Chapter 63 2. Let’s talk about names again: return the characters’ original names and surnames

When reading history, there will always be various emotions. It is possible to discover the perception of life from the past events of the ancients, and to experience the loss of history from the vicissitudes of life.However, history will never have only one kind; history will never have only one face.In this article, we will use the information in the history books to make a lighter "game". Wei Shou, in Tuoba Xianbei's national history "Wei Shu", most of the Xianbei names before Emperor Xiaowen reformed the Han system were revised according to the principle of surname reform, that is, the so-called elegant names (Chinese names) were used.In other words, many of the names of the early Xianbei people we mentioned in this book were not their original names, at least at that time, that was not what others called them.

So, we can't help but wonder, what were the names of these Xianbei people at the beginning?We have given the original names and surnames of the emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the previous article. Can we return the original names and surnames of other Northern Wei figures?The answer is, we can. The first tool in our hands is "Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi".The last part of this annals introduces Emperor Xiaowen’s reform of the surname system, and lists the Han surnames corresponding to the original Xianbei surnames.This information is perfect as a sharp tool for us to restore the old names of the Xianbei people.

In addition to "Guan Shi Zhi", we have two other contemporary official histories as evidence, that is, "Song Shu" and "Nan Qi Shu". "Song Shu · Suo Lu Biography" and "Nan Qi Shu · Wei Lu Biography" are two biographies that can be read in comparison with "Wei Shu". In addition, many related biographies also mention the names of Xianbei in the Northern Wei Dynasty.Sima Guang once "complained" that the names mentioned in the history books of the Northern and Southern Dynasties were "completely different" in his research on differences. That was because his standard of research was very strict; we can lower the standard a bit and compare the two. Find clues from the text, and then establish the relationship between the names of several history books.

The first place where a large number of Northern Wei names appeared (according to chronological order) in "Book of Songs" should be in the "Zhu Chaoshi Biography" in Volume 48: "In the Northern Expedition in the twelfth year of Yixi, Chao Shi entered the river as a vanguard, Suo Lutuo Ba Si, Yao Xing's son-in-law, sent his younger brother Huang Menlang Eqing, Jizhou Governor Anping Gong Yizhan's family, Xiangzhou Governor Tuoba Daosheng, and Qingzhou Governor Abogan has a hundred thousand cavalry, and there are often thousands of cavalry in Tunbei, and they follow the army along the river."

The twelfth year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is 416 AD, which corresponds to the first year of Taichang in the Northern Wei Dynasty.We found the relevant text in the records of the first year of Taichang in "Wei Shu · Taizong Ji": "Liu Yu, Prime Minister of Emperor Sima De, went up the river to defeat Yao Hong... Order General Uncle Sun Jian and others to cross the river and show off their prestige on the stage." There are four names in a section of "Book of Songs", but Shusun Jian is the only person in the corresponding event in "Book of Wei". Is there a way for us to match them?

Let’s first look at "Huang Men Lang Eqing". According to the "Book of Songs", this person is the younger brother of Tuobasi. Of course, we can also understand it as the younger brother or even the younger brother of the clan, so this person should also be named Tuoba. .However, in the biography of the clan kings in "Book of Wei", there is no such a person who matches the identity, but in the biography of volume 30, there is another person with almost the same name-Eqing.Sure enough, "Eqing Biography" also mentioned Zhu Chaoshi's confrontation with the Northern Wei army:

"Liu Yu dispatched Zhu Chaoshi to invade the plains and flee to Pancheng. Qing and Changsun Daosheng chased him to the river, and captured his general Yang Feng. Return, and worship the servant of the Huangmen." Not only the events match, but even the official positions are completely corresponding.The only discrepancy is that the character in "Book of Wei" is surnamed E and his name is Qing, while the character in "Book of Song" is surnamed Tuoba and named Eqing. What's going on?We find a clue at the end of the biography of "Book of Wei": "(Qing) Wen Tong went to Koryo because he was not in a hurry to fight, and he was deposed as a guard. He died at home."

It turned out that during the war against Beiyan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Eqing's failure to fight caused the ruler of the Northern Yan, Feng Hong (namely Wentong, named by the name of Tuoba Hong, the emperor of Xianwen, in the Northern Wei Dynasty) to flee to Korea.As a result, Eqing was convicted and punished, became a guard, and was deprived of her noble status.In this process, he probably also lost the "Tuoba" surname, which symbolizes the royal family, and had to only call him by his first name.This is the reason why Eqing is only used in the biography of "Book of Wei" (this "E" is actually not the Han surname after Xianbei's Sinicization, and it is not included in "Book of Wei·Guan Shi Zhi") to call him.In this way, we have found the first pair of names correspondence: Eqing in "Book of Wei" corresponds to Tuoba Eqing in "Book of Song".In order to unify the writing method, we adopt the characters used in "Wei Shu". The original name of Eqing is Tuoba Eqing.

The next name is "Eulzhan Juan". It seems that this person's surname is Eulzhan and his first name is Juan.We consulted "Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi" and learned that "(Northern Wei Emperor Xiandi) ordered his uncle's Yin to be called Yizhan family, and later changed to Shusun family".In fact, the Yizhan clan was originally of the same family as Tuoba, but they were only descendants of his uncle's branch, so when Emperor Xiaowen changed his surname, he changed it to his uncle and grandson.Then this Yizhan family member may be the "General Uncle Sun Jian" mentioned in "Wei Shu·Taizong Ji". "Wei Shu Shusun Jian Biography" said:

"(Uncle Sun Jian) ​​was the envoy of the capital, led the army in the middle, conferred the title of Duke Anping, and added General Longxiang....Taizong (Tuoba Si) falsely named (Uncle Sun) Jianqian Duke Anping." The title of title also completely corresponds to "Book of Songs".Then there is the question of the name, is it Jian or Juan?According to "Guang Yun", it is built as "Ju Wanqie" and "Ju Juanqie" as a family member. The two characters have the same initials and very similar finals. As a name, the two translations of Chinese characters are completely acceptable.We found the following record in "Song Shu Suolu Biography":

"The captives also sent the general of the Chu army, Anping Gong, the governor of Xuzhou, to return to Ban Nengjian...to attack Qingzhou in the east." This "Grand Anping" is also Shusun Jian, "Shegui" is his official name, and "Fan Neng Jian" is his real name.Numerous examples have shown that the Chinese names of Xianbei people often take the first or last characters of their original names (such as "Shegui" and "Gui" mentioned before), and Shusunjian here is an example.Therefore, we have come up with the second set of correspondences. Shusun Jian's original name was Yizhan Bannengjian. The third name is "Tuoba Daosheng". "Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi" contains: "The second brother is the Tuoba family, and later changed to the Changsun family." The "Tuoba" or "Tuoba" here, according to textual research, may be a miswriting of "Baba" ( Because according to common sense, it should not be the same as the surname of the royal family in the Northern Wei Dynasty), it is one of the surnames of the royal brothers, and it was changed to the eldest grandson when Emperor Xiaowen changed his surname.With this explanation, we can understand that Tuoba Daosheng in "Book of Songs" is the eldest grandson Daosheng in "Book of Wei". The last name "A Bogan" seems a little strange, and it was mentioned again later in "Zhu Chaoshi Biography": "(Chao Shi) hammered it with a hammer, and pierced through three or four captives with a single spear. The captives couldn't handle it, and they collapsed at once. Before the battle, Ah Bo was beheaded, and the captives returned half of the city." "Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi" contains: "A Fu Qian's family, later changed to A family." There is no difference in the difference between the lips in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. They are both pronounced as "b". The pronunciation of these two characters is close to "biok", which can also be regarded as two translations of one word.So we speculate that "Abogan" is "Afugan", and the Chinese name should be A XX.It is a pity that the name of this a certain person does not appear in the biography of "Wei Shu". So far, we have found out the corresponding relationship of the four Northern Wei names that appear in the "Song Shu": Chinese name ("Wei Shu" name) Xianbei name Eqing Tuoba Eqing Uncle Sun Jianyi Zhanfan Nengjian The eldest grandson Daosheng Baba (Tuoba) Daosheng Ah?Abogan The names of people in the Northern Wei Dynasty in "Song Shu Suolu Biography" are mentioned from "the third year of Yongchu": "In October of the third year of the Yongchu period, Sizi led his troops to Fangcheng, and sent General Zheng Bing to Yangzhou Inspector Shanyang Gong Daxi Jin, Wu Bing General Guangzhou Inspector Cangwu Gong Sunbiao, and Shang Shu Huo to lead more than 20,000 men on foot. Crossing Jinan at the boundary stone of Dongyan County in the southwest of Huatai, the luggage is weak and tired." In the third year of Yongchu, which was the seventh year of Taichang in the reign of Tuoba Si in the Northern Wei Dynasty, "Wei Shu Taizong Ji" records: "September, the imperial edict of Sikong Xijin Festival, the governor of the vanguard and all the military forces, the general of the Jin army, the governor of Yangzhou, the Jiaozhi Hou Zhouji was the general of the Song army, the governor of Jiaozhou, and the son of Angu Gongsun Biao was the general of the Wu soldiers and the governor of Guangzhou. The striker attacks Liu Yifu." The two passages basically match.Refer to "Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi", "The younger brother is the Da Xi family, and later changed to the Xi family." The surname Xi is one of the surnames of the younger brothers of the Northern Wei royal family. Before the surname was changed, it was Da Xi, which corresponds to the "Book of Songs".Xi Jin's original name was Da Xi Jin. "General Song Bing, Governor of Jiaozhou" what day of the week, where did this person go?Don't worry, he is also mentioned in the following text of "Book of Songs Suolu Biography": "Zheng Bing, Gongsun Biao, General Song Bing, Jiaozhou Inspector Jiaozhi Hou Pu tens of thousands of horsemen, returned to Hulao." "Wei Shu Guan Shi Zhi" makes it very clear: "The second brother is the Pu family, and later changed to the Zhou family." Like the eldest grandson, Zhou's surname is also one of the surnames of the brothers of the Northern Wei royal family, which was originally Pu.In this way, the records in "Song Shu" and "Wei Shu" correspond very well from official positions to names.General Zhou Ji's original name was Pu Ji. Let's look at another example from The Book of Nanqi. "Book of Southern Qi Biography of Wei Lu" records the event of Emperor Xiaowen's pacification of civil strife: "The Puppet Conqueror North General Hengzhou Inspector Julu Gong Fulugu He Luhun guarded Sangqian, and Hong Congshu Pingyang Wang Anshou guarded Huaizha in the northwest of Sanggan. Hun Feihong appointed Chinese people and was next to Feng Yigong, the pseudo-Dingzhou Inspector. , Anle Gong entrusted Ba Aganer to seek to establish Anshou, and divide it into Hebei. After a long period of failure, Anshou was afraid, so he sued Hong. Killed hundreds of people including Hun, and let Anshou continue as before." This incident can be found in the corresponding record in "Wei Shu·Mutai Biography": "(Mu) Tai, whose real name is Shi Luo, was given the name Yan by Gaozu....The title was changed to Fengyi County's founding marquis, and there were five hundred households in Shiyi....Since Chen had been ill for a long time, Tai begged for Hengzhou, so he transferred to Lu Rui for the appointment. State, replace Yan with Tai. Tai was unwilling to move the capital, and Tai had arrived before Rui could send out, so he sneaked in and fanned him, and the picture was rebellion. He and Rui and Anle Hou Yuanlong...etc. conspired to push Shuozhou Governor Yangping Wang Yi as the main one. Yi refused to obey, and pretended to make peace with him, and secretly revealed the matter. Gao Zu sent Rencheng Wang Cheng to lead his troops to fight against him....Tai waited for execution." The names of the people mentioned in the two passages can be matched one by one according to their official positions and titles: Fuluguhe Luhun corresponds to Lu Rui, Mulin corresponds to Mu Tai, Anshou corresponds to Yuanyi (Pingyang Wang is the mistake of King Yangping), Tuoba Aganer corresponds to Yuanlong.We can make further detailed comparisons. "Wei Shu Guan Shi Zhi" contains: "Bu Liugu's family, and later changed to Lu family." The surname Lu was the surname of Xianbei officials when Emperor Xiaowen changed his surname. Make "Bu Lu Gu" (the ancient sounds of "six" and "deer" are the same).According to "Guang Yun", the step is "Bo Guqie", and the Fu is "Fufuqie" (Fu has two readings, one is the going tone and the other is the entering tone, here the removing tone is taken), which is the same as the previous "Bo" and "Fufuqie". The pair of "volt" is similar, and the two characters are also similar in sound.Based on this, Lu Rui is Fu Lugu He Luhun, or Bu Liugu He Liuhun (it happens to have the same name as Gao Huan later, and it is probably a name commonly used by Xianbei people). "Wei Shu Guan Shi Zhi" contains: "Qiu Muling's family, later changed to Mu's family."The ancient sounds of Mu and Mu are the same, while Ling and Lin are words with similar sounds and shapes (neighbor in traditional form), so this Feng Yigong Mulin is the abbreviation of Qiu Muling, and his Xianbei real name should be the original biography Shi Luo mentioned in the book.Mutai was originally named Qiumuling Shiluo. The third name, An Shou is Yuan Yi.This is evidenced by the original biography of "Book of Wei": "Anshou...Gaozu bestows a name on him." As for the last clan, Yuanlong, he can get a correspondence through his title. Comparing several historical books according to the above method, and listing the results in the table below, we can return these historical figures to their original names. *Zhiqin represents the title of the clan for the Xianbei people, and often writes Zhile, Yile, etc. incorrectly. Continuation