Chapter 9 Chapter 3 The Last Eternal Calendar

In August 1646, Emperor Longwu was killed in Tingzhou; in September, the news spread to Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, which once again caused a great shock among the officials and gentry in Nanming.The issue of royal succession was once again on the urgent agenda.At this time, the 22-year-old King Gui Zhu Youlang was the only surviving grandson of Emperor Wanli, and also the closest cousin of Emperor Chongzhen, so he naturally became the most popular candidate. After the Qing army occupied Zhejiang and Fujian, the objective situation caused the remnants of Nanming to move to the southwest.Qu Shixu, the former governor of Guangxi, and others proposed to support Zhu Youlang as the successor to the throne.Ding Kuichu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, who holds real power in the local area, is on the sidelines and hesitates to make a decision.It was not until he received a personal letter from He Wuzhen, a scholar of the Longwu Dynasty, informing Emperor Longwu that he had suffered a disaster, and suggested that King Gui should be established quickly, that he decided to join the support team. On the tenth day of October 1646, Zhu Youlang took the post of Supervisor of the State in Zhaoqing, Guangdong after going through the regular three-shu persuasion.

Before the national change in 1644, Zhu Youlang had already experienced a catastrophe of life and death. Gui Wang Zhu Youlang, grandson of Ming Shenzong, seventh son of Gui Gong Wang Zhu Changying.He was granted the title of King Yongming for the first time, and on September 26th in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), he became a fan of Hengzhou, Hunan.In August of the 16th year of Chongzhen (1643), Zhang Xianzhong's troops marched into Hunan. Yongming Wang Zhu Youlang was captured by the Daxi Army in Yongzhou and fell into the hands of Zhang Xianzhong.When his life was in danger, Zhu Youlang was accidentally secretly protected by an official of the Ming Dynasty who had mixed into the Daxi regime, and it happened that Zhang Xianzhong decided to make a strategic shift and lead the Daxi army into Sichuan.After the Great Western Army marched north, Yang Guowei, the general of the Guangxi Manchurian Army, and Jiao Lian, the general of the Ming Dynasty, led more than 4,000 soldiers into Yongzhou, Hunan and other places, and Zhu Youlang was able to escape from death. In 1645, the Hongguang court fell, and the governor of Guangxi, Qu Shixu, intended to support Zhu Youlang's older brother Zhu Youchen to succeed him.But at that time Nanming's political center of gravity was still in the southeast. With the support of Zheng Zhilong brothers, Huang Daozhou and others, Tang Wang Zhu Yujian, who had a far-flung branch, took the lead and proclaimed himself emperor from the supervisor of the country.Not only did Qu Shixu's wish not come true, he was also transferred because of Emperor Longwu's suspicion.Soon, Zhu Youchen fell ill, and Zhu Youlang was canonized as King Gui.

Zhu Youlang is handsome, and it is said that he is very similar to his grandfather Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun, but he is cowardly by nature, has no opinions in situations, and employs inappropriate people, so he really cannot bear the important task of ZTE.Because of the successive deaths of his father and elder brother, Zhu Youlang became the most "qualified" successor of the Zhu Ming Dynasty, but he didn't know anything about being an emperor.Coincidentally, the eunuch Wang Kun (also known as Wang Hongzu) joined his mansion. This man had been trusted by the emperor as early as the Chongzhen period. Making a fool of himself made Wang Kun deeply favored.Ding Kuichu joined in the support a little later, but he was afraid that he would not be the chief scholar, so he colluded with Wang Kun and got his wish.Wang Kun's exercise of power plunged the Yongli court into chaos and contradictions from the very beginning.

Seven days after Zhu Youlang supervised the country, news came that Ganzhou in Jiangxi Province had fallen.Although Zhaoqing, Guangdong was still quite a distance away from Ganzhou, Jiangxi, it was raging, and the festive atmosphere of Jianguo disappeared without a trace.The eunuch Wang Kun, the chief inspector of ceremonies, advocated fleeing immediately, and Ding Kuichu, the chief assistant, followed suit. A few days later, the little imperial court finally fled to Wuzhou, Guangxi.This panicked move is naturally very detrimental to maintaining the hearts of the Cantonese.What's more, Zhu Youlang didn't know that another threat was appearing nearby.This is how Zhu Yukai proclaimed himself emperor in Guangzhou, and once again staged the farce of the clan and vassals fighting each other in the same room.

After the fall of Fuzhou in August 1646, Emperor Longwu's younger brother Zhu Yukai, the king of Xintang, fled to Guangzhou by boat in panic.Su Guansheng, a scholar of the Longwu Dynasty, had a long history with Ding Kuichu. When Fuzhou fell, he was recruiting soldiers in Guangdong. Out of personal grievances, he put forward the theory that "brothers will end up with brothers", and in November he supported Zhu Yukai as "supervisor of the country" in Guangzhou. ".Three days later, the ascension ceremony was held, and Yuan Shaowu was changed.Some of the most important official positions in the Shaowu regime were almost all held by locals from Guangzhou.

The news of Zhu Yukai's accession to the throne in Guangzhou spread to Wuzhou, and Zhu Youlang, Ding Kuichu and others were taken aback.Zhu Youlang and others knew that they had made a big mistake by fleeing Guangdong. In order to clean up the hearts of the people in Guangdong, they immediately returned to Zhaoqing.In this way, there was another situation where two emperors coexisted in Nanming. In this regard, Ji Liuqi from the Qing Dynasty commented: "Zhaoqing Mansion is only 400 miles away from Guangzhou. When it was established, there was no letter merchant and three divisions. It is the job of the prince to choose the fat. As for the important military affairs, such as defending Guangzhou outside the gorge and defending Meiling, there is no time to worry about it, and it is only for the time being."

It can be seen that in such a critical situation as the enemy is present and the national crisis is imminent, the officials and gentry of Nanming still follow the old habits of the late Ming Dynasty, each with ambitions, clinging to a prince and grandson as political capital, only caring about their own efforts. Promoted to the rank of official, realized the ambition of "Zuo Ming Yuan Fu", regardless of the country and the nation.After the support, although they continued to do persuasion work, the result only deepened the contradictions, the grievances deepened, and finally led to fighting.

The dispute between King Gui and King Tang also added confusion to the magistrates in the remnants of the Southern Ming Dynasty.He Tengjiao, Du Yinxi, Zhang Kuang and other civil and military officials in Huguang have received the "Happy Edict" issued by the two courts successively. The prestige of the upper court was relatively weakened, and it was in a passive situation on many issues. After the Yongli court moved back to Zhaoqing, it immediately sent Peng Yao and others to Guangzhou to persuade Zhu Yukai to cancel the title of emperor and abdicate to the vassal.After Peng Yao arrived in Guangzhou, he tearfully persuaded Su Guansheng not to fight in the same room, and said that the establishment of Shaowu was purely Su Guansheng's personal "greed for short-term gain, regardless of big plans."Su Guansheng was furious, and brazenly ordered Peng Yao and others to be dragged out and beheaded. Then he mobilized his troops and sent Chen Jitai to attack Zhaoqing.The Yongli regime also dispatched troops and generals, and sent Lin Jiading, the right servant of the Ministry of War, to meet them.Both sides are under the banner of "crusade".

The attention and precious human and material resources of the two regimes were used in this kind of cannibalism, while the greater common enemy of both sides was temporarily forgotten. At the end of November, two Nanming "crusade armies" met in Sanshui, Guangdong. The Yongli army won first and killed more than 800 Shaowu soldiers. Chen Jitai fled in embarrassment.Lin Jiading won the first battle, and he was so proud that he swung his army to kill Guangzhou.Emperor Shaowu panicked all of a sudden, but Su Guansheng had an idea. He sent Lin Cha to lead tens of thousands of pirates (now recruited as Shaowu Army) to meet the enemy.Lin Cha and Lin Jiading were old acquaintances, so they sent someone to feign surrender.Lin Jiading believed it was true, ignored Lin Chabing, and led the warships to chase the remnants of Shaowu fleeing towards Haikou.The former pirates led by Lin Cha were all brave and experienced in naval battles, set up an ambush secretly, and suddenly fired firearms at the Yongli warship. The army killed him, and Lin Jiading himself was shelled and died without a whole body.Almost the entire Yongli army was wiped out, only more than 30 riders escaped from the disaster.

The news of the defeat spread to Zhaoqing, and the Yongli court fell into panic again. The academician Qu Shixu volunteered to lead the recruited volunteers to meet the enemy.Within a few days, news came that the Qing army occupied Guangzhou and the Shaowu regime fell. Zhu Youlang boarded a boat again to leave Zhaoqing and fled to Hunan via Guangxi. He won a complete victory in the "fighting in the nest" with the Yongli regime. Emperor Shaowu was in a high spirits, thinking that he was "the throne granted by heaven", and began to engage in that set of extravagances such as suburbs, sacrifices, learning, and military parades.Monarchs and ministers were generously rewarded, and officials were given indiscriminately. In fact, he was just the "emperor" of a city in Guangzhou.

As the old saying goes: "The praying mantis catches the cicada, and the oriole is behind." When the Yongli and Shaowu armies fought bloody battles in Haikou, the Qing army led by Li Chengdong and Tong Yangjia was led by the traitor Gu Chaojian (from Chaozhou, a retired Ming official). Attack Zhangzhou and Chaozhou again, and lure Chen Yao, the bandit, to conquer Huizhou.The biggest obstacle for Li Chengdong's Qing army along the way was the rugged mountain roads. The real Nanming resistance was seldom encountered. It was often a column of troops under the city.In order to paralyze Emperor Shaowu and Su Guansheng in Guangzhou, Li Chengdong also asked officials from all over the country to write letters and deliver them to Guangzhou, reporting that no Qing soldiers had arrived. On December 14, 1646, Li Chengdong sent forward 300 elite cavalry from Huizhou, marched west overnight, and sneaked into the north of Guangzhou from Zengcheng.The Qing army covered their heads with handkerchiefs, disguised as the Ming army, swaggered into the city by boat from the waterway, and then went ashore. They didn't remove the cloth from their heads until the Chief Secretary's Mansion, revealing the Manchu hairstyle with shaved foreheads, and brandished knives. Hacking and yelling "The Qing soldiers have arrived!" "The Tartars are coming!" With one exclamation, the whole city erupted, and the common people scrambled to avoid it, creating a mess. Emperor Shaowu was "inspecting" with Su Guansheng and others in the Imperial College when a guard suddenly reported that the Qing soldiers had entered the city.Su Guansheng was very angry. There was a newspaper in Chaozhou yesterday saying that everything was fine. How could Qing soldiers come here today!He waved left and right to kill the messenger guards. The Qing soldiers entering the city quickly killed the guards at the east gate of Guangzhou, opened the city gate wide, and hundreds of Qing soldiers charged in on horseback. The streets were filled with red hats, and the city suddenly became buzzing.Only then did Lord Shaowu know that the Qing soldiers had really arrived, Su Guansheng urgently ordered the gates of the city to be closed and dispatched troops to fight.However, all the elite soldiers were sent to Zhaoqing to deal with the Yongli court, and they couldn't be transferred back for a while, and the guards and forbidden soldiers couldn't be assembled for a while, and they scattered like birds and beasts for a while.In this way, the important town of Guangzhou was occupied by the Qing army in a daze. In desperation, Emperor Shaowu changed clothes and fled, but was finally caught by Qing soldiers outside the city and imprisoned in the mansion.Probably because Li Chengdong was in a good mood because the city of Guangzhou was too easy to conquer, he did not order the massacre of the city, nor did he kill Emperor Shaowu immediately, and sent someone to deliver food and water to Emperor Shaowu.Zhu Ming, who has always been fatuous and incompetent, has a strong spirit, and he firmly refuses to accept it, saying: "If I drink a spoonful of water from you, how can I see my ancestors in the ground!" Hanged himself to death, like his elder brother, achieved "the king dies in the country", and finally has some backbone. Su Guansheng went to Liang Hong (Shanghong Xiajin) who was "promoted" by him to ask for advice.With a face of loyalty, Liang Hong said calmly: "Dead ear, what can I say again!" So the two agreed to divide into the east and west rooms on the left and right sides of the hall, and hang themselves to serve the country.What's ridiculous is that after Liang Hong entered the room, he grabbed his neck and screamed a few times, then kicked over the stool to "voice" himself.Su Guansheng, who was next to him, believed that his friend had committed suicide to die for his country, so he took up a pen and wrote on the wall, "The loyal ministers and righteous men of the Ming Dynasty must die!"Liang Hong heard it clearly, and immediately rushed into the house and ordered his servants to carry Su Guansheng's body to surrender to the Qing army. In troubled times, life and death are the touchstones. Loyalty, treachery, good and evil, family and friendship, beauty and ugliness, good and evil, all the great ethics in the world are vividly expressed here!Liang Hong is also a well-read history book reader, so he can rehearse the "drama" of loyal ministers and righteous men to perfection; in the future, he will "beg to compile Ming history" and get the approval of the Qing government, but he doesn't know how he will be in "Ming History" Describe your own "player" behavior! A total of sixteen princes and county kings of the Ming Dynasty who fled to Guangzhou from various places were beheaded by Li Chengdong.Li Chengdong was so excited that he wanted to slaughter the city. Even Tong Yangjia, who was sent by the Qing Dynasty to monitor him, couldn't see his bloodthirsty. It happened that "the night was thunderous, and the rain was pouring." Tong Yangjia took the opportunity to say: "This is what God dropped. Tears." Li Chengdong was still a bit afraid of Tong Yangjia, so he didn't start killing, but he still indulged his subordinates to plunder Guangzhou for three days, calling it "reward". Many women in Guangzhou used various methods to avoid being humiliated. Suicide in various ways. The Shaowu regime lasted only forty days from its establishment to its fall. Its only "performance" was a civil war for the throne and the fall of Guangdong province.The consequences are very serious, because there are not many remaining mountains and rivers in Nanming, and Guangdong is a place full of wealth and talent. Once it changes hands, the room for maneuver of the Nanming court will be greatly reduced, and financial resources and manpower will be even more stretched. Li Chengdong destroyed the Longwu and Shaowu regimes successively. So far, his achievements in destroying the Ming Dynasty have reached their peak.Since Li Chengdong surrendered in Xuzhou in 1645, he has fought for the Qing army almost non-stop, pacified the Yangtze River Delta region, conquered Fujian, and now Guangdong and Guangxi. Driving from Shenzhen on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway, halfway through the journey, you will always see a big road sign with "Daojiao" written on it.Looking at the pinyin next to it, I realized that the second character is pronounced Jiao.Such a strange and little-known place is the battlefield where Li Chengdong suffered a tragic defeat for the first time since he went to Guangdong. After Li Chengdong and Tong Yangjia captured Guangzhou City, they entered Dongguan City (the hometown of loyal minister Yuan Chonghuan in the late Ming Dynasty).The Qing army burned and killed everywhere, and the old habit remained unchanged. In January 1647 (the fourth year of Shunzhi), Daojiao Yimin Ye Ruri and others set up an ambush by the river, and suddenly attacked, killing hundreds of unsuspecting Qing soldiers.The Qing army in Dongguan came to help, and more than 200 people were killed by the rebels. Li Chengdong, who was the admiral of Guangdong at the time, was shocked.He first sent Chen Jia, the commander-in-chief, to go by water, and then led a large group of troops to march by land to kill Daojiao.The rebel army gathered more than a thousand ships from each warehouse, and fought against the Qing army led by Chen Jia in Humen, annihilating more than 2,000 Qing soldiers, and captured and killed the general soldier Chen Jia.The Qing soldiers were able to attack the city of Guangzhou with dozens of cavalry, but they were carried in Daojiao, a "small river ditch".Zhang Jiayu, a Ming general who fought against the Qing Dynasty in the Wanjiang area of ​​Dongguan, heard the news and went to Daojiao. Together with Ye Ruri and the villagers led by Han Ruyan, a member of the Ming Dynasty in Boluo, they gathered troops to attack Dongguan, and they were able to capture the strong city in one day. , captured and beheaded officials appointed by the local Qing army, and achieved a major victory.At the same time, all the rioters also wrote to Emperor Yongli, preparing to restore Guangzhou. Just over a day later, the Qing soldiers of Li Chengdong's brigade went to Dongguan City and attacked the city.I don’t know if there was an insider or the gunpowder was damp. The many cannons that the rebels had set up in advance at the top of the city did not fire at the critical moment. The Qing army quickly attacked the city wall. After half a day of melee, the city of Dongguan was broken, and many generals of the rebel army were fighting. was killed.Li Chengdong took advantage of the victory to advance, and fought against Niudun with Ming general Yang Bangda. The two sides fought hard for seven days and seven nights. Thousands of rebels died in battle, and Yang Bangda himself died in the melee.After gathering and repairing the troops, Li Chengdong swung his troops straight to Daojiao to kill them. Zhang Jiayu of the Ming Dynasty used mud bricks as a fortress, and laid cannons all over the place. When the Qing soldiers approached, the artillery fire was fired, and the Qing soldiers were killed and injured. It was the most dangerous one he had encountered on the battlefield for several years. When Li Chengdong was at his wit's end, Li Haosi, a cousin of Zhang Jiayu, suddenly came to surrender, reported the details of Daojiao's defense one by one, and asked Li Chengdong to reward him with a good piece of land in Daojiao.Li Chengdong was overjoyed, and immediately commanded his soldiers and horses to concentrate their forces to enter the weakly defended northeast corner of Daojiao and attack Daojiao.After entering the city, the Qing army slaughtered all the residents, killing all the clans of Zhang Jiayu and Han Ruyan.Of course, Li Chengdong did not break his promise and rewarded the traitor Li Haosi with a good field (now Lizhoujiao, Lamma Township).Ye Ruri and others fought to the death of Xixiang together.Zhang Jiayu temporarily escaped.So far, Li Chengdong's next spoils target is Zhu Youlang, the Yongli Emperor who came to the throne not long ago in Zhaoqing. Emperor Yongli had already escaped from Zhaoqing in embarrassment after hearing the news that Emperor Shaowu had been captured in Guangzhou, and began his 16-year wandering career of "fleeing when he heard the police".At that time, only Qu Shixu persisted in defending Zhaoqing, but Emperor Hongli asked Qu Shixu to lead troops to escort him.Reluctantly, Qu Shixu hurriedly deployed a defensive position in Zhaoqing, and then rushed to Wuzhou, Guangxi to meet the Yongli Emperor who had fled.Unexpectedly, Emperor Yong Le had already fled to Guilin a few days ago because he was worried that Wuzhou would not be safe.After rushing for several days, Qu Shixu finally caught up with the emperor who had oiled his feet.At this time, the courtiers around Emperor Yongli were scattered.When they boarded a boat in Zhaoqing to escape, Ding Kuichu, Li Yongmao, Shangshu of the Ministry of War, Wang Huacheng, Shangshu of the Ministry of War, and Yan Rishu, Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry, all boarded the boat with their families and belongings and prepared to flee with Yongli, but halfway, these people and their boats all disappeared. disappeared. The emperors and ministers of Yongli fled one after another, giving the Qing army an opportunity to take advantage of.Zhu Zhijian, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi who stayed in Zhaoqing, fled without a fight. Li Chengdong was overjoyed and immediately marched into Wuzhou. Wuzhou is an important town in the east of Guangxi. Before the Qing army arrived in Guangxi, the Ming general Chen Bangfu had already abandoned the city and fled.Wan Sikui, the magistrate of Cangwu County, was so angry that he even made a big tortoise out of wood, and ordered people to drag it along the street and shouted: "The one who surrenders the enemy is like this!" Li Chengdong's army approached Wuzhou, and Cao Ye, the governor of Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty, surrendered, so the Qing army occupied Wuzhou without bloodshed.Seeing that the situation was over, Wan Sikui wrote the word "Cao Ye" on the wooden turtle, and then fled. The most scheming, the most talented in acting, the best at taking one step and seeing three steps, the best at giving himself a way to retreat, but the one who ended up the most miserable is Ding Kuichu, the chief scholar of Emperor Yongli. Ding Kuichu was born in Yongcheng, Henan.During the Wanli period, he was a Jinshi and a talented official. In the ninth year of Chongzhen, he became the governor of Hebei.But this man was timid, and he abandoned the army and fled as soon as the Qing soldiers came.Because of his "good deeds and authority", Wen Tiren, a bachelor at the time, tried every means to save him from heavy punishment.In the Hongguang Dynasty, Ding Kuichu was reactivated as the right servant of the Ministry of War.After Yongli succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of Bachelor of Wuyingdian and Minister of the Ministry of Officials.Relying on his support, Ding Kuichu only knew how to accept bribes and sell officials all day long. He sent soldiers to excavate the old pit stones of Duan inkstones in Lingyang Gorge, Zhaoqing, and made exquisite inkstones for appreciation and collection. After Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, Ding Kuichu saw that the situation was critical, and he left Emperor Yongli when he fled from Wuzhou. He brought his family and a large number of gold and silver treasures collected over the years, and enlisted a small army as guards, and boarded a boat privately. Avoid to Cenxi.In order to protect his property, Ding Kuichu secretly sent people to Li Chengdong's army to negotiate and surrender.Li Chengdong did his best and promised him the position of governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.Ding Kuichu was overjoyed and surrendered from Cenxi. The Qing army escorted him back to Guangdong and killed him on the way. All his family property and dependents fell into the hands of the Qing general.Later, someone saw that a young grandson of Ding Kuichu was adopted by Li Chengdong's general Luo Chengyao, and asked him what his surname was. If he answered that his surname was Ding, he would be beaten severely immediately. In the late Ming Dynasty, the commodity economy was developed, political pressure was high, and human desires were flowing.On the one hand, some literati and bureaucrats communicated with poems, poems and poems, which appeared to be scattered, distant, remote, and indifferent, but in fact they were full of snobbery, impetuousness, competition, and anxiety.After decades of ups and downs as officials, these people have become very accidental, and the habit of indulging in pleasure and pleasure has made the originally clear sense of morality and the righteousness of monarchs and ministers pale and even ridiculous in the face of life and death.The vulgarity and cunning of literati and bureaucrats at a critical moment are jaw-dropping, and even traffickers and peddlers are much nobler than them at certain moments.Nobility and solemnity become frivolous and shameless, arrogance becomes concubine attitude, sadness and boldness become servility, and heroism becomes service of eagle and dog. "The winter is cold, you know the pines and cypresses are carved!" When dynasties change and people are born to die, although there are many scholars who throw their heads for a smile, what we see more is the "middle-aged sophistication" of the scholars in the Ming Dynasty and the treachery of the chaotic era. treacherous.Looking at the result, it was a busy day! After Li Chengdong occupied Wuzhou, he once sent a small group of Qing troops to push Guilin.Emperor Yongli remained the same, fled Guilin, and planned to enter Hunan to join Liu Chengyin, a warlord with a large number of troops.University scholar Qu Shixu firmly opposed it. He pointed out that the imperial court did not organize resistance, but just blindly avoided the enemy and fled first, which would distract people.But Emperor Yongli couldn't listen to it at all, and fled to Quanzhou under the instigation of Wang Kun, the eunuch of the Rites Supervisor, and Ma Jixiang, the Jin Yiwei.Qu Shixu had no choice but to ask himself to stay in Guilin, and out of the consideration of stabilizing people's hearts, he asked Emperor Yongli not to leave Guangxi no matter what, even if he temporarily stayed in Quanzhou near Hunan.Unexpectedly, Emperor Yongli fled to Wugang in fear of Qingruohu. Since Emperor Yongli and his party left, the Guilin Nanming officials went up to Zhu Shengnong, the governor's servant, and down to Wang Huiqing, the prefect of Guilin. A group of local lower-level officials guarded the isolated city together with soldiers and civilians.The Qing soldiers under Li Chengdong attacked fiercely, and the soldiers and civilians in Guilin resisted desperately.Relying on excellent soldiers and excellent weapons, the Qing army climbed up the city wall of Ximen for a while. In a critical moment, Jiao Lian, the Pingman general who had just escorted Emperor Yongli to Quanzhou and hurried back, rushed back from Yangshuo, entered Wenchang Gate and fought to the death with the Qing soldiers who rushed into the city. They fought hard for two days and killed several enemies. Hundreds of years later, the attacking Qing soldiers were defeated and fled, and captured horses, armor and many weapons, and achieved the "Great Victory in Guilin" that inspired the morale of the army. Jiao Lian's pommel horse was exhausted, and he escorted Emperor Yongli from Guilin to Quanzhou. Before taking off his clothes, he immediately rushed to Guilin for a bloody battle and won a great victory. The decree said: "When Pingzhou and Wuzhou are recovered, General Jiao will be made an earl." , In fact, it is "the work of escaping together".Emperor Yongli acted in such a way that he had to disappoint Nanming's subjects. In fact, the knighthood of Ma Jixiang and others was entirely Liu Chengyin's intention.Liu Chengyin wanted to use this to win over these close officials and stand on the same boat with him.Sure enough, Ma Jixiang and others, together with Liu Chengyin, persuaded Emperor Yongli to move to Wugang, Liu Chengyin's old base, so that Liu Chengyin could "take the emperor to order the princes".Wugang is located between the mountains, the terrain is narrow, and it is not a strategic place.Liu Chengyin, Ma Jixiang and others insisted on coercing Emperor Yongli to make an order, and moved to Wugang with all his ministers.In this way, Emperor Yongli completely fell into the control of Liu and Ma.After Liu Chengyin entered his own territory, he did whatever he wanted, killing several ministers who disagreed with him one after another, and beheaded the envoys of other friendly troops in Nanming at will. Seeing that Emperor Yongli was full, he wanted to abolish Yongli secretly. For the emperor. "The house leaks and it rains all night."After the Southern Ming armies in various parts of Hunan were defeated one after another, Kong Youde led the Qing army to attack Wugang.On the one hand, Liu Chengyin lied to Emperor Yongli that his subordinates had defeated the Qing army, and on the other hand, he secretly made an appointment with Kong Youde to present Emperor Yongli as a "meeting gift".At this time, a clan who fled from nearby came to visit Yongli and told him that the Qing army was thirty miles away.These words were like a thunderbolt from the blue sky, Yongli was so frightened that he didn't know what to do.Fortunately, Kong Youde was suspicious of Liu Chengyin's fraudulent surrender, so he had to return to Wugang City to shave off his hair to "express his determination"—it was precisely this back and forth that gave Emperor Yongli and his surrounding officials a chance.Liu Chengyin's mother couldn't understand what her son had done, so she secretly handed over the city gate key to Emperor Yongli, so that Emperor Yongli could escape. The Qing army and Liu Chengyin hurriedly chased after them. Fortunately, the general Xie Furong and more than 500 Ming soldiers fought to the death, and finally all died in battle, so that Emperor Yongli and his party were not chased by the Qing army.Fleeing halfway, Emperor Yongli encountered more than 5,000 Ming troops led by the general soldier Hou Xing, and the group returned to Guangxi and arrived in Liuzhou. But at this time in Guilin, the sergeant sent by Liu Chengyin was having internal strife with Sergeant Jiao Teng, and Li Chengdong took the opportunity to send troops to launch a sudden attack.Thanks to the good command of Qu Shixu and others, they fought desperately against the Qing soldiers in the heavy rain, defeated the Qing soldiers again, and won the second "Guilin Victory". In April of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), all the ten prefectures in Guangdong fell into the hands of the Qing.But in terms of military strength, the headquarters of Tong Yangjia and Li Chengdong only have more than 4,100 troops, and the original Zheng Zhilong's old department Shi Lang and other departments brought from Fujian have only a few thousand people, and their strength is quite limited. In the first month of 1647, Li Chengdong led the main force to attack Guangxi, and the remaining soldiers of the Qing army in Guangdong were even thinner.This is also the reason why Emperor Yongli was able to linger on his last breath and fled back and forth between Guangxi and Hunan in a few months. However, the corrupt and incompetent Yongli court didn't know the reality of the Qing army, and fled if it surrendered, almost disintegrating on its own.Mingqing Yuanbo Chen Bangfu, who guarded Liuzhou and Nanning, was also intimidated by the Qing army's prestige, and privately sent people to contact Tong Yangjia and Li Chengdong, preparing to surrender to the Qing Dynasty.At this critical juncture, a group of people with lofty ideals in Guangdong rose up, relying on their local influence and familiarity with the dangers of the mountains and rivers, organized rebels to carry out anti-Qing activities. The rise of volunteers in various parts of Guangdong made Tong Yangjia, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in Guangzhou, unable to cope with it, and had to rush to Li Chengdong's department in Wuzhou, Guangxi for help.It is precisely because of their struggle that the Yongli court was saved from annihilation and the situation in Guangxi was re-stabilized. Chen Bangyan supported the Yongli court when Shaowu was fighting for power.Zhu Youlang sent him back to Guangzhou to persuade Su Guansheng to change course. Just as Lin Cha and others defeated Lin Jiading, Shaowu's ruler and ministers were arrogant, and Chen Bangyan knew that he could not complete the mission, so he hid in Gaoming Mountain.Soon, the Qing army under Tong Yangjia and Li Chengdong attacked Guangzhou, and the Shaowu regime fell.Li Chengdong's army took advantage of the victory to chase into Guangxi, and the Yongli court was in danger.Bang Yan "comes out of the mountains, facing the mouth of the Xijiang River, looked at the enemy's flag, sighed and said: Don't save me! If you take advantage of the undetermined situation and get a surprise army to attack Guangzhou, this is why Sun Bin relieved Zhao Ye." He personally went to Ganzhutan to contact Yu Long and others. The Ministry of Rebels led 20,000 to 30,000 militiamen into the Pearl River by sea and threatened to attack Guangzhou City. Tong Yangjia, the governor of Guangdong at that time in the Qing Dynasty, sent urgent letters and ordered Li Chengdong to return for help.In this way, Emperor Yongli, who was fleeing around in Guangxi, had a chance to get rid of the pursuit of Li Chengdong's army. After Chen Zizhuang raised troops in the South China Sea, he agreed that the Huashan rebels would attack Guangzhou together. Unexpectedly, the news leaked out. Tong Yangjia and Li Chengdong joined forces, buried more than 3,000 Huashan rebels alive, and defeated Chen Zizhuang's navy.Li Chengdong took advantage of the situation and led his army to attack Chen Bangyan fiercely, chasing him all the way to Qingyuan. Chen Bangyan was captured with three swords in his body, and was immediately executed by Ling Chi in Guangzhou.Before his execution, this righteous man in Shunde wrote a Jueming poem: "There are many loyal souls in Yashan, which will shine through the ages." Chen Zizhuang, styled Jisheng and nicknamed Qiutao, was born in Panyu, Guangdong.In the forty-seventh year of Wanli, Tanhua was recruited from an official in the Chongzhen Dynasty to the Minister of the Ministry of Rites. During the Hongguang period, he was summoned by the Minister of the Ministry of Rites, and in the Longwu period, he was summoned by the Dongge University scholar, but none of them came to work.Gui Wang Zhu Youlang founded the country in Zhaoqing, and still awarded a bachelor.Although Chen Zizhuang was unwilling to join the cabinet because Ding Kuichu stole the chief assistant, he supported the Yongli court.When the Shaowu regime established itself in Guangzhou, he refused to admit it and wrote to the Yongli court to express his support.Soon, the Qing army entered Guangzhou, and his hometown fell. Chen Zizhuang fought against the Qing Dynasty.After the Huashan Rebellion was released, Chen Zizhuang was also captured in the South China Sea, refused to surrender, and was also killed by the Qing army in Guangzhou Lingchi. Zhang Jiayu, who previously defeated Li Chengdong in Daojiao, has been gathering local people to harass Li Chengdong's army.After Chen Bangyan's defeat, Li Chengdong defeated Zhang Jiayu's rebel army in Zengcheng.Seeing that the situation was irreversible, Zhang Jiayu, who had nine arrows in his body, gave up the chance to escape, and said generously: "A man stands in the world, and the matter has come to this point, so why hang around!" After saying that, he paid homage to the generals of the rebel army who were fighting together, turned around and threw himself into the water. die. In the process of killing the "Three Loyalties" (Chen Zizhuang, Chen Bangyan, and Zhang Jiayu) in Guangdong, although these three people and tens of thousands of Ming Dynasty rebels were killed in the end, Li Chengdong must not remain unmoved deep in his heart: the same The blood of the Han nationality, the same as the food salary of the Ming Dynasty in the past, Er Chen and Zhang Zhang were able to fight desperately and helplessly with the weak body of a scholar.On the other hand, looking at myself, the majestic seven-foot general, armed with heavy soldiers, was a manchu eagle dog, slaughtered and killed countless flesh and blood compatriots, and died heroically in front of his eyes.Being both sons of man, Li Chengdong couldn't help feeling a little bit in his heart. In 1647, while Li Chengdong's army wiped out Chen Zizhuang and others in Guangdong, Qu Shixu welcomed Emperor Yongli from Liuzhou back to Guilin. In February 1648 (the second year of Yongli), Hao Yongzhong, who was stationed in Quanzhou, suddenly led his army back to Guilin, reported that the Qing army was chasing him all the way, and advised Emperor Yongli to flee to Liuzhou immediately.Since Hao Yongzhong was born in Li Zicheng's "Dashun Army", the relationship between him and the generals of the Ming Dynasty has always been at odds.This time when he returned to Guilin, Hao Yongzhong’s troops were still short of food. Annoyed, the martial artist who was born as a bandit plundered the palace. I myself was robbed of my dragon robe, and escaped out of the city with my butt naked.Finally, he fled to Nanning for refuge in March. Fortunately, Hao Yongzhong's men only resented the robbery and had no other thoughts.When the Qing army arrived in Guilin, Qu Shiqi fought in panic again. It happened that soldiers from the Dian and Chu towns of the Southern Ming Dynasty arrived, and Jiao Teng gathered his troops again. Taking a breather of despair, the rulers and ministers of the Southern Ming Dynasty suddenly received good news that they never dreamed of—Jiangxi General Soldier Jin Shenghuan, Deputy General Wang Deren, and Guangdong Admiral Li Chengdong announced one after another that anyway, they would honor Zhengshuo of the Ming Dynasty and counterattack the Manchu Qing. Jin Shenghuan was from Yulin, Shaanxi, and Wang Deren was from Mizhi, Shaanxi.Both of them were from the peasant army in the late Ming Dynasty. Jin Shenghuan's nickname was "Yidouli", and Wang Deren's nickname was "Wang Zamao".Jin Shenghuan surrendered Zuo Liangyu at the end of Ming Dynasty, and was the most elite unit in Zuo Liangyu's 48th Battalion.Zuo Liangyu died, and his son Zuo Menggeng surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Jin and Wang, together with Liu Liangzuo and Gao Jinku, attacked Jiangxi and stationed troops in Nanchang for a long time.The relationship between Jin Shenghuan, Wang Deren and the Qing authorities appeared to be good on the surface, but they were actually suspicious of each other. Jin and Wang thought that they could win special rewards from the Qing court by occupying prefectures and counties without spending a single soldier from Manchuria.Unexpectedly, the Qing court had no intention of making any progress. After pacifying most of Jiangxi, it only appointed Jin Shenghuan as the commander-in-chief to guard Jiangxi and other places, and Wang Deren was the deputy general.In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Jin Shenghuan asked the Qing court to issue another edict, granting him the power to "restrain civil and military affairs" and "act cheaply".In May of the same year, the Qing court issued a proposal to the Ministry of War. As a result, his request was rejected, and his official title was only changed from the commander-in-chief guarding Jiangxi and other places to the commander-in-chief of Jiangxi military affairs. , the town should negotiate with Fu and Fu, and listen to the decision of the Inner Court Governor Hong."After the imperial order was issued, Jin Shenghuan was greatly disappointed, and complained in his heart that the Qing Dynasty was mean and ungrateful.In particular, when Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren extorted a batch of gold and silver treasures by force when they collected Jiangxi counties and counties, they became nouveau riche; Zhang Yutian, governor of Jiangxi Province newly appointed by the Qing court, and governor Dong Xuecheng, who were appointed by the Qing court, were jealous and alarmist, and threatened them to donate money. .The struggle for power and money made Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren increasingly dissatisfied with the Qing court. It just so happened that Dong Xuecheng, the inspector, asked Wang Deren for a singing girl to accompany him to have sex at night. "Deren will be dispatched immediately", Dong Xuecheng yelled: "I can let Wang Deren's wife sleep with me, let alone a singing girl!" After hearing this, Wang Deren stood up with his sword and shouted: "My king is a thief! Ten years, but I also know the difference between a man and a woman, and there is a great relationship in the world, An Neng kneels down to pigs and dogs in order to survive!" So he raised his sword and went straight, cut Dong Xuecheng inch by inch, and then paid his respects to Jin Shenghuan. On the twenty-seventh day of the first lunar month in 1648 (the fifth year of Shunzhi and the second year of Yongli), Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren preemptively captured and killed officials who did not want to follow the anti-Qing Dynasty, and announced the anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty. Although Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren's actions were motivated by personal motives, and these two men lacked the vision and talent of a leader, the combined number of soldiers of these two men was about 100,000, with 10,000 good horses and excellent armor.In any case, the world shook and had a wide-ranging impact.Not only did Jiangxi rebels rise, but officials as far away as the west of Huguang and along the coast of Fujian also returned to the Ming Dynasty. For many major events in history, the fuse is often a small matter. If Dong Xuecheng hadn't been greedy for money and lust, maybe Jin and Wang only had the heart of "recovery" and moved at any time, so they wouldn't have aroused such a big incident. In the end, it is very likely to follow the rules and be a courtier of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing court mobilized troops everywhere, and Tong Yangjia also ordered Li Chengdong to lead his troops into the warehouse to aid Ganzhou Qing general Gao Jinku, who was attacking by Jin and Wang.However, at this moment, Li Chengdong remained calm and watched the changes. Li Chengdong once participated in Li Zicheng's peasant uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty. He was nicknamed "Li Hezi". He followed Li Zicheng's general Gao Jie (nicknamed "Fanshan Harrier") for a long time. In 1645, Gao Jie was assassinated by Xu Dingguo in Suizhou. When the Qing soldiers went south, Li Chengdong surrendered Gao Jie's wife Xing to the Qing Dynasty.During the Qing court's march to the south of the Yangtze River, Li Chengdong was ordered to lead his troops to attack along the front lines of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, and collected a large area of ​​territory for the Qing side.Especially in the Qing's first attack on Guangdong and some counties in Guangxi, Li Chengdong played a key role.He thinks that he has made outstanding achievements, and the post of governor of Guangdong and Guangxi belongs to him.Unexpectedly, when discussing meritorious service and giving rewards, the Qing government reused "Liao people" (Tong Yangjia's family is a large family in Liaoyang, and some people have joined the Qing court for a long time). Governor.Li Chengdong only served as the admiral of Guangdong and Guangxi (commander of the military region). Not only did he have no right to intervene in local government affairs, but he also had to accept Tong Yangjia's dispatch and restraint in military operations.The unfair treatment made by the Qing court for reusing the "Liao people" was unbearable for the ambitious Li Chengdong, and his inner dissatisfaction gradually accumulated. 各种史料中记载最多的，当属李成栋一个“宠妾”自杀激劝的事迹，连美国历史学家Wakeman也提及过这一深明大义的美妇人。查继佐的《国寿录》记载此烈女名张玉乔，王夫之《永历实录》只讲这位美妇人是松江院妓出身，没有言及其姓名。江日昇《台湾外记》又讲她本是陈子壮的侍妾，而钱澄之《所知录》等又称这名美妇是姓赵，为李成栋侧室。 本来，降清的明臣袁彭年一直知道李成栋怏怏不快，两人关系又好，“稍稍以辞色挑之”。李成栋养子李元胤也常常劝他反清。爷俩儿一次登上越王台，密谋三天之久，李元胤纵论天下大事，“涕泣陈大义益切”。最后，李成栋拔刀而起，发狠言道：“事即不谐，自当以颈血报本朝！”（此言也是一语成谶）回家后，他那位美貌的爱妾也不断劝他趁机反正，由于李成栋怕妇人嘴碎泄露大计，佯装发怒对美人大声责骂。不料这美人也是个烈性妇人，一刀在手，说：“公如能举大义者，妾请先死尊前，以成君子之志！”言毕，横刀在颈，用力一挥，登时香消玉殒。李成栋不及解救，抚尸恸哭，“益感愤”，决意反清。根据明大学士何吾驺等人的史料，此美人应该姓赵，何吾驺还在李成栋广东反正后为她写过颂扬其事迹的歌诗。总之，无论这位美人姓张还是姓赵，红颜玉碎，以死相激，这件事肯定实实在在发生过，而且激使一代枭雄李成栋拍案而起，下定反清复明的决心！ 1648年（顺治五年，永历二年）四月，李成栋变易冠服，拜永历正朔，发兵逮捕佟养甲辽籍亲兵一千多人，“屠之”。总督佟养甲仓皇失措，被迫剪辫，违心地附和反正。由此，广东十郡七十余县共十多万兵士归附南明，李成栋获封惠国公，李元胤获封锦衣卫指挥使，袁彭年为都御史，连迫不得已投降的佟养甲也被封为“襄平伯”。 两广提督李成栋的反清复明是继金声桓、王得仁江西反清之后又一件震动全国的大事。广东全省都在李成栋的部将控制之下，各州县官员望风归附。 李成栋开始使用明两广总督的印信，又派人从梧州去南宁迎接永历皇帝还都肇庆。当时，永历朝廷正处于艰难窘迫之中，谁也没想到金声桓和李成栋能如此明显地扭转了永历朝廷的命运。广东全省和广西已失府州的突然反正简直是喜从天降，开始永历君臣都没有人敢相信，经过几天的探听，永历君臣才解除了疑虑，顿时一片欢腾，收拾逃难行装，准备重整河山了。 No extreme Tailai.广东、江西、湖南、湖北等大片地区一时又遍树明朝旗帜，尽复明朝衣冠，“乌纱吉服，腰金象简满堂，如汉宫春晓”。不久，靖州、沅州、梧州、金川、宝庆等地也相继入明，真正“形势一派大好”。 “重新做人”之后，李成栋真有刮骨洗肠之效，忠心耿耿，一心事明。他不仅派人把桂林永历帝父亲的陵寝整修一新，又派兵迎永历帝移跸肇庆。 鉴于刘承胤挟帝自重的前鉴，瞿式耜上书请永历帝到桂林。不过，瞿式耜这份担心纯属多余，李成栋对永历帝确实一份纯诚之心。他在肇庆修治宫殿，重建官署，修复城防，填充仪卫，使得“朝廷始有章纪”。1648年八月，永历帝驾临肇庆。李成栋郊迎朝见，在行宫中预先准备白银一万两，供永历帝赏赐之用。 李成栋本是“贼”军出身，复与高杰为明军招安，接着又降清军，只见过隆武帝的尸身和那个登基不一个多月即成擒的绍武帝。现在奉永历为正朔，他还真没有足够的心理准备面见明朝新君。虽见进之前，他还向一帮儒臣宾客练习面君时的进退礼节和应对之语。“及见，上（永历）温颜接之，赐坐，慰问再四。”李成栋只是跪伏在地上浑身乱颤，没有一句答言，最后“叩头趋出”。 出殿后，他的参谋很奇怪他为何没有与皇上对话。李成栋回答说：“吾是武将出身，容止声音，虽禁抑内敛，犹觉勃勃高声，恐怕回言时惊动皇上，有失人臣礼节。”从前杀人如麻，嗜血成性的李将军，这一番真心剖白，真令我们刮目相看。 不过，据说这位永历帝确实有人君之威仪。永历十六年（公元1662年）他最后被吴三桂抓住，关进监狱后，清军各级官将出于好奇参观这位爷，都不自觉地“或拜或叩首而退”。吴三桂本人前往，永历帝问“来人为谁？”吴三桂竟然双腿打晃，伏地不能起，“色如死灰，流汗浃背”。虽然其中有皇家嫡系、九五之尊的伦威所致，但他的堂皇仪表，大概也真有九五人君的样子。 为了表示对李成栋的尊宠，永历帝特敕拜李成栋大将军、大司马，并效刘邦拜韩信故事，封坛拜将，殊荣无比。为报知遇信赖之恩，李成栋马上返回广州，募兵治军，准备入江西声援金声桓等人，恢复大明江山。 在肇庆时，李成栋对永历宠臣马吉翔的权势已有所见，回到广州，出于耿耿忠心，他上疏永历帝，说：“恩威不出陛下而出旁门，匪人滥进，货贿公行……社稷存亡之大，非细故也，臣不敢不言。”马吉翔见此疏，深恨李成栋。不久，李成栋已经集结兵马准备北上南雄进入江西抗清，临行前想入肇庆与永历帝临别。马吉翔闻讯，连忙于宫中造谣，说李成栋想仪效董卓和朱温，想趁入见时解散皇帝亲兵，以他的旧部替代，把皇上当傀儡。 由于李成栋昔日疯狂屠杀明军的表现仍历历在目，永历帝不能不疑。他派遣鸿胪卿吴侯去安抚李成栋，告诉他不必面君。李成栋一片赤诚，对此一无所知，直到他见到在朝中任官的义子李元胤，才知道自己被马吉翔冤枉的实情，他叹息说：“我初归附国家，诣阙面君是正常的礼节。此次出行，誓死岭北，只想与皇上辞别，交付公卿大臣后事，不想小人辈汹汹如此，恨吾不能剖心示诚，坐受无君之谤，徒以血肉付岭表耳！”行至三水，永历使臣驰至，仍敕其不得入朝。李成栋“望阙大恸”，从清远顺流而去，临行之时，他长叹道：“吾不及更下此峡矣！” 清军方面，在中原聚集满、蒙、汉大军数万人，一支军由孔有德、济尔哈朗指挥，逼向湖广。另一支军由谭泰、尚可喜、耿仲明率领，直扑江西南昌。1649年三月一日（永历三年），南昌陷落，金声桓杀妻子，焚厩舍，自刎而死。王得仁与清兵巷战，死于战场。湖南的明将何腾蛟也被清军俘获，于湘潭就义。 李成栋提北北上，屡战屡北。也真是天不祚明，他为清朝从北往南打杀时，一路势如破竹。反正以后，他由南往北打，连连败绩，十多万大军沿路伤亡殆尽。 1649年四月，南昌金、王两人败亡后，赣州的清将高进库再无北顾之忧，聚集全部精锐部队在信丰进攻李成栋。鏖战一天，李成栋部下大将多死，士卒溃逃，粮食又吃完。部下将领请李成栋退师，寻找机会再图重兴。已经绝望的李成栋索酒痛饮，投杯于地，大言道：“吾举千里效忠迎主，天子筑坛以大将拜我，今出师无功，何面目见天子耶！”言毕，竟不带随从，控马持弓渡水，直冲清宫大营，“不择津涘，乱流趋敌”，估计加上饮酒过量，伤心欲绝，竟于中途摔入水中，遇溺而亡，结束了他令人费解、充满杀戮、反反复复、又不失波澜壮阔的一生。 李成栋淹死的消息传到肇庆，明廷震悼，赠太傅、宁夏王，谥忠烈。永历帝设坛于天宁寺，亲临祭之。 这样，三个几乎奇迹般地恢复了明朝的整个南方的人——金声桓、何腾蛟和李成栋，在1649年春一个月的时间之内，又奇迹般地从历史舞台上消失了。 值得交待的还有李成栋养子李元胤。 李元胤，字元伯，河南南阳人，原本是儒家子弟，李成栋为盗时掠良家子，养以为子。自少年时代起，李元胤一直跟随李成栋出生入死，“稍读书，知大义”，而且“心计密赡，有器量”。其义父降清时，李元胤怏怏不乐。日后李成栋反正，李元胤绝对是劝成首功之人。 佟养甲的参与反正本来就是被迫的，永历朝廷虽然封他为襄平伯，挂了一个管理中军都督府事的空衔，实权完全落入李成栋的手里。他不甘寂寞，上疏水历朝廷说：“疑臣则杀之，不疑则任之，何能郁郁居此？”朝廷只是“优诏”应付，不给他任何实际职务。佟养甲既怀念清廷的宠信，又明知在永历朝廷内备受猜忌，就暗中派人递表给清廷说明两广事变的情况，同时请派兵南下，自己充当内应。不料使者在路上被李成栋部卒查获。李元胤当时担任锦衣卫都督同知提督禁旅，密奏永历帝以祭祀兴陵（即朱由榔之父老桂王朱常瀛墓）为名派佟养甲前往梧州，预先在佟的座船必经之处设下伏兵，擒杀养甲。随即把佟养甲的亲信全部处斩，以清内患。 李成栋死后，永历仍旧信任李元胤。明将杨大甫屯居梧州，常常劫掠行舟，杀戮往来军使抢夺贡物。李元胤上疏，请永历帝召杨大甫入见趁机诛杀。君臣饮酒之间，永历诘责杨大甫，这位桀骜的武将竟想趁势劫持永历帝。一旁侍饮的马吉翔等人失声跑掉，李元胤在后一脚把杨大甫踹个大马趴，把他逮住缢杀于船外。 永历四年，清军攻梅岭，明将罗成耀弃南雄逃跑。见时势已去，罗成耀暗中约降清军，想攻取肇庆先立个功。永历帝知悉此情，忙派李元胤乘间杀掉这个国贼。李元胤平时和罗成耀关系不错，就相约游船饮酒。舟泛中流，李元胤忽然把正在绳床上忽悠的罗成耀掀翻在地，以利刃一刀结果了这个叛贼。众人大惊，李元胤不慌不忙，以敕示众人：“有诏斩成耀”。“移尸涤血，行酒歌吹如故”，“元胤三斩叛将，决机俄倾，而皆先清敕行事，不自专也”，有忠有智有勇，确是一个人才。不久，永历朝内元胤孤军守肇庆，并独军于西南驿击败清军。由于永历帝及一帮臣下各自鼠窜，李元胤孤军不支，被清军重围于郁林。绝望之下，李元胤穿上大明朝服，登城四拜，哭叹道：“陛下负臣，臣不负陛下”，言毕自刎而死。广东重又尽陷于清军之手。 至此，诸师沦亡，南明昙花一现的大好时光终于过去。1650年年底，桂林城陷，瞿式耜殉国。永历逃至南宁后，受制于权臣孙可望，而后，虽有李定国等忠臣义士相拥，仍因朝中奸臣当道，四面交困，虽然又苟延残喘了十二年之久，历尽艰辛，逃过百死，永历最终为缅甸人出卖，交给了大汉奸吴三桂。永历十六年阴历四月十五日（康熙元年，公元1662年）永历帝朱由榔被吴三桂以弓弦绞死于昆明箅子坡，时年四十岁。南明灭亡。 八旗满州在人关时只有不到十万兵丁，到顺治五年才不过十万余丁，而竟以区区十多万丁最终灭亡二百七十多年拥兵数百万人口近三亿的大明朝，着实发人深省。在王朝摇摇欲坠之时，“数十万人齐解甲，更无一个是男儿”！反而是被圣人归为“难养”之类的女子义薄霄汉，挺身而出，出现了赵氏姑娘（或张玉乔）以及众位反清英雄烈母贤妻的动人场面，她们或以义激，或以身殉，令中国历史凭添了奇丽的动人风景。封建史家对女子总是吝于笔墨，对这样一个刚烈红颜忍辱偷生、义激枭雄乃至最后舍身成仁的原因和过程更乏深入细致的剖析，扼腕叹息之余，使人想起美国作家米勒对妇女的评价——“女人看似柔弱、沉默，其实她们比男人更加坚韧，道德和良知更加坚定，能够面对人生巨大的变迁和伴侣的兴衰浮沉，并能在关键时刻比男人更果决、更富有远见……” 1644年，没有被李自成吞并的张献忠率部入川，建立了大西国，定都成都。张献忠控制了四川绝大部分地区，进行了两年的恐怖统治，由于他的嗜杀，使四川人口和资源锐减。 尽管四川与外界相对来说是隔绝的，但张献忠并不安全。In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Hauge and Wu Sangui, princes of Manchu Qingsu, led the Qing army from southern Shaanxi to Sichuan to attack Zhang Xianzhong's Great Western Army.顺治四年（1647年）七月，张献忠撤离成都，向陕西进发，此时李自成的西安已经沦入清军之手，张献忠企图与清军争夺西安。同年十一月，大西军在西充凤凰山被清军包围，张献忠被清军射中，“痛极而亡”。 但是，谁也没有想到的是，农民军领袖张献忠死后留下的遗产，直接影响到南明永历朝廷最后10年的进程。 “献忠死后，各营大乱”，大西军顿时惊溃，伤亡惨重。孙可望、李定国、刘文秀、艾能奇四将军在危难中收集残部数千、家口万余人，由顺庆（今南充市）急速南下，一昼夜驰数百里，急速南撤，才保存下部分有生力量。此时他们面临着严峻的考验，后面是穷追而来的强劲清军，前面又有南明军队凭借长江扼守，几乎已经到了山穷水尽的境地。然而，在孙可望、李定国、刘文秀、艾能奇的领导下，大西军余部一举击破据守重庆的南明总兵曾英，曾英落水淹死，部众溃逃。大西军渡过长江天险，打开了南进的通途。 张献忠有四名养子——孙可望、李定国、刘文秀和艾能奇。四人中孙可望原来的地位和威信比较高，年纪稍大，又读书识字，张献忠死后，领导大西军的重任很自然地落到了孙可望的肩上。孙可望掌握政权后，立即整肃军队，改变张献忠以往滥杀无辜的过火行动。但此时张献忠的妻子和亲信宰相汪兆龄仍然高踞诸将之上，主张照旧行事，即继续推行献忠在世时的过激政策。 孙可望与李定国、刘文秀、艾能奇商议后，一致决定把“皇后”和汪兆龄处死。张献忠的亲信倒台后，大西军内部就形成了四将军领导的体制。 大西军进入贵州以后，豪格统率的清军已经由四川撤回北京，南明杂牌官军又不足以同大西军相抗衡，孙可望等人本来可以把贵州作为基地，休整士马，建立政权。 此时云南正值阿迷州土司沙定洲叛乱，明黔国公沐天波逃离昆明。由于沐天波的副将龙在田早在张献忠谷城诈降时与孙可望相识，便派人向孙可望求援，告知：“假大义来讨，全省可定也。”四将军认为这是扩大农民军辖地的好机会，便以为黔国公复仇的名义出兵云南。 有明朝一代，云南的治理很特殊。像西南其他省份一样，云南采用通常的省、府和州县等明朝政府任命的机构与世袭的土司和宣威司（通常是在土著居民地区）相结合的治理办法。另外，在军事体制上，云南则由沐氏黔国公镇守。沐英是明朝开国功臣，明太祖朱元璋的义子，世封于云南。沐氏家族镇守云南两百多年，在当地声望很高，历代黔国公也是明朝唯一持续掌握实际领土权力的勋臣。 然而，云南本身并不平静。云南东南部的土司沙定洲发生了叛乱，并击溃了沐天波的军队，在1646年一月攻占了云南府（今昆明），沐天波率领残部退往云南西北部。 孙可望等率部进入云南时，为了减少进军的阻力，事先派出间谍前往云南，利用汉族官绅、部分土司对沙定洲的不满情绪和黔国公在云南长期享有的威望，散布假情报，说行将入滇的大西军是沐天波妻子焦氏家族的武装，来云南为沐氏复仇。这一策略果然收到奇效，大西军所到之处，不但畅通无阻，还有云贵百姓主动提供粮饷。 因为孙可望先派人佯攻沙定洲的老家，沙定洲主动放弃昆明，逃回故里。此刻留在昆明城内的明朝巡抚吴兆元等人已经弄明白了入滇的并不是什么焦家救兵，而是大西军，但是他们手头无兵，只有听任绅民投降。大西军顺利地进入昆明。“孙、李诸军入城，秋毫无犯”。 随即，孙可望平定了沐天波据守的楚雄、大理等滇西地区，沐天波被俘。孙可望以“共扶明后，恢复江山”为条件同沐天波谈判。沐天波亲身遭到沙定洲叛乱的荼毒，弄得家破人亡，自己的兵力又非常有限，决定借大西军复仇，双方很快达成合作协议，宣布“共襄勤王，恢复大明天下”。此后，沐天波不仅派自己的儿子先行前往大西军营中纳款，还发出檄文责成属下官员向大西军缴印投降。 由于沐氏家族自明初以来世镇云南，佩征南将军印，在军卫、土司中享有很高的威信，孙可望等入滇后收缴了明朝颁发的文武各官印信，只有沐天波所佩世代相传的“征南将军印”仍予保留，让他行文招抚各土司。于是，迤西一带不战而下，“各土司次第来归”，“去方三月，而迤西尽平”。 但北将军艾能奇却在征东川的时候中了土司禄万亿部下的毒箭，不治身死。 1648年（永历二年、顺治五年）十月，沙定洲等在昆明被处死。这样，在孙可望的部署下，经过一年多时间的东征西讨，平定了云南全省，使当地百姓自明