Chapter 5 Si Dezong fled: Mutiny in Jingyuan

After the death of Emperor Daizong Li Yu, Prince Li Shi (sound kuo, same expansion) came to the throne, which was Tang Dezong. Dezong's mother was Empress Shen.During the Anshi Rebellion, Tang Xuanzong fled in a hurry, and Li Chu (later renamed Li Yu), who was still the king of Guangping at that time, did not take Shen with him.The Shen family fell into the hands of the rebels and was escorted to Luoyang.Later, when the Tang army recaptured Luoyang, Li Chu, the king of Guangping, met the Shen family again in the eastern capital Yeting. He planned to welcome back to Chang'an, but because the Guangping king was going north to destroy the bandits, he still kept the Shen family in Luoyang.Soon, Shi Siming raised his troops to rebel again and fell back to Luoyang, the eastern capital. The Shen family fell into the hands of the rebels again, and his whereabouts have been unknown since then.After Daizong came to the throne, he sent people to search for the Shen family whose life and death were unknown, and made Li Shi, the son of the Shen family, the crown prince.After Li Shi ascended the throne as Emperor Dezong, he immediately respected Shen as the empress dowager, and continued to send people to search for his mother's whereabouts.

The eunuch Gao Lishi had an adopted daughter, Gao Shi, who knew the old affairs of the palace very well.The female officer Li Zhenyi used to serve Shen Shi, and she remembered Shen Shi's appearance.Once, Li Zhenyi saw Gao Lishi's adopted daughter, Gao Shi, and found that she was very similar to Shen Shi in age and appearance, and was familiar with palace allusions, so he suspected that she was Shen Shi.Gao herself was also vague.After Li Zhenyi reported to Dezong, Dezong thought he had found his mother, and was ecstatic, and immediately sent someone to welcome Gao back to Shangyang Palace grandly.Gao Lishi's adopted son knew the truth and was afraid of getting into trouble, so he told Dezong that the Gao family was not the Shen family.Dezong was disappointed, but still treated Gao well, let her go home, and said to the ministers around him: "I have been deceived a hundred times and have no regrets, in order to find my mother."

At that time, there were at least four women who claimed to be the Shen family, but they were all found out to be fakes.Although Dezong was deceived many times, he was still unwilling to give up tracing Shen's whereabouts.It was not until the reign of Dezong's grandson Xianzong Li Chun that he completely gave up hope, formally mourned for Shen, and buried him in Yiyi clothes. It has always been Dezong's hatred that his mother fell into the hands of the rebels in the feudal town.Therefore, at the beginning of Dezong's accession to the throne, he was determined to change the situation of the dictatorship of the vassals and towns.He accepted Prime Minister Yang Yan's suggestion to implement the two-tax law to increase fiscal revenue, and at the same time provide the necessary military expenses for the crusade against the feudal towns.As a result, a new desperate struggle arose.

Before Emperor Dezong came to the throne, Tian Chengsi, the governor of Weibo, had died of illness at the age of seventy-five.Tian Chengsi had eleven sons, but he loved his nephew Tian Yue the most. When he was dying, he ordered Tian Yue to stay as his heir and let his sons assist him.At this time, the vassals and towns have basically become hereditary from descendants, and the appointment of the Tang court has become nothing more than a formality.After Dezong came to the throne, he was eager to change this situation.It happened that Li Baochen died of illness during the Chengde Festival, and his son Li Weiyue appointed himself as the heir.After Li Weiyue took over all the affairs of Chengde, he still needed the formal imperial edict agreeing to his succession.However, the new emperor Dezong took office three times, and he did not agree to the edict for the official appointment of Li Weiyue.

Under such circumstances, envoys from Wei Bo Tianyue, Ziqing Li Zhengji, and Shannan Dongdao Liang Chongyi secretly colluded with Chengde Li Weiyue to "subtly conspire to rein in troops and refuse orders."As a result, Chengde, Ziqing, Wei Bo, and Shannan Dongdao "remotely assisted", and the four towns joined forces to openly challenge the Tang court. This is the so-called "Four Towns Rebellion" in history. After the Rebellion of the Four Towns began, Tian Yuexian sent troops to attack Xingzhou, Cizhou and Linming, and took the lead in provoking the war; Li Zhengji sent troops to guard Xuzhou Yongqiao and Wokou; the food road.

Dezong was furious and decided to pacify the feudal clan, and first sent envoys to make peace with Tubo and Huihe, so as not to fall into a situation of internal and external troubles.After the border was temporarily stabilized, the Tang court dispatched 12,000 anti-autumn soldiers (army to prevent Tubo from invading in autumn) from Xijing. At the same time, it mobilized Shuofang, Guanzhong, and Taiyuan, west to Shuhan, and south to Jiang, Huai, Fujian, and Vietnam. The Taoist soldiers planned to annihilate the four disobedient towns in one fell swoop. At the beginning, Tang Guan's army was powerful, and the four towns were defeated one after another.Liang Chongyi, the host of Shannan, was killed by Li Xilie, the governor of Huainan.Chengde Li Weiyue was first defeated by Zhu Tao, the queen of Youzhou, and then killed by Wang Wujun, Chengde's military envoy, and his head was sent to the capital.Li Zhengji of Ziqing died of illness in a fit of rage, and his son Li Na was good at leading military affairs.In the second town out of the four towns, Tian Yue and Li Na were suddenly alone and had to guard their own corner.The situation was extremely unfavorable to the remaining two towns, and the Tang court also believed that the world would never be peaceful.

Dezong of Chang'an was very proud, and rashly issued an edict to divide Dezhen into three parts (the site of the slain Li Weiyue). Resentment to the court.This gave Tian Yue an opportunity to take advantage of. Tian Yue took the opportunity to send someone to contact Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun.Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun turned against each other and sent troops to rescue Tian Yue who was besieged by the Tang army. Emperor Dezong ordered Shuofang Jiedu envoy Li Huaiguang to crusade against the three towns of Tian Yue, Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun.As a result, the Tang official army led by Li Huaiguang was defeated, and Zhu Tao, Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na re-formed an alliance: Zhu Tao was the leader of the alliance, and he established himself as the king of Ji, called "Gu"; Tian Yue was made the king of Wei, and Wang Wujun was made the king of Zhao , Li Na was established as the king of Qi, and they were all called "widows".

The problem of claiming the kings of the four towns, which was a headache for the Tang court, has not yet been resolved, and the Huainan Jiedu envoy Li Xilie's rebellion occurred again. Li Xilie had previously assisted the Tang court to put down the chaos in the four towns.Prime Minister Yang Yan once persuaded Dezong, pointing out that Li Xilie was "reckless and lawless without meritorious deeds, how can he restrain him if he makes Ping Chongyi".Li Xilie is ruthless, ruthless, and cruel. He was the adopted son of Dong Qin (Li Zhongchen). Dong Qin trusted him a lot, but he eventually expelled Dong Qin and replaced him.However, Emperor Dezong did not heed the advice. Instead, he conferred on Li Xilie the title of King of Nanping County, and was appointed as the Hannan and Hanbei soldiers and horses recruiting envoys to lead various soldiers and crusade against Liang Chongyi.After Li Xilie killed Liang Chongyi, he thought he had made a great contribution, so after capturing Xiangyang, the Eastern Daoist Office in Shannan, he took it as his own.Li Xilie was quite dissatisfied when the Tang court sent another Jiedu envoy to take over.The four towns that claimed the king made full use of Li Xilie's dissatisfaction with the Tang court, and persuaded Li Xilie to become a minister.Under the temptation of great power and fame, Li Xilie's heart was moved. He claimed to be the Marshal of the World, openly confronted the Tang court, and began to attack the Tang Dynasty.

Among the five rebellious towns, Li Xilie was the strongest with strong troops and enough food.The Tang court was shocked.Dezong consulted with Prime Minister Lu Qi. Lu Qi hated Yan Zhenqing. In order to borrow a knife to kill someone, he suggested to Dezong to send Yan Zhenqing to appease Li Xilie. Yan Zhenqing was not only a famous calligrapher in history, but also a very prestigious veteran at that time.Before the Anshi Rebellion, he served as the prefect of Pingyuan.After An Lushan launched the rebellion, most of the counties in Hebei were occupied by the rebels. Only Pingyuan City survived because of Yan Zhenqing's resolute resistance.Later, his cousin Yan Gaoqing raised troops in Gaocheng, and the Seventeen Counties of Hebei responded, and publicly elected Yan Zhenqing as the leader of the alliance.In the fight against the Anshi rebels, he made great contributions.After Emperor Daizong ascended the throne, Yan Zhenqing was granted the title of Duke of Lu.Therefore, people also called him Yan Lugong.

At this time, Yan Zhenqing was over seventy years old, old and frail, and his colleagues advised him to resign from the emperor, but he resolutely took orders to go.After Yan Zhenqing arrived in Ruzhou, Huainan (now Linru, Henan), he showed great righteousness to Li Xilie and persuaded him to stop fighting and save the people from the suffering of war.Li Xilie refused to listen to the advice, but threatened Yan Zhenqing to help him fight against Tang.Yan Zhenqing naturally refused to give in, so Li Xilie detained him. In August of the fourth year of Jianzhong Dezong (783), Li Xilie sent 30,000 troops to besiege Xiangcheng (now Xiangcheng, Henan).

In order to save Xiangcheng, Huaixi envoy Li Mian adopted the strategy of besieging Wei and saving Zhao. He sent troops to take advantage of the emptiness behind Li Xilie and attack Li Xilie's lair Xuzhou (now Xuchang, Henan).Li Mian was dedicated to serving the country, but Dezong didn't understand, thinking that Li Mian was also wanting to take advantage of the opportunity to seek benefits for himself, and immediately sent eunuchs to accuse Li Mian of violating the imperial edict.Li Mian was forced to withdraw his troops from Xuzhou. On the way, Li Mian's army was ambushed by Li Xilie's army and was defeated, making Xiangcheng even more critical. Once Xiangcheng falls, Luoyang, the eastern capital, will be in a tight spot.Dezong hurriedly mobilized troops from Jingyuan (now the north of Jingchuan County, Gansu Province) from the northwest to rescue Xiangcheng.Jingyuan Jiedu envoy Yao Lingyan took 5,000 troops through the capital city of Chang'an.It happened to be raining heavily, and the Jingyuan soldiers were soaked and shivering with cold.The Tang court sent Jingzhao Yin and Wang Xiang to reward the army.What Wang Xiang brought to the army was coarse rice and pickles.The Jingyuan soldiers were furious, mutinied, and clamored to attack Chang'an City.Yao Lingyan was about to enter the court to bid farewell. When he heard that his subordinates had mutinied, he hurried over to persuade the soldiers, saying: "Your lords have lost their plan! Why don't you worry about being rich if you make contributions in the Eastern Expedition? It's a plan for the destruction of the family!" · Volume two hundred and twenty-eight") Dezong also hurriedly sent eunuchs to comfort the soldiers with twenty carts of money and silk, hoping to mend the situation and stabilize the situation.However, the enraged Jingyuan soldiers completely lost their minds, not only killed the eunuch, but also used weapons to coerce Yao Lingyan to march westward.After the rebel army entered the city, they immediately began to attack the palace.The imperial guards of the palace could not resist, and Dezong had no choice but to take the prince, kings, and princesses away from the north gate of the palace in a hurry. Since Yu Chaoen, the eunuch of Daizong Dynasty, was killed due to unauthorized power, the emperor became vigilant and no longer appointed eunuchs to take charge of the army.Therefore, at this time, Dezong only had more than a hundred eunuchs and entourages.Sinong Qing Guo Shu was leading dozens of family soldiers to hunt in the forbidden garden. When he heard that Dezong had left, he immediately came to follow him.The Youlongwu army envoy Linghu Jianzheng was teaching archery in the army, and after hearing the news, he also led 400 men to come quickly. It is especially worth mentioning that Jiang Gongfu, a Hanlin scholar, had great foresight. He stopped in front of Dezong's horse and reminded him: "Zhu Xi (sound ci, the same) tried to be the commander of Jingyuan and won the hearts of scholars. Yesterday, Zhu Tao rebelled against him. Sitting and seizing military power, I am often worried and angry. It is better to let people arrest them, let them accompany Luan to drive, and suddenly a group of fierce people stand up, which will bring trouble to the country. Chen Qing once said that if your majesty can't treat him frankly, he will kill him. Raising animals brings troubles, but it is useless to regret." ("Old Tang Book Volume 138 Biography of Jiang Gongfu") Zhu Xi was the former Jiedu envoy of Jingyuan. Because his younger brother Zhu Tao (that is, the Youzhou Liuhou who established himself as the king of Ji) rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, he was implicated. Taiwei's name.The central meaning of Jiang Gongfu's words is: Even if Dezong wants to leave, he should take Zhu Xi with him, otherwise there will be endless troubles. However, at this time Dezong had completely lost the dignity of the emperor, and he only cared about his escape, so he couldn't listen to Jiang Gongfu's words at all.Dezong and his party left the north gate of the palace, preparing to flee to Fengtian (now Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province) for refuge.If it is said that Dezong's Laozi Daizong fled because of external troubles, Dezong's escape from Chang'an was entirely due to internal worries.And his own improper actions in Pingfan were also important reasons. Jingyuan soldiers rushed into the palace and found that the emperor had run away, so they forcibly opened the official treasury, looted wantonly, and made a fuss all night.The next day, the Jingyuan soldiers were also tired from fighting and satisfied, but they didn't know how to end it.Everyone went to Jiedu envoy Yao Lingyan.Yao Lingyan knew that the matter had come to an end, he could no longer stay out of it, and the Tang court would definitely lay the blame on him, but he had no courage, knowing that he was not up to the task, so he came up with the idea to support Zhu Xi as the leader. Zhu Xi was originally an ambitious person, but today he was given a good opportunity to immediately take over the military power in Chang'an, echoing the separatist forces of the towns in Hebei.Unfortunately, Jiang Gongfu's worries came true. This incident is the famous "Jingyuan Change" in history, which directly caused Dezong to become the third emperor in the history of the Tang Dynasty to escape from Chang'an. The escaped emperor and his party arrived at Fengtian via Xianyang.Before Dezong had time to catch his breath, he hastily issued an edict to conscript soldiers and horses from various nearby roads to help.Zuo Jinwu General Hun Yan (sound jian, Tongjian) first came to Fengtian to escort him. Hun Yu, a member of the Hun tribe of the Tie Le tribe.He once served as General Zhonglang, Envoy of Soldiers and Horses in the Left Chamber, Protector of Dadu, Envoy of Jiedu, and General of Zuojinwuwei.He is good at riding and shooting, has repeatedly made military exploits, and is famous for his loyalty and bravery.When the Tang court quelled the Anshi Rebellion, Hun Yu successively followed the famous generals Li Guangbi, Guo Ziyi, and Pugu Huai'en to fight in Hebei and regain the two capitals.During the reign of Tang Yongtai, Tubo's 100,000 troops attacked Tang.Hunyu garrisoned Fengtian (now Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province), fearless in the face of danger, personally led two hundred brave cavalry, rushed into the Tubo camp, captured the Tubo general alive, and thus won the championship of all armies.Afterwards, Hun Yu broke through the Tubo soldiers' invasion repeatedly, and gained great prestige among the Tang army and the imperial court.When everyone saw him coming, their hearts gradually settled down. At this time, Duan Xiushi was killed again in Chang'an. Duan Xiushi, formerly known as Yan, courtesy name Chenggong, was born in Qianyang, Shaanxi.He studied classics and history when he was young, and practiced martial arts a little longer. His speech is humble, simple and stable.Xuanzong cited it as Ming Jing, then abandoned his fame and joined the army, accumulating merits to the Governor of Jingzhou and the Jiedu Envoy of Zhengying in Jingyuan.Duan Xiushi has been in charge of the Northwest military and government for four years, Tubo dare not violate the territory, and the people live and work in peace and contentment.Later, Prime Minister Yang Yan hated Duan Xiushi, cut off his military power, and was called to the capital to serve as Secretary of Agriculture (official name, one of the nine ministers, in charge of money and valleys).Zhu Xi believed that Duan Xiushi must have resented the imperial court and wanted to win him over.Unexpectedly, Duan Xiushi's heart turned to the imperial court. Seeing that he could not shirk it, he pretended to stay by Zhu Xi's side, and secretly contacted General Liu Haibin and others, planning to find an opportunity to kill Zhu Xi. Zhu Xi then sent Jingyuan general Han Min (pronounced min, Tongmin, Han Min also worked in flower-and-bird painting) to lead 3,000 cavalry to Fengtian.In name, he went to pick up Dezong back to Beijing, but in fact he went to attack Fengtian.After Duan Xiushi heard the news, he was very anxious. He was worried that Fengtian Dezong did not have enough troops to guard, so he wanted to secretly steal Yao Lingyan's official seal, but he failed.So Duan Xiushi stamped the official seal of his boss on the forged official document, and sent someone to use the fake official document to trick Han Min into returning to his teacher.Finally intercepted Han Min at Luogu Station in time, and ordered him to return to defense with Yao Lingyan's order. Duan Xiushi knew that once Han Min returned to the capital, the fake official document would be exposed, so he discussed with General Liu Haibin and planned to kill Zhu Xi.On the same day, Zhu Xi summoned Duan Xiushi to discuss the matter.Duan Xiushi, a soldier, came to see him.Hearing that Zhu Xi was planning to become emperor, Duan Xiushi was furious and beat Zhu Xi with the ivory wat in his hand.Zhu Xi fled with a bloody head.But Liu Haibin and others did not arrive, and Duan Xiushi was killed immediately.Afterwards, the general Liu Haibin and others who secretly associated with Duan Xiushi were all killed. When the news reached Fengtian, Dezong regretted listening to the slander and demoted Duan Xiushi, and shed tears for it.At that time, the ruling and opposition parties praised: "There is no one who has died to defend the country since ancient times. There is no virtuous person like Xiushi." ("Old Tang Book Volume 128 Biography of Duan Xiushi") Zhu Xi then ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, calling himself "Emperor of Great Qin" and changing his name to "Yingtian".After proclaiming himself emperor, Zhu Xi killed more than 70 Tang royals who were stranded in Chang'an and had no time to escape, and personally led soldiers and horses to attack Fengtian.At that time, Zhu Xi's rebel army had tens of thousands of people, while Tang's defenders had only a few thousand people. There was a huge disparity in military strength, and Fengtian was once in critical condition. Hun Yan, General Zuo Jinwu, led the Tang army to fight bloody battles and defend the dangerous city.In order to attack the city, Zhu Xi sent people to build a very large ladder.After Hun Yan learned about it, he dug a tunnel beside the city wall in advance, filled the tunnel with dry firewood, and prepared a large number of turpentine torches at the top of the city.When the rebels attacked the city, the arrows were so dense that the Tang army could not fight back at all.The rebel soldiers began to climb the ladder, intending to attack the city.Unexpectedly, all the ladders sank into the tunnel, and Tang Jun on the top of the city threw torches down again, ignited the dry firewood in the tunnel, and set the ladders on fire.In the raging fire, the rebels on the ladder were burnt to death and fell down one after another.Hun Yu took advantage of the opportunity to lead the Tang army to rush out from the city gate, and Zhu Xi's rebel army was defeated. Zhu Xi saw that a strong attack was not enough, so he surrounded Fengtian and attacked for a month.All the food in the city has been eaten up, and the situation is very critical.At the critical moment, Li Sheng, the envoy of Shence Hebei Camp Jiedu, traveled day and night to Fengtian for rescue.Shuofang Jiedu envoy Li Huaiguang, who was ordered to beg Tian Yue in the east, also returned to the west to rescue at this time.Zhu Xi saw that the situation was not good, so he withdrew the siege of Fengtian and retreated to Chang'an to hold on. After Fengtian rescued the siege, Shuofang Jiedu envoy Li Huaiguang thought that Dezong would personally summon him for a generous reward because of his great achievements.He has a rough personality and looks down on Prime Minister Lu Qi and others. He often tells people that Lu Qi and others are treacherous and flattering, and that the chaos in the world is caused by these people.After Lu Qi learned about it, he was afraid that Li Huaiguang would slander him in front of Dezong, so he secretly prevented Dezong from summoning Li Huaiguang, and ordered Li Huaiguang to lead the army to recover Chang'an immediately. Li Huaiguang came all the way to deal with the national calamity, he thought he would do his best and be loyal, but the emperor was so close at hand, he refused to summon him, so he was naturally very dissatisfied.So he led the troops to station in Xianyang, but refused to enter the army.And repeatedly exposed the crimes of Prime Minister Lu Qi, eunuch Zhai Wenxiu and others.The ministers around Dezong were also very dissatisfied with Lu Qi's treatment of the heroes, and there were many discussions.As a last resort, Emperor Dezong demoted Prime Minister Lu Qi to Yuanzhou Sima and killed eunuch Zhai Wenxiu. On the first day of the first lunar month in the first year of Xingyuan (784), Emperor Dezong followed the advice of Lu Zhi, a scholar in the Imperial Academy and a scholar of meritorious service, and issued an edict to "crime himself", that is, the famous "Fengtian Gaiyuan Amnesty System", announcing the pardon of the world, except Zhu Xi In addition, pardon the crimes of Li Xilie, Tian Yue, Wang Wujun, Li Na, and Zhu Tao, and stop fighting and eliminate Mo and the like. This edict was drafted by Lu Zhi.Lu Zhi is famous for his parallel prose.His parallel prose is neat in antithesis, fluent in semantics and full of momentum, which is unique in the history of literature.Lu Zhi is especially good at memorials, and is known for his deep emotions and eloquent speeches. It is said in history that "it has never been seen since the Tang Dynasty".This "Feng Tian Chang Yuan Amnesty System" fully demonstrated Lu Zhi's literary talent.In the article, the words are heartfelt, and the writing is sharp and the emotion is intense.It is said that on the day when the imperial edict was issued, "even though the warriors died violently, they all mobilized their tears" (Quan Deyu's "Preface to the Collection of Xuan Gong Lu Zhi Han Yuan, Minister of the Ministry of War of the Tang Dynasty").The appeal of the edict can be seen from this.After Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na saw the amnesty decree in the imperial edict, they all took the initiative to remove the title of Wang and expressed their apology.The three returned to the imperial court because they considered their own interests, but they were also moved by the imperial edict. After Li Huaiguang coerced Dezong to demote Lu Qi and others by garrisoning troops, he began to feel uneasy and began to have the idea of ​​betraying the court, but he was still hesitant.He was stationed in Xianyang for several months, stagnated, and he refused to send troops to recover Chang'an.Dezong sent envoys to urge him many times.Li Huaiguang always used the excuse that the soldiers were tired and refused to send troops.Li Huaiguang also secretly sent someone to contact Zhu Xi in Chang'an City, preparing to collude with each other. Shence Hebei Camp Jiedu envoy Li Sheng noticed Li Huaiguang's abnormality, reminded Dezong to be on guard, and suggested appointing deputy general Zhao Guangmian and others as governors of the three prefectures of Yang, Li, and Jian, each leading 500 troops to guard against disaster. Before it happens.Dezong still trusted Li Huaiguang at this time, so he did not adopt Li Sheng's suggestion. Dezong planned to personally lead the banned soldiers to Xianyang, and in the name of the labor force, he urged the generals to march, especially Li Huaiguang.Some people with ulterior motives took the opportunity to sow dissension and told Li Huaiguang that Dezong had used Han Gaozu's puppet You Yunmeng's trick, and planned to take the opportunity to capture the generals.Li Huaiguang panicked, and only then did he make up his mind to rebel. Before Dezong set off, he was afraid that Li Huaiguang would be suspicious, so he made Li Huaiguang a captain and gave him an iron coupon to show his trust.However, when the envoy came to Xianyang to announce the imperial decree, Li Huaiguang was even more skeptical, so he was very arrogant and rude. He threw the iron coupon on the ground in front of the envoy and said, "The sage suspects light and evil? People and ministers rebel, give iron coupons, Huaiguang If you don’t rebel, I’m giving you an iron certificate to make him rebel!” ("Zizhi Tongjian Volume 230") After the envoy reported back, Dezong believed that Li Huaiguang had turned against him, and ordered to strengthen his guard. At the same time, he appointed Li Sheng as the envoy of Hezhong and Tongjiang Jiedu, and then as Tongping Zhangshi, which would save the crisis of the Tang Dynasty. entrusted to him. After Li Huaiguang publicly rebelled, he sent his general Zhao Shengluan into Fengtian quietly, and agreed to burn Qianling at night, so that Zhao Shengluan would act as an internal response and hold Dezong hostage.Zhao Shengluan told Hun Yan about this.Hun Yu urgently reported to the Tang court, asking Dezong to leave Fengtian and go to Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi).Emperor Dezong ordered Hunyan to martial law.Hun Yu came out of the court, and the deployment has not yet stopped, Dezong has already left Fengtian in a panic and is heading west.The courtiers and soldiers followed Dezong, and the situation was very embarrassing. Li Huaiguang's rebellion made the situation worse, and many Tang ministers surrendered to Zhu Xi.At the critical moment, Li Sheng tried his best to turn the tide.Under extremely difficult circumstances, he inspired the soldiers with loyalty and maintained the morale of the soldiers of the Tang army. The Tang army near Chang'an voluntarily accepted Li Sheng's command. At that time, the rebel army was also quite unstable. Some of Li Huaiguang's subordinates were unwilling to follow the rebellion, and some soldiers defected to Li Sheng.And Zhu Xi in Chang'an City was also wary of Li Huaiguang, and a deep estrangement developed between the two.Li Huaiguang was worried internally about the mutiny of his subordinates, and externally afraid of Li Sheng's attack, so he fled to the river with his troops. As soon as Li Huaiguang left, Zhu Si fell into isolation.Hun Yu defended Fengtian, and also echoed Li Sheng.Tang Dajun approached Chang'an.In May of the first year of Xingyuan (784), Li Sheng regained Chang'an.Zhu Xi and Yao Lingyan led the defeated army and fled westward, but were killed by their subordinates on the way.The defenders in Hezhong surrendered one after another, but Li Huaiguang hanged himself, not knowing what he had done.The Jingyuan Mutiny, which lasted for more than half a year, finally came to an end. At this time, only Li Xilie, who claimed to be the "Emperor of Chu", resisted according to Huaixi.At the beginning of the second year of Zhenyuan (786), Li Xilie's troops successively invaded Xiangzhou and Zhengzhou, but were repelled by the Tang army.In April, General Chen Xianqi of Huaixi poisoned Li Xilie to death, killed his relatives, and all the people surrendered to the imperial court. Chen Xianqi was awarded the title of Huaixi Jiedushi. So far, the greater military disaster caused by the rebellion against the four towns, which led to Li Xilie, Zhu Xi, and Li Huaiguang, lasted for five years, and the flames of war finally subsided.However, hereditary and independent commanders of feudal towns have also become unchangeable facts.Not long after, Wu Shaocheng, the military envoy of Huaixi, killed Chen Xianqi, and the imperial court had no choice but to admit it after he stayed. After the Peasant War broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Jiedu further expanded its power, and the Tang court lost its control over the feudal towns.The feudal vassals and towns fought endlessly and merged frequently, which led to a split and separatist situation in which five dynasties changed in the north and nine kingdoms in the south (the Northern Han Dynasty was in the north).It was not until the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty that Taizu Zhao Kuangyin released his military power with a cup of wine, and Jiedushi lost his real power and became a post of honor. Finally, I would like to mention Li Sheng and Hun Yu, the biggest heroes in this war disaster. When Dezong was the prince, he was insulted by Huihe, so he always hated Huihe.During Dezong's reign, he always fought against Tubo and Huihe, trying to use Tubo to suppress Huihe.However, the opposite happened, and Tubo despised the Tang Dynasty because of this.In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Tubo invaded, but was defeated by Li Sheng.Tubo believed that the good generals of Tang Dynasty were Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Hun Yan, and Li Sheng was especially feared, so they planned to take measures to separate them.In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), Tubo sent 20,000 troops to the city of Fengxiang, claiming that Li Sheng asked us to come, why not come out to reward us.On the second day, the Tubo army retreated without a fight.Such a naive trick, Dezong actually believed it.Prime Minister Zhang Yanshang took the opportunity to slander Li Sheng.Li Sheng cried day and night and asked to become a monk, but Dezong refused. In the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Tubo sent people to ask Ma Sui for peace.Li Sheng thought it was impossible and firmly disagreed.Ma Sui felt resentment towards Li Sheng, so he took the initiative to agree with Zhang Yanshang and tried his best to make peace.Dezong cut off Li Sheng's military power and sent Hun Yu as an envoy. Hun Yu was ordered to go to Pingliang to form an alliance with the Tubo Prime Minister, and the Tubo ambushes broke out. The Tang army was unsuspecting, and most of them were killed.Dezong refused to pursue the case and ordered him to return to the river.Tubo originally wanted to capture Hun Yu, so that Ma Sui could be offended by his insistence on peace talks, destroy two generals of the Tang Dynasty in one fell swoop, and then attack Chang'an.Because Hun Yu fled back, the plan was stopped. After the alliance failed, the Tang court was shocked, and Prime Minister Zhang Yanshang was forced to resign.Dezong felt the crisis and was restless, so he appointed the legendary Li Mi as his prime minister.Li Mi went through the three dynasties of Suzong, Daizong, and Dezong. He was unwilling to be an official all his life, but at this time he agreed to go out to serve.Seeing that Dezong was suspicious of Li Sheng and Ma Sui, Li Mi tried his best to recommend them, which saved the two generals.He also enlightened Dezong in many ways, persuaded Dezong to agree to make peace with Huihe, and used Huihe to contain Tubo.Li Mi had a great influence on the domestic and foreign affairs of Emperor Dezong's Zhenyuan period.Under his planning, the Tang court persuaded Nanzhao to return to Tang.In this way, Huihe and Nanzhao, which were originally friendly with Tubo, all returned to the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo fell into isolation and was in a difficult situation, and the threat to the Tang Dynasty was relieved. After several trials and tribulations, Dezong still had little trust in the generals who commanded the army. In the end, he still failed to restore Li Sheng's military power in the Shence Army (Forbidden Army).Not only that, but also eunuch Dou Wenchang and Wang Xiqian supervised Shence Army's left and right sides as envoys.From then on, eunuchs monopolized the forbidden army.The problem of the separatism of the feudal towns has not yet been resolved, but the power of the eunuchs is getting bigger and bigger. What is especially sad is that when Dezong's determination to cut down the vassal suffered serious setbacks, his ambition disappeared.His reign continued for another twenty years, but he never really recovered from his initial failure, and began to pamper the feudal town.In the end of Emperor Dezong's life, the feudal towns stayed behind and fought against each other, which has never ceased in history.However, the Tang court actually practiced "a policy of appeasement, which is to make the rebellious generation better, and finally sing disaster." At the beginning of Dezong's accession to the throne, he was very wary of eunuchs pre-government, but after the Jingyuan mutiny, he began to reuse eunuchs.Regarding this point, we will discuss it in detail later when we talk about the rise of eunuch power.Dezong's inconsistent character was doomed to a strong tragic color in his life-the emperor was powerless, and he always faced a helpless situation.This also reflects the political outlook of the Tang Empire in the middle Tang Dynasty from the side.