is attacked in the future, or the status of King Qi is threatened, Song Xiang can get Chu soldiers to sponsor him.The benefit to Chu State is that sending Song Xiang to Qi State to participate in and control Qi State's political affairs can make Qi State a subordinate state of Chu in a certain sense, and can mobilize the Qi army to follow the Chu army.The advantage for King Chu Huai is that if the status of King Chu Huai is threatened, then Qi Guo Song Xiang's pawn can be placed there, which can pull Qi Guoyao to support King Chu.The good thing for Song Yi is that having this son make meritorious service in the state of Qi can maintain the favor of King Huai of Chu, and he can also pull the people of Qi to be a support group. His position in the court of the Chu Dynasty can also dominate the crowd. minister. In short, this is a happy plan that benefits the three parties like a mess. King Huai of Chu decided on it. Before Song Xiang set off, the current situation was like the weird and changeable weather in 207 BC, and a new situation appeared again.After Zhang Han wiped out the main force of the "big bubble" Xiang Liang, he felt that the small bubble in the southeast was no longer worth squeezing, so he moved the main force northward and crossed the Yellow River to attack Zhao Guo. Zhao Wangxie was frightened, and sent envoys to look at the road, and came to invite Chu Huai Wang several times. King Huai of Chu, Song Yi and others decided after research to send a bison and a wildebeest to deal with Zhang Han.The buffalo army is the main force of the state of Chu going north, to break the siege of Zhao, and fight Zhang Han's army; the horned horse army goes west, and drives straight to Guanzhong. If there is no division of troops to pursue rescue, the horned horse army will go straight to Guanzhong and enter Xianyang, and Qin will be destroyed in one fell swoop. "Zhang Han is a blind man. He can't find where his fiercest enemy is. Why don't he finish the work here and go to Zhao Guo." King Huai of Chu deliberated on this plan. He stood in the courtyard of the king's court with his clothes on and the lamb in his arms. The moonlight poured down from his head, as if he saw the revival of Chu State not far away.He stood up like an old melon watcher from his melon field, and the green melon seedlings in spring are winding around the earth. Pengcheng is on Yima Plain.At sunrise on the plain, first a line of red clouds gushes out of the surface like rolling waves, and the sun rises from below. The flames are blazing, and the three horizons in the north, south, and west are also red, as if the king is in the world. King Huai of Chu was about to hold a meeting. In Pengcheng, in the building designated as the royal palace, King Huai of Chu sat in the chairman (the so-called chairman is the mat under the buttocks of the main characters. At that time, people sat on the ground, but there were mats, which functioned like chair cushions).A group of Ling Yin, Zhu Guo, princes, and generals all knelt down, saluted King Huai of Chu, shouted "Your Majesty", and then sat down in the hatchback. Xiang Yu's saluting and sitting postures are the most standardized, and he has been professionally trained.The other generals were not rude either. According to later Li Shiqi, after observing dozens of uprising generals who passed by his hometown Gaoyang, he said to Liu Bang: "These generals are very strict for their own use." Strict and cumbersome etiquette, and self-righteous.This surprised us and felt that most of these uprising generals should have come from heroic officials, so they paid attention to etiquette, not the kind of Li Zicheng's generals-look at the name of Li Zicheng's generals, "Crossing the Sky" You know, they are all farmers.If the main body of the movement at the end of the Qin Dynasty was the peasant uprising, why did the dozens of generals who passed through Gaoyang in succession, all of them "follow the rituals for their own use"?And you can't listen to "magnanimous words", that is, you don't like carefree speakers such as Li Shiqi. Is this a characteristic of farmers? In contrast, Liu Bang is the least harsh and the most magnanimous. Xiang Yu looked across and saw Liu Bang sitting looking up, trying to be as serious as possible.Liu Bang was originally a burly figure, but now his big beard is a bit sloppy.He came from Dang County, a hundred miles west.Xiang Yu remembered that he and Liu Bang joined hands to attack Qin a few months ago, defeated Li You in Qi County, and Cao Shen under Liu Bang killed Li You, how happy he was at that time.Both Liu Bang and Xiang Yu are brave generals under Xiang Liang's command, and they are invincible in fighting side by side.Xiang Liang was defeated, and the two were still attacking Chenliu together in the Central Plains. Seeing that the situation was not good, the two had no choice but to retreat and retreat to the east together. "Liu Bang is still loyal to our Xiang family." Xiang Yu once said. "Your uncle took care of him all the time. When he was beaten by Yong Chi, your uncle gave him 5,000 troops and five doctors and ten generals as a gift," Yafu Fan Zeng said. "It seems that the king is paying attention to him now." "There must be someone to lead the soldiers in Dang County." "Now," King Huai of Chu began to speak, "the widow, the veterans, and General Song Yi have all discussed it over and over again." Everyone immediately closed their ears and listened to the nobleman. "King Zhao and Prime Minister Zhang Er were trapped in Julu. King Qi, King Wei, and King Yan heard of Zhao's urgency, and all sent troops to rescue them. I heard that the auxiliary chariots depended on each other, and their lips were dead and their teeth were cold. Our Chu Kingdom, in the era of the former kings, reached the sea in the east , arrived at Wu County in the west, and it was extremely long and short. It was five thousand miles long, and there were millions of men holding halberds, and they were able to leap across the Central Plains. Hou Gongfu is fortunate to be able to restore the former king's career and restore the former king's old land. Today I announce that Song Yi will be the top general, Xiang Yu will be the second general, and Fan Zeng will be the last general. They will sweep away the Chu soldiers in the territory, pay all three generals, and go north. Rescue the king of Zhao and the prime minister Zhang Er in Julu. Then send troops westward, go westward to attack Guanzhong along the north of the Yellow River. In addition, use Liu Bang to command the soldiers and horses of Dangjun, go westward, respect the south of the Yellow River, and go westward to directly attack Guanzhong. The generals who enter the Guanzhong first, I would like to use the land in the Guanzhong as the king! What do the generals and princes think?" Everyone was overwhelmed by King Huai of Chu's aura.The mustache on the corner of Song Yi's mouth curled up into a smile, and he stood up quickly to speak, expressing his determination to fulfill his mission: "If you don't break Zhanghan, this body will never return to the south." When the generals and princes heard that they were going north with Song Yi, they also breathed a sigh of relief.Because there are so many people, everyone gathers together and walks together. Although Zhang Han is terrible-killing Xiang Liang and often taking advantage of the victory to chase the north, it may not be my turn to die. Liu Bang also stood up to express his opinion. First, he scolded the innocent state of Qin, and then said that the princes rose together to destroy Qin. I dare not love myself, but the king of Chu ordered me to die without saying anything. King Huai of Chu didn't expect the meeting to go so smoothly, so he smiled. When it was Xiang Yu's turn to speak, Xiang Yu said, "I hope Your Majesty will reconsider." All of a sudden the air was tense. Song Yi couldn't help it anymore: "General Xiang Yu, aren't you satisfied with the current general?" "I am willing to act together with Liu Bang and enter the customs west." Xiang Yu said. Song Yi's face was a little red, he misunderstood, but he chewed and chewed the red away. Xiang Yu said: "My uncle, Xiang Liang, thought about the death of Qin day and night, and ruled tens of thousands of people to attack the Central Plains. Unfortunately, he died on the battlefield. The pain of the death of the uncle is deep and deep. Qin, go westward to break through the pass and enter Qin, and avenge this revenge. Yu does not want to go northward to save Zhao, but goes straight to the west with Liu Bang to destroy Qin!" (He is willing to go with Liu Bang, they still have feelings for each other.) Many people secretly mourned for Xiang Yu.This silly boy is really cute and reckless. You must know that the Guanzhong area is the homeland of the Qin State, with a vast territory and strong soldiers. After the Qin army left the pass, the devastating armored soldiers and suffocating attack speed, killing east and north, winning without defeat, Xiang Liang, When Wu Guang and Zhou Wen wanted to enter the pass westward, they all threw up their heads and vomited blood for it. They went west with a partial division and attacked the pass alone to attack the old nest of the Qin people.Although the person who enters Xianyang first can be named the king of Guanzhong, but don't make yourself foolish.Even if they break through, with a partial division, can they survive?That's cannon fodder!At this time, none of the generals was willing to attack Guanzhong first.It was bad enough that Liu Bang was sent to attack westward.This silly boy wants to follow Liu Bang. Are you better than your uncle?I really don't want my life. King Huai of Chu thought for a while and asked, "Is the servant here? How's your breakfast?" A fat servant hurriedly bent over and shouted from a distance from the gate of the crowd: "I tell the king, the rice has been cooked and cooled several times. The leaders don't have to work too hard at the meeting. You can have dinner early." Everyone couldn't help laughing.Break up the tense atmosphere just now. King Huai of Chu said: "The widow announces that the court will come here first, and the generals, princes and officials will retreat to the court and have dinner first." After dinner, King Huai of Chu called some of his staff officers and senior generals into the small room. King Huai of Chu said, "Xiang Yu wants to go west with Liu Bang to enter the pass. What do you all think?" Some veterans looked at me and I looked at you, and then a very stubborn person took the lead and said: "We have already talked about it when we eat. I always look at Xiang Yu and get angry! Don't blame me for speaking directly, my lord. This Xiang Yu has always been a fierce and cunning thief, and his character is very problematic. Let me give you an example. Before the king humiliated the Chu army, Xiang Yu was sent by his uncle to attack Xiangcheng in the west. After occupying Xiangcheng, he killed everyone Yes, there are tens of thousands of people! Wherever he passed, everything was destroyed. Can such people be sent?" We say that during the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was an unhealthy trend of massacres that did not exist in the previous Warring States period.We know that the sacrifice of the attacking side can often be more than ten times that of the defending side, because the casualties of the attacking side are very large, so out of anger, they often massacre the city after victory.Therefore, the veteran also created an idiom for Xiang Yu, "噍约给无益". "噍" means to chew and eat."Human Wulu" means that after the city is broken, all creatures with chewing devices are killed. In fact, Liu Bang also did such a thing. After Liu Bang and Xiang Yu captured Chengyang, they also slaughtered it.However, this is something that happened after King Huai of Chu came. Taking such an example, I am afraid it will not look good on King Huai of Chu.And the veteran is not willing to say bad things about Liu Bang, although Liu Bang also slaughtered the city (the number of slaughters seems to be more than that of Xiang Yu later), but maybe because of his popularity, the veteran is unwilling to say it. The veteran said: "Liu Bang is an old man. He has always been tolerant, and he is not as small as Xiang Yu. We feel that we can't rely on force to attack the west. Chen Wangsheng and General Xiang Liang failed in force. If you fight, you will fail. The closer you are to Guanzhong, the more loyal you are to Qin, and the more loyal you are inside Guanzhong. Therefore, you must send the elders to support Yi and go west to Qin's native father and brother. Explain the truth. These native Qin people have also suffered a lot from their masters. If this elder does not violate violence and acts morally, it may be feasible to tell Qin's father and brothers to leave their masters. In short, Xiang Yu Can't be sent, he is too fierce, if he angers the Qin people, he will only miss the king's good deed." The veteran babbled a lot, but what he said seemed to make sense.After hearing this, King Huai of Chu did not hesitate.In addition, King Huai of Chu may also feel that Guanzhong of Qin State is ten times richer than the world. If Xiang Yu is made king here, then there will be another "violent Qin" in the future.Xiang Yu lived in Guanzhong where the mountains and rivers were dangerous and solid, guarded the wealth of wealth and food, and his ambition was inflated. When he came to Shandong, he became the emperor who ruled the princes.In short, there are ten thousand reasons why Xiang Yu should not take the risk. "In order to comfort Xiang Yu, let's make him the Duke of Lu. Lu is the most cowardly place, and it's in the east. Let Xiang Yu go there, so we can't make trouble."—I don't know if it was the idea of ​​King Huai of Chu , or what the veterans thought, in short, the title of Duke Lu was determined like this. At the next court meeting, King Huai of Chu informed Xiang Yu of his decision: "Let's maintain the original decision. General Xiang Yu is commendable for his loyalty and bravery, and he was specially named the Duke of Lu. The plan to go north to save Zhao is entrusted to Song Yishang The general and General Xiang Yu are waiting for a group of generals." Xiang Yu knew that the king's order could not be violated, so he bowed his head and saluted. "There are many giftees on the Lu Guolian Festival, but I like it." Xiang Yu thought to himself.He especially likes people of etiquette. King Huai of Chu said: "All the generals, regardless of their titles, should go wholeheartedly to the righteousness this time. Today in the court hall, all the generals and princes were brothers according to their age. From then on, they died together in righteousness. Support each other in adversity, live up to the widows and entrust each other with state affairs." All the generals were moved with emotion, and some even shouted long live for this idea, expressing that their souls had been touched.So the fat servant rushed over and arranged for the generals to start worshiping! It's not too farfetched to say that they are brothers who were born and died.No matter whether you go west or north, it is a narrow escape, and you will go to the king's disaster together. King Huai of Chu understood this truth deeply, he must defend well while attacking.If the enemy army rushes to attack your old nest, and all the soldiers in your own territory rush to Zhao, wouldn't it be self-defeating? But Chu Huai Wang didn't want to make himself appear too selfish. "If half of the soldiers are divided to guard the widow, what will the soldiers in front think?" King Huai of Chu entrusted this task to Liu Bang's Dangjun teacher as part of Liu Bang's duties before his journey to the west. Liu Bang is an elder, not only capable of attacking, but also more suitable than Xiang Yu for stabilizing the occupied area.Moreover, the connecting area between Shandong and Henan in the northwest of Pengcheng was also part of the Central Plains war zone when Liu Bang followed Xiang Liang in action, and Liu Bang was more familiar with the situation here. Therefore, when Liu Bang rode his horse back to the Dangjun garrison, he quickly gathered thousands of his own troops to go northward and fight back to the Jiaolin area of ​​​​Shandong and Henan.It was heard that the old troops were fighting back again, and the former soldiers of Xiang Liang and Chen Sheng's troops who had been scattered in this area flocked to them and returned from ten miles and hundreds of miles away. Although King Huai of Chu gave him very little supplement, and after collecting the scattered soldiers, there were only a few thousand troops, but Liu Bang's elite soldiers from Fengpei and two counties were good at fighting under extremely difficult conditions.They first marched 80 kilometers to the Chengwu area (now Chengwu County) in the west of Shandong Province, where they encountered officers and soldiers from Qindong County.The deputy governor of Dongjun, the county lieutenant, personally led the team and fought with Liu Bang, but was defeated by Liu Bang.Among them, Fan Kui, the "professional killer" of Liu Bang's daughter-in-law and brother-in-law Tugou, killed part of the Qin army, beheaded 14 of them himself, and captured 11 of them.Marching 80 kilometers northwest again, we arrived at Chengyang (Jiancheng, Shandong, where the battle of Chengpu used to be) at the junction of Shandong and Henan, and confronted the two Qin armies guarding here.The Qin army went out of the barrier to fight. After a murderous fight, Liu Bang smashed and killed the second Qin army.Among them, Guan Ying, who was born as a cloth seller, was awarded the title of Seventh Doctor because of his "fighting", that is, fighting fiercely.Further down, Liu Bang's Chu army fought with a partial division of Qin's senior general Wang Li, and broke it again. Isn't Liu Bang a good fighter? However, after attacking here, Liu Bang began to change his luck. He suffered a defeat when attacking Changyi (Jinxiang in the southwestern part of Shanxi), and then shrunk southward, almost retreating to the original starting point of Dangjun. An army of Marquis Wu (probably belonged to King Bao of Wei), Liu Bang took strong measures to incorporate him, and killed 4,000 people from Marquis Wu's team. At this time, Liu Bang's troops reached nearly 10,000. Liu Bang's tossing all the way clarified the Qin soldiers within one or two hundred kilometers northwest of Pengcheng, ensured the safety of the periphery of Pengcheng, and played the role of an advance team, opening up the marching channel for the main force of Song Yi and Chu to go north to rescue Zhao. At the same time, the main force of the Chu army was already on the road, and it was the late autumn of 207 BC.Song Yi ruled all the generals of the Chu State, and was known as the "Champion of Qingzi", which means the champion of the armies held by the noble son. Regrettably, about ten days later, when the army arrived at Anyang City, about 150 kilometers northwest of Pengcheng—that is, in the Wucheng area where Liu Bang defeated the deputy governor of Qindong County in advance, the Qingzi champion suddenly Thought it would be nice to stop and see the fall scenery on the Great Plains as well. The weather was already cold at that time. The land of Jiangbei has been stripped of layers of feathers by the winter cold, and the land is barren. The summer land has migrated to another sleepy sunshine zone, and what remains in northern Jiangsu is ominous despair. "Why didn't the general stand still?" According to the general military law, if the commander blindly preserves his strength, it will arouse the doubts of the subordinates.Song Yi refused to enter the battle, and rumors began to grow in the team: "The Qin army has won, and the king told us to retreat." "General Song Yi is about to treason." Song Yi is planning to punish these rumors.At this time, Xiang Yu found him and said: "We have been resting here for more than ten days. What are you waiting for, General?" Song Yi said: "This, I have my own division." "The soldiers are very puzzled!" "I will issue a military order. Duke Lu cherishes his soldiers too much. He will punish them severely." "The last general understands. But I came today to say that the Qin army is besieging King Zhao's small city of Julu with 200,000 to 300,000 people. Outside, if the Zhao army responds to the inside, the Qin army will be defeated." "Can we really defeat the Qin army? Why do we have to go to Zhanghan?" Xiang Yu doesn't understand, is this a problem? "The purpose of a gadfly biting a cow is to bite the cow, not the lice on the cow. Zhang Han is just a lice." Song Yi said angrily. "Now, when the people of Zhao see the Chu army dispatched, they must have high morale. They will fight against Zhang Han's fortress. Half of the Qin army's elite are dead in the city, and the food is almost exhausted in the army. In less than a month, the Zhao country will be destroyed, and the Qin army will also be exhausted. In the resumption of the war, I will accept his exhaustion and wait for work with leisure. If we fight with a drum, the people of Zhang Han will be wiped out. If King Zhao can defeat the Qin army with the princes' army, then we will directly lead our troops westward to beat the drums and enter the pass, and we will be defeated. Qin Zhili. In short, it is better to let Qin and Zhao fight first, and we stay instead of attacking," Song Yi said, "hehe, if you talk about charging forward and enforcing the enemy, Song Yi is not as good as the public; sitting and maneuvering, decisively winning thousands of miles, the public is not as good as Song Yi." Song Yi's tone at the end was slightly contemptuous.What he meant was that our goal is Niu (Qin), not mere Zhanghan (lice), as if no one else can grasp this strategic direction. Xiang Yu wanted to say something more, Song Yi said: "General, please go back and think about it. I am going to draft a military order here. The soldiers' morale is not stable now." Soon, the military order was issued, and it was written on the wooden board in official script that everyone can recognize, and it was very vivid and easy to understand, using many animals as metaphors: "Once the people below are found, they will be executed by military law: As fierce as a tiger, as fierce as a sheep, as greedy as a wolf, his strengths are irresistible!" Xiang Yu said heartily: "This order doesn't need to be sent down, just send it to me." After more than ten days, Song Yi probably got tired of staying in Anyang, so he took his son to Wuyan.Wuyan is an ugly wife of King Xuan of Qi, who looks like the scene of a car accident.Because she looks so miserable, many people want to donate to her when they meet. In the end, she was married by King Qi Xuan who is full of love and righteousness. See "The Crocodile War in the Bronze Age".This Wuyan town is the hometown of Miss Wuyan. In fact, her name is Zhonglichun. It is 150 kilometers from Anyang to the northeast to Wuyan (now Dongping, Shandong), while it is only 220 kilometers from Anyang to the northwest to Julu Battlefield.The trip to Wuyan, the time spent back and forth, is enough to finish the Battle of Julu. At this time, it was raining cold again, and Song Yi, officials of the Qi State in Wuyan, and the envoy of the King of Qi held a high-level meeting with wine.The so-called high-level meeting is the meeting of senior cadres. "This time, I personally sent my young master Xiang to your country of Qi to be your chancellor. I would like to thank the envoys of the king of Qi for their welcome." Song Yi said, "Xiang, give a toast to the princes!" At that time, there were a lot of biological species in ancient times, and the food table was full of rare and strange flavors.The cold soldiers standing guard at the door looked at the sumptuous dining table with a look of wanting to eat roasted meat. The same heavy rain also came to Anyang, which is more than 100 kilometers away. The rain brought coldness, and the cold wind also came to help, and the temperature dropped to close to zero.Because they have been staying for nearly forty days, the accumulation of military rations is getting less and less day by day. The rations of the soldiers are first reduced to two meals a day, then from two meals of dry rice to one thin and one dry, and finally from one thin to one dry. Reduced to two meals of porridge, and finally one meal of porridge a day.The soldiers were cold and hungry.The barracks were also simple, with thatched roofs like leaky sieves, and the Chu soldiers in the barracks were soaked in the rain with their bare feet.When it rained fiercely, it was like covering the camp with a large canvas and beating it with a dog stick. The leak in the barracks was unbearable, and the soldiers simply ran out into the rain with their heads in their hands. rain. "What's the matter!" Xiang Yu thought angrily, wearing an ancient plastic raincoat. The soldiers held their weapons and died in the rain. Xiang Yu always loved the soldiers. When he saw the soldiers suffering from illness, he would often cry and share his food with the sick.Now that the soldiers are hungry and cold, Xiang Yu feels the same, restless. Xiang Yu called the generals together.The generals whispered to each other, Xiong doubted Lang Gu.Xiang Yu thought for a while and said: Forget it, it's useless to tell you! Six or seven days later, Song Yi came back, beaming with joy, and Xiang Yu immediately approached him to remonstrate: "General, we were supposed to attack Qin with all our strength, but you couldn't stay for long. The soldiers had nothing to eat because of this, and used taro all day to deal with it (taro was available at that time). There was no ready food in the army, but I heard that you were drinking and having a high meeting, why don't you lead your troops across the river to Zhao to eat good food? (It seems that the situation in Zhao State is good), and they attacked Qin with Zhao people, but they said that the Qin army was exhausted. With the strength of Qin army, attacking the newly established Zhao State, its momentum will definitely destroy Zhao. Zhao We were defeated and Qin Yiqiang was destroyed, what is there to bear! We just lost a big battle in Dingtao, and the king of Chu couldn't sit still for this. In one fell swoop. Now the general doesn't care about the soldiers, and only favors the people of Qi for his own benefit, can this be regarded as a minister of the country?" Song Yi rolled his eyes in anger: "General Xiang Yu, have you forgotten my military order?" "For the immediate plan, Chu and Zhao must join forces, otherwise they will be defeated by each of Qin." Xiang Yu wanted to say something more, but Song Yi had already covered his ears. After Xiang Yu returned to the dormitory, he stared at the oil lamp sadly and thought for two episodes: "Fate is always designed for mediocrity!" At this time, Fan Zeng came in. "Yafu, why do we have to be at the mercy of Song Yi?" Xiang Yu said. "Hurry up, my arthritis hurts to death. Alas, I either died of pain in Anyang, or I died of anger in Anyang." Fan Zeng said. Xiang Yu then no longer hesitated. Early the next morning, the rain was still falling like noodles, watched by hungry soldiers.After Xiang Yu finished, he pressed his sword. This was his signature move, just like Guan Yu Danfeng who was about to kill someone when he opened his eyes - going straight to Song Yi's bedroom. The guard at the door said, "General Xiang Yu." "Please report, I have something to report to the general." "The general just got up," said the guard. “十万火急，这事上将军还不知道。我和你一起进去。” 进去一看，宋义正在帐里躺着呢。 项羽揭帐踏入：“将军知道今天是你的死期了吗？”宋义舌敫不能发言，提起枕头想要抵抗，就听见一声辨识度很高的喑恶之吼，宋义当时觉得冷风过颈，天立刻就黑了，头滚落在地上。 从远古到更远更为渺茫的将来，那些沉积不朽的，是河床上寂静的石头，不是浪花，浪花在开口笑出肤浅一笑的同时，就已烟飞珠碎。宋义就是这样容易被人忘记的人。 项羽拎着宋义的人头踏门而出，直走到中军鼓前击鼓。 将官们闻鼓，冒着雨，按着盔，半披着甲全跑出来了。就见项羽拎着个人头，当众高呼：“宋义与齐国串通谋反，楚王已洞烛其奸，阴命项羽诛之。” 诸将全傻眼了，尽皆折服，没有一个敢横着说话的。等诸将找回了理智之后，项羽让他们表态，他们都说：“首立楚国社稷的，是将军家啊，如今将军又诛杀了乱逆之子。我们共同推举您当假上将军吧。” 雨水扑碎了檐前的网，放走了挣扎的蜻蜓，解脱了项羽多日的积愁。 项羽又派人去追杀宋义的儿子宋襄，一直追到齐王都，把他追着杀死了，一点不给齐王面子。这宋襄也够倒霉了，死前还白跑了这么远的路。 然后项羽又派遣桓楚回到彭城向楚怀王报命。这个桓楚就是前面传说去阳澄湖养大闸蟹的（我传说的），他亡命于湖泽中，看来还是从泽里出来追随项家革命了。 几天后，桓楚回到安阳，带回了楚怀王的“圣旨”：“任命项羽为上将军（最高统帅），英布、蒲将军两支劲旅也归属项羽指挥。” 众人无不喜悦。 楚怀王是有王者之才度啊，不论对项羽有多大的不满，但他宁可确立项羽已然具备的地位，甚至专门强调英布、蒲将军这两支悍将的部队也专属于项羽领导。既然用项羽，就让项羽做成大事，何惜小忿。这算是用人不疑了。 史记上说，项羽诛杀“卿子冠军”宋义，海内骚然，威震楚国，名闻诸侯。大家都说：哟，楚国出来一个叫项羽的人啊。 项羽是谁？ 就是杀了楚卿子冠军宋义，夺其数万大军的。 宋义是谁？ 就是被名人项羽杀了的！ 项羽整顿数万楚国大军，向二百多公里以北的巨鹿进发。当时两千里的瑟瑟秋风摇动蒿草与冰冷的地面遥遥呼应，大风中的楚马长鬃像风吹起着一垄春麦。 读史通常让人喜少怒多，大约古代的人，自秦汉以后，性情越来越软弱了，被人欺负被上级欺负成了历史的主流。然而中国毕竟有强项不屈之人，项羽等秦汉之际的一干英雄，是强项者的最后一批绝唱。 另，志愿军行军去朝鲜的时候，七天步行二百公里，但接下来需要休息一两天。我们以此可以知道项羽北进的速度。他最快十天可以赶到巨鹿。 战国时代，王族贵戚填充着政府的大小官位，把茅坑都占满了。这班子弟中英才殊不多，中间知名的也不过“四君子”而已，而且皆蠢行昭然，专权误国，其他则碌碌平庸，斗屑之材，可以想见了。 但种种迹象表明，四君子之中最小的魏无忌不但没有专权误国，而且个性品质方面强出战国四公子中的前三名浑蛋很多。以至于到了秦汉之际，其他三公子都已经没什么人再提，而魏无忌仍然享有大名，连刘邦都因为崇拜他而后来每过大梁时必专门临祭。他的门客活到秦汉之际的，都成为陈胜、刘项的座上嘉宾。 其中譬如张耳、陈余。这两个人贤到什么地步呢，后来连他俩家中的门客厮役，个个都是天下的俊杰，都成了各诸侯国竞相聘取的卿相——汉初的诸侯国（王国、侯国，王国数量虽然不多，侯国却多）可以自置卿相。 张耳原是大梁（开封）人，不愿意受户籍约束，就亡命他乡。当时脱离户籍的人，就销除名籍，没有名字了，这就叫亡命，叫做亡人。所以如果你离开国营单位了，不要档案了，就可以叫做亡命之徒。这种亡命之徒干什么去呢，可以去给贵族们当宾客，张耳就去了魏无忌府上当宾客。魏无忌窃符救赵，带着几百人要去赵国拼命，不知道其中有没有张耳。 后来张耳被一个漂亮的有钱寡妇相的人看上了，准确地说是被这寡妇的爹看上了——你说这寡妇的爹算是能掐会算还是不会算呢，如果能掐会算，怎么会把女儿弄成寡妇，如果不是能掐会算，但把她嫁给张耳，却是对了。张耳拿着岳父赠送的巨资到外面活动，当上了外黄县的县令。怎么当上的呢？他有了大把金子了，就可以盖房子发工资了，于是其他亡命者们不远千里来投奔他，他挑其中能文能武的留下，这帮人的社会名称叫做宾客，也叫做门客，宾客的主要本事除了能吃饭就是嗓门大，到处嚷嚷张耳的贤名，替他结交千里以内的豪杰达官，相当于他自己养了一个媒体班子一样，相当于他的“耳粉”，天天给他顶帖，于是达官豪杰们都请他参加活动。终于他成了名人，当了外黄县令。 还有，刘邦也一度游走他门下，在他那儿做了几个月的宾客。刘邦能够当上泗水亭长，大约也因为曾经在他那里镀金，临走得到他的推荐信有关吧。当时为吏需要有人“推择”的。 陈余的发家史跟张耳差不多，也是嫁给了一个富家大款的闺女。他雇了一些人给他顶帖的同时，也使劲给张耳顶帖。于是两人关系好得要命，号称“刎颈之交”。就是谁敢砸他们的帖子，他们就联手封谁的ID（账户）。由于陈余比张耳出道晚、年纪小，所以陈余把张耳当做父亲来侍奉。 秦灭魏国以后，这爷俩是著名的无党派人士，不想跟秦朝政府合作，秦政府出资一千斤黄金和五百斤黄金购求他俩。于是他俩就亡去，改了名字，跑到了一个小区，当了看门的。 看门是个很轻闲的职业，工资聊以自奉，没事儿的时候，春听鸟声，夏听蝉声，白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，就这样消磨了十几年。其中有一次，陈余犯了错误，被里吏（小区街道主任）按在地上要打。陈余怒了，说道： “假如我说给你一些话，你会怎样？” “说出来，看看我会怎样。” 陈余刚要拼命骂街，张耳狠狠用脚踩了一下他，以目瞪他。 陈余改说道：“我想说的是，假如你打我的话，你会很手疼，所以我建议你用竹板。” 里吏转了转眼睛，说：“算你会说话。取竹板来。” 于是噼噼啪啪把陈余打够了数，才放他一瘸一拐地走了。 事后，张耳引着陈余到了桑树林里，揪着他的耳朵数落他说：“你这什么意思啊，为了一点小辱就要和一个小吏拼死吗？你这个从前的魏国大名士真是如匹夫愚妇一样啊！” 陈余赶紧敛衽谢罪。 俗话说，醉过方知酒浓，痛过才知情重，只有经历了人生的起伏荣辱才知道自己的使命和友情的可贵，只有打过胎的女人才懂得爱情的意义（这句不是我发明的）。若干年后，楚秦之间的战火重新点燃，六国格局重新树立，关东形势云起云落。 张耳、陈余投奔到了陈胜麾下。陈胜没有接受他们树立六国之后以为支党的建议，但是陈胜欣赏他俩的才干和广泛的诸侯人际关系，让他俩跟着自己的“故人”、陈城人武臣为将军，陈胜的另一个故人邵骚作为监军，张耳、陈余再低一格为左右校尉，带领楚卒三千人，向北方赵地去攻略土地。 看得出来陈胜的用人之道是只相信自己的故旧，张耳、陈余本以为自己能做将军，不免有所失望。 武臣一干人在白马津渡过黄河——这里就是关羽斩颜良、诛文丑的白马坡，颜良、文丑是燕赵人，武臣一干人也是北上赵地。 说起鄙人老家河北（燕赵地）这个地方，就想起“幽并游侠儿”来。燕赵大地，山寒水薄，民生粗砺，所以燕赵儿女脾气火暴，好气任侠，古来属于“多慷慨悲歌之士”，出过蔺相如、荆轲这一类敢死队员。 “多慷慨悲歌之士”，就是有很多硬汉了，所以凭武臣这三千人，想攻夺赵地城池，那真是势比登天了。但是陈余有办法，陈余从前的论坛主要是开在赵地（张耳的论坛主要是在魏地中原），他长期游历赵国，与诸县的豪杰交往甚胜，尽知赵地的山川地形，赵地各县的豪杰都给他顶帖子。 这些豪杰都有自己的子弟、家产、童仆、庄丁、产业，属于各县有势力的家族，或许也有大地主，他们多数也应该住在城里，否则陈余从前游赵时不会方便与他们结识，当然他们也有可能住在乡下。当然这没有关系。有关系的是，整个赵地的反秦运动，就是这帮豪杰动手打下来的（再次给这场运动的性质作了重要注解和对传统认识打上了极大问号）。 豪族势力，所谓“强宗豪右”，是一种社会上很有能量的家族。后来汉代统治者在严厉打击豪族的同时，又注重改造和吸收他们进入官僚队伍。但是秦时代似乎只是打击，司马迁说“豪杰”，就是杀豪杰。陈余也说这些豪杰与秦朝之间，有着父兄血仇。这或者是秦在统一六国的过程中杀了他们的父兄，或者是在秦帝国建立以后的政策所致。其实秦政府当初悬赏购拿张耳、陈余，就是杀豪杰政策的一个案例（杀豪杰可以避免他们向下兼并土地，向上威胁君权，所以历代在豪杰或者豪强发展比较可观的时候，都要进行铲除。当然铲除的办法不一定是杀，刘邦曾经把大量豪杰家族移民到关中，这样既加强了控制，又剥离了原土地财产。总之豪杰或豪强是一个既需要依赖又很危险的阶层，他们势力强大，有人有势）。 陈余于是拿着委任状微服找到他们，陈说利害：“秦国的乱政和酷虐的刑罚，已经残贼天下数十年了。北有长城之役，南有五岭之戍，搞得海内骚动，百姓罢敝。如今陈王胜奋臂为天下倡始，楚国之地，方二千里，莫不响应，家自为怒，人自为战，各报其怨而攻其仇，县城里的豪杰杀其县令县丞，郡治里的父老豪杰杀其郡守郡尉。英奇奋于纵横之世，贤智显于霸王之初，当此之时，你们不想想成就未来封侯之业的，同时报自己的父兄之仇，真不是人中豪杰啊！” 我们说，赵国人性情卞急、直悍，好气而轻于发作，如果确实秦王朝对他们是杀豪杰的政策，欠下了他们的父兄血仇，那这些人的反秦是毫无犹豫的了。而且陈余从建功立业（类似陈胜的“王侯将相宁有种乎”，陈胜跟他陈余的观念没有区别啊）的角度来激励他们，纷纷觉得确实有理，而且又是从前一贯给陈余顶帖的，信任陈余，于是毫不犹豫地动用自己的资源和人力，支持陈余。 于是，陈余走了不到半圈，就从这些豪杰处收得了兵卒数万人。他喜气洋洋地回来向武臣、张耳报到。 武臣大喜，赶紧用这数万人加上自带的三千楚卒，进攻赵国城池。数万人攻一个城，算是以众击寡，一番血战，不到一两个月，就下赵十城。但是，陈余的能量和社会关系基本上就用光了，其他的数十座赵国城池，都据城防守，死活不向武臣军屈服。 陈余区区一人，能调动数万大兵，取列城十个，若非赶上乱世，英雄乘势而起，他这些资源也就没用了。他恐怕也只能老死牖下，辱于里吏人之手了。 乘势而起的还有纵横家。 纵横家是战国时代的一种特有的群体，以苏秦为巨子。现在，范阳县的蒯（念kuai）通，就也是一个纵横家。他去见范阳（今河北省徐水县）太守。范阳县令也是个左派分子，替秦国人办事特别卖力气，因为要修项目而大力征敛，征敛任务完不成的时候，就用苛法峻刑相随，修理老百姓无数。 蒯通对他深施一礼，然后说：“我听说您要死了，特意先来吊问你！” 纵横家都是这么先声夺人的。范阳令大怒，不待发作，蒯通又说：“值得庆幸的是你遇上我蒯通了。” 范阳令不解，蒯通说：“秦朝的法令和任务素来严重，足下担任范阳县令十年了，其中杀人之父，孤人之子，断人之足，黥人之首，不可胜数（从这个十年角度来算，则秦始皇后期，刑罚已经严酷了）。然而慈父孝子谁也不敢把刀子捅到你的肚子里，原因是畏惧秦朝的政府。现在天下大乱，秦国的政法已经瘫痪，那么慈父孝子为了报仇，要把刀子捅到您的肚子里以便成名的，何可胜计。所以我特来吊问您啊。” 范阳令傻眼了。 蒯通说：“如今六国诸侯都已经反秦，武臣将军大兵将至，你一意孤行坚守范阳，城中少年都争着要杀您（又是“少年”），持您的人头开城投奔武臣将军。您赶紧派遣我出去见武臣，我可保你转祸为福，就在今天啦！” 范阳令自始至终，一句话说不出来。他的神情由怒转疑转惊转哀转怯，最后只冒出一句：“先生，先生确实要出去救我啊！” 蒯通蔑然一笑，这个自然，你给我准备好介绍信和礼物好了。 于是，蒯通摇摇晃晃带着介绍信和俩跟班，作为范阳令的代表去武臣军里了。对武臣等人陈述道：“我看足下的方针，是必须战胜然后得地，进攻然后得城，臣窃以为这个方针是错误的。如果你听我的话，可以不攻而得城，不战而略地，传檄而定千里，你有没有兴趣啊？” 武臣一下子也哑巴了：“你……你这是什么意思啊？” 蒯通说：“现在我们范阳令，遭到你们的贵军进攻，正常反应他应该是整顿士卒，守城鏖战，但是像他这样的官僚，胆怯怕死，一旦打败了，他的富贵和脑袋都没了。所以以我来看，他这样的官僚，都是愿意投降的。但是他又怕您认为他是秦朝所设置的官吏，把他杀了。事实上，你们前面攻下的十座城池，守城的秦置官吏都被你们诛杀了。还有一个情况，就是城中少年都在活动，准备刺杀范阳令，然后据城以抵抗您（这里却与对范阳令的说法不同，正是纵横家的变通之处）。当下之际，您何不拜范阳令为侯，送给他一封侯印，范阳令不死而得封侯，然后献城归降。这样，因为他成了你所置的官吏了，有您给他撑腰，少年也不敢再杀他。他的前途和生命有了保障，然后让他乘坐朱轮华轴之车，驱驰于燕赵大地，给您打打广告。燕赵诸城可以不战而降。” 我们说，蒯通使用的还是纵横家的势力互相牵制的思想，如果把武臣军视为一个强国，少年视为次一强国，范阳令是一国，这就是多国间的制衡的思路。纵横家就是利用多种势力间的相互作用关系，谋求自己的目标的达成。 武臣、张耳、陈余等人都觉得这个办法没风险，不妨一试。于是蒯通拿着委任书和侯印，回去找眼泪汪汪的范阳令去了。范阳令内有少年逼迫，外有大兵压境，向前一步可得封侯富贵，向后一步刀子进肚，那也没有犹豫了，出城投降。 赵地的很多城池的第一把手，也不愿意卖命为秦国守城，被内外形势逼迫，都觉得投降好，但是又怕投降就失去了富贵和头颅。不久，他们看见范阳令已经封了侯了，乘着红轮子的富丽堂皇的车子，在各城池边上来回溜达，一想，哦，原来投降可以不死啊，于是不战而降者有三十余城。可谓传檄而定千里，赵国大部归了武臣。 武臣夺得赵地的经过，我们再仔细回顾一下。 陈余，先是动员赵地豪杰，得兵数万，攻得十城，随后通过类似范阳令这种（外有大兵压迫，内有少年威逼），于是三十余城迫于形势而投降，武臣遂尽得赵国之地，然后自封赵王。赵国遂复国了。 这个攻略赵国的过程，是当时的一个典型案例。 其中关键的运动力量有两个：第一，豪杰，他们由于被秦政府的迫害，以及出于封侯和得富贵的目的，动员自己的力量起来，主动拉起光复赵国的进程；第二，城内少年和受秦法迫害的慈父孝子，从城内攻击秦的官吏（范阳只是一个欲杀县令的例子，其他地方，则是“诸郡县苦秦吏者，皆刑其长吏，杀之以应”——刑不是攻城杀，而是刑杀，刺杀）。 可见，农民并不是该运动中的主动者，武臣得赵地千里的主要依靠力量不在于农民，而是豪杰与城邑少年父老。 同样的情况不仅发生在赵国，田儋略定齐国，周市略定中原魏国，葛婴、项梁等很多人略定楚国，韩广略定燕国，他们短时间内的成功，都是出于武臣略定赵国这个大致模式。 我们认为，秦末人民运动的主体，从主要各级领导者，要相应和发挥关键作用者，以及士卒层面的追随者，都主要是城邑范围内的民众，它是一场城邑平民的武装复国与反抗秦皇权专制的运动。 那时候的社会形式跟后来的专制社会是不一样的。 其实在先秦时代，商业发达，城邑的人口和城邑可征兵的数量在先秦是很庞大的，临淄一城足以征发二十万士卒。而在春秋时代，打仗的更全是国人（城邑平民）。秦汉之际的当时中国四五百个城邑（按县城数量算），总量足以征发出八十万以上的士卒，足够满足秦汉之际的义军总量五六十万。而且，义军人数的增长都是呈现几千几千的递增特点，三四千是最常见的，这也正是城邑征兵的特点。 也就是说，陈余说服那些豪杰，得到的数万人，作为拿下赵国的首发力量，未必这数万人是农民，完全也可以由很多城邑平民构成。而随后，攻克列城或者列城投降，从而又收得的兵卒，也未必是来自农民，也完全可能很多是城邑平民征发出来的守城士兵。 即便这数万人中有农民，也并不能改变这场运动的性质，它仍然不是以农民反抗地主剥削作为主要性质的，因为这些“农