Chapter 39 Chapter 36: China on the Road to Revolution

The saying goes: "Great implements are late blooming", one person is still the same, let alone a country?Although it has been thirty years since the founding of the Republic of China, it is no wonder that it is still on the way of revolution.Encouraging the future is all about reviewing the past. Now, let me briefly describe the past thirty years as follows: Although the establishment of the Republic of China was due to the obedience of the people's hearts, it is naturally unreasonable to say that it can be wiped out in one day with the accumulation of autocracy for thousands of years.Around that time, what was most easily understood by the public was the national revolution, so the Qing Dynasty immediately saw subversion.However, Yuan Shikai still had room to use intrigue to fulfill his personal ambitions.The Democratic Party also knew that Yuan Shikai was not trustworthy, but in order to avoid the disaster of war and to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, they temporarily used it.Mr. Sun Yat-sen resigned as interim president and recommended Yuan Shikai to the Senate.So Yuan Shikai was elected as the interim president.Because the air in the south is relatively clean, the Democratic Party asked him to come to Nanjing to take office.Yuan Shikai naturally refused to come, but instigated soldiers from Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding to mutiny.The Democratic Party had no choice but to let him take office in Beijing.At this time, the Tongmenghui had been reorganized into the Kuomintang, from a secret revolutionary group to an open political party.Mr. Sun Yat-sen knew that the political situation would be difficult for the time being, and he advocated that the Kuomintang should retreat to the position of the opposition, and he would specialize in the industry.However, the Kuomintang members of the time could not obey the party discipline and would not listen.On April 8, the second year, the National Assembly was opened, and members of the Kuomintang wanted to use the power of the National Assembly and the cabinet to restrict Yuan's legally.How does this work?Brewing and brewing, in the end there was a second revolution in July of the second year.After the failure of the Second Revolution, Mr. Sun Yat-sen organized the Chinese Revolutionary Party overseas.In view of the lack of discipline and defeat in the past, obedience to the party leader is an important condition this time.However, it has not been an effective activity for a while.In China, the Yuan family disbanded the Kuomintang, then ceased to serve as members of the National Assembly, dissolved the provincial councils, suspended local self-government, convened a treaty meeting, and arbitrarily revised the "Provisional Constitution", the fundamental law before the constitution was enacted, into the "Constitution of the Republic of China". , The world is called the "New Testament Law", and the "Temporary Testament Law" is called the "Old Testament Law".The Senate was also established to exercise legislative power on its behalf.The republic is endless.By the end of the fourth year, there was a self-made act of falsifying public opinion and monarchy.So the National Defense Army started in Yunnan.Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, and Hunan responded successively.In Shandong and Shaanxi, there are also troops opposing the imperial system.The Yuan family sent troops to attack, but because the people's hearts were not going well, it was ineffective, and the diplomacy was not going well, so they ordered the abolition of the imperial system in March of the fifth year, and asked for a truce in the south.The South asked Yuan to abdicate and make Vice President Li Yuanhong the President.The situation was at a stalemate.Not long after, Yuan's death, Li's acting power, the restoration of the "Interim Constitution" and the National Assembly, the problem was naturally resolved.However, it is not Yuan who is the stalker of the overall situation.Although the Yuan family was not loyal, when it was not defeated and broke up, the Beiyang army still had a leader.After the Yuan family was ruined, the ambitious soldier wanted to seize the opportunity to gain power.When the south asked Yuan to abdicate but Yuan refused, the general of Jiangsu advocated the union of the unindependent provinces and discussed the method publicly.Telegrams saying: "If the four provinces go against public opinion, they should be regarded as public enemies; if the government has objections, they should also fight unanimously." This is no longer a matter of words.Later, they organized a federation of provinces and regions, forming an illegal force.In February 2006, due to Germany's declaration of unlimited submarine warfare, my country broke off diplomatic relations with Germany.State Premier Duan Qirui went on to seek to join the war against Germany.The bill was shelved by Congress.The governors of the provinces and districts, and the governors of the capitals, then submitted to the president and the prime minister, asking for the dissolution of the Congress on the pretext of opposing the draft constitution.President Li removed Duan Qirui from his post.Anhui was the first to declare its separation from the central government.Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Fengtian, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian and other provinces followed.The Military General Staff Office was established in Tianjin.The telegram said: "The purpose of sending troops to the provinces is to formulate another fundamental law and establish a provisional government and a provisional parliament." This is even more obviously a conspiracy.President Li had no choice but to call Zhang Xun, the governor of Anhui, to Beijing to discuss the state affairs.Zhang Xun went to Tianjin to coerce President Li to dissolve the Congress and then enter.On July 1st, Puyi, the deposed emperor, was restored in Beijing.President Li went to the embassy, ​​ordered Vice President Feng Guozhang to act on his behalf, and made Duan Qirui the prime minister.Qirui swore to the horse factory, and on the 12th, he conquered the capital.The Qing Dynasty supported by Zhang Xun fell.The blood of countless famous and unknown martyrs was shed, and then the Republic of China was created. Due to the private conflicts between soldiers and politicians, it almost collapsed. Logically, the people of the Republic of China should be able to repent.However, how can social phenomena be so simple?The soldiers and politicians in the North are still unable to cooperate with the South.It is an excuse that at the time of the restoration, the history of the Republic of China was interrupted, and the Senate could be convened again like the example of the first year of the Republic of China. I don’t know that during the eleven days of the restoration, the so-called Puyi’s orders are only in one city; even if we retreat a hundred steps , Admitted that the governors in the governor's regiment at that time could be ordered by Puyi, and the southwestern provinces were free. How could the Republic of China be interrupted in one day?But where did this sentence come from to the politicians at the time?Therefore, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi, when the National Assembly was dissolved, declared that they would submit to the head of state and not interfere with the illegal cabinet, and they still could not cooperate with the North.The National Congress held an extraordinary meeting in Guangzhou to resolve the "Military Government Organization Outline". Before the "Interim Constitution" was restored, the Generalissimo was appointed as the executive power, representing the Republic of China to the outside world, and Sun Yat-sen was appointed as the Generalissimo.Later, it was changed to a president system, with seven political presidents organizing government affairs meetings, supported by the government affairs council organized by the ministers, to exercise the administrative power of the military government.In the north, the Senate was convened to amend the election law, and a new congress was convened separately, and Xu Shichang was elected president, who took office on October 10, seven years.The Republic of China was divided into North and South.However, the interior of the North and the South is not yet free from war.In July of the ninth year, Wu Peifu from the north withdrew from Hengyang and returned to Zhili to fight against the Dingguo army led by Duan Qirui.Dingguo's army was defeated and Duan's resignation was due to the battle between Anhui and Zhi.In the south, due to lack of energy, the presidents, such as Sun Yat-sen, all left Guangdong.In October of that year, Chen Jiongming, who was stationed in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province with the Cantonese Army, returned to Guangdong, and Cen Chunxuan, the political president, announced the cancellation of independence.According to Xu Shichang, he ordered to accept it, but Sun Yat-sen and others sent a telegram to deny it, and returned to Guangdong to hold a government affairs meeting.In April of the 10th year, the National Congress held an extraordinary meeting again, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as the president. He took office on May 5, and Chen Jiongming marched to pacify Guangxi.

It's time for the north: Cao Kun is the patrol envoy of Zhi, Lu and Henan, and Wu Peifu is the deputy.Wang Zhanyuan was the tour envoy of the two lakes, Zhang Zuolin was the tour envoy of the three eastern provinces, and also the economic envoy of Mongolia and Xinjiang.The Hunan army attacked Hubei, and Wang Zhanyuan was defeated.Xuan was defeated by Wu Peifu, fell into Yuezhou, and the Sichuan army went east, also defeated by Peifu.In April and May of the eleventh year, the Feng army clashed with the Zhi army in Kinki, and the Feng army was defeated and withdrew from the pass.Sun Yat-sen was preparing for the Northern Expedition in Guangxi.In April of that year, the base camp was moved to Shaoguan.Chen Jiongming went to Huizhou.In May, the Northern Expedition entered Jiangxi.In June, Xu Shichang resigned.Cao Kun and others called Li Yuanhong, please reset.Yuanhong sent a telegram, requesting all patrolling envoys and warlords to release their military handles first, and then return to the capital first.The order to dissolve the National Assembly in June 2006 was revoked, and the National Assembly was reopened.Sun Yat-sen's declaration: The generals in the direct line should reorganize half of their troops into engineering soldiers first, and leave the rest to be reorganized at the same time as the national army, so that they can order their troops to strike.Not long after, the Guangxi Cantonese army returned to Guangdong and besieged the presidential palace.Sun Yat-sen went to Shanghai.At the end of the year, the Dian and Guangxi armies in Guangdong and part of the Cantonese army challenged Chen, and Chen Jiongming went to Huizhou again.In February of the twelfth year, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou to preside over government affairs in the name of Grand Marshal.However, the Yunnan and Guangxi armies were unwilling to enter Dongjiang, and the military in Guangdong became a stalemate.At this time, among the warlords in the north, only Lu Yongxiang from Zhejiang sent a telegram saying that the term of Feng Guozhang's agency had expired, which meant that Li Yuanhong's legal term of office had come to an end, and he refused to recognize Li Yuanhong's reinstatement as legal.In the three eastern provinces, after the Feng and Zhi wars, the provincial councils of the three provinces publicly elected Zhang Zuolin as the commander-in-chief of the inter-provincial self-government security, and the governors of Kyrgyzstan and Heibei provinces as deputy, and did not follow Beijing's orders.The rest are gathered under the direct banner.Soldiers in the south, such as Chen Jiongming and Sichuan Province, are also associated with it.The power of the direct line can be said to be in full swing, and the disaster comes from itself.In June of the twelfth year, the Beijing army and police surrounded the presidential palace to demand payment. Li Yuanhong left Tianjin and then the south.By October, Cao Kun was elected president by bribery, took office in October, and promulgated the constitution at the same time.Zhejiang announced the severance of relations with Beijing, and Yunnan and the three eastern provinces sent telegrams to challenge Cao, but they failed to send troops.In September of the thirteenth year, the battle between Jiangsu and Zhejiang began, followed by the battle between Feng and Zhi. Sun Chuanfang of Zhili entered Zhejiang from Fujian, and Lu Yongxiang was defeated.In the north, Feng Yuxiang returned to the army from the ancient north and called himself the first national army.Hu Jingyi and Sun Yue responded by calling them the Second and Third National Armies.Wu Peifu and Zhang Zuolin held each other at Shanhaiguan Pass. Because the back road was cut off, they floated back to the river and went south to Hubei.When Feng Jun entered the customs, Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang met, and they recommended Duan Qirui as the interim ruler. Duan Qirui invited Sun Yat-sen to Beijing to discuss state affairs.Sun Yat-sen called for a national meeting to resolve state affairs.Duan Qirui can't use it.Duan Qirui also advocated holding an aftermath meeting, first to resolve the current situation disputes, and then hold a national representative meeting to solve the fundamental problems.Sun Yat-sen said that none of the people's organizations could get any of the so-called conferences, and he admonished the Kuomintang members not to join.So the consultations were still fruitless.On March 12 of that year, Mr. Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing.

It's time for the North: Zhang Zuolin is the Northeast Frontier Supervisor, Feng Yuxiang is the Northwest Frontier Supervisor.Hu Jingyi supervised the aftermath of Henan's military affairs, and Sun Yue was the governor.After Hu Jingyi died, Sun Yue changed to supervise military affairs in Shaanxi.Lu Yongxiang was the Xuanfu envoy of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi, and he went south with Fengjun, and Qi Xieyuan went overseas.Li Jinglin from Zhili, Zhang Zongchang from Shandong, Yang Yuting from Jiangsu, and Jiang Dengxuan from Anhui are all members of the Feng family.Among the remnants of the direct lineage, Xiao Yaonan still resides in Hubei, Sun Chuanfang still resides in Zhejiang, and Wu Peifu still resides in Jigongshan.In October of the fourteenth year, Sun Chuanfang entered Jiangsu.Yang Yuting and Jiang Dengxuan all retreated.Sun Jun went north to Xuzhou.In November, Wu Peifu also started in Hankou.Guo Songling, who was stationed in the pass, went out to attack Zhang Zuolin. He thought the Japanese blocked him and was defeated.Feng Yuxiang attacked Li Jinglin, and Li Jinglin went to Jinan to join Zhang Zongchang.Wu Peifu first claimed to be a vassal, and later joined forces with Zhang Zuolin to attack Feng Yuxiang, and Feng's army retreated to the northwest.Duan Qirui leaves.There was no leader in the north.The establishment of the overall situation had to be hoped for in the Northern Expedition in the south.

First, Sun Yat-sen changed the Chinese Revolutionary Party to the Chinese Kuomintang in October of the eighth year.In November of the twelfth year, another reorganization was added.On January 12, the thirteenth year, the National Congress was held in Guangzhou, and the Generalissimo's Mansion was reorganized into a national government.In April of the 14th year, the National Government leveled the Dongjiang River.Return the army to quell the rebellion of the Yunnan and Guangxi armies.Guangxi is also attached.Reorganize the government into a committee system.In January of the fifteenth year, the Second National Congress was held.In June, the Central Executive Committee convened an interim meeting to pass the rapid northern expedition.July, grams of Changsha.In September, go down to Hanyang and Hankou, encircle Wuchang, and go down in October.In November, Pingjiangxi.Feng Yuxiang's national army also entered Shaanxi in this month, and reached Tongguan in December.The Dongjiang National Army first entered Fujian in October.Next year, those who are in Hunan will march north into Henan to join Feng Yuxiang's army.Those who live in Fujian enter Zhejiang.Those in Jiangxi were divided into Jiangzuo and Jiangyou armies, and went down the river to defeat Nanjing with the troops of Zhejiang.Due to the events of the Qing Party, Ning and Han split up, and they cooperated again in July.Next year, in January, another Northern Expedition.Enter Jinan until May, and the May 3rd tragedy happened.The National Army marched around Dezhou for the Northern Expedition.Zhang Zuolin left the customs on June 3rd, and arrived at Huanggutun on the 4th, where he was killed by an explosion.His son Zhang Xueliang succeeded him.By December 9th, the National Government was electrified, and the cause of unification was completed.

The important issue of the future of the Chinese revolution is, after all, not internal but external.The domineering of the soldiers seems to have disturbed China for decades, but this group has no general ideas, at least people who are outdated in thinking and do not understand modern trends. Under today's situation, what can they do?Their difficulty is at least somewhat diplomatic.But today, after there are no domestic problems, external difficulties are still a major issue of our survival.Therefore, since China is in today's world, there is absolutely no reason for its own survival unless it works hard to repel the evil forces of aggression.The greatest diplomatic pressure comes from the northeast.At the end of the current Qing Dynasty, they borrowed from Britain, the United States, Germany, and France to reform the currency system and revitalize the industries in the three eastern provinces, offsetting the new salt tax and the tobacco, alcohol, production, and consumption taxes in the three eastern provinces.Because of the revolutionary army, nothing happened.By the time of the Republic of China, the banks of the four countries joined Japan and Russia and became six countries, and then the United States withdrew and became five countries.From the beginning of the European War, Japan and the United Kingdom joined forces to capture Jiaozhou Bay.Therefore, Japan put forward the requirements of No. 5 and 21.Later, due to the withdrawal of troops along the Jiaoji Railway, and the abolition of the civil affairs imposed by the Japanese in Qingdao, Weixian, and Jinan, there was the "Jishun Gaoxu Loan Preparatory Contract" and the Jiaoji Railway was jointly organized by Japan and China. The note, because of the words "with pleasure" in the reply, was the root cause of the failure of the Paris Peace Conference.Although there was the "Nine-Power Pact" of the Washington Conference, which enumerated four principles, the first of which was to respect China's sovereignty, independence and territorial and administrative integrity, but it has not been realized so far.After the European War, the treaties concluded with Germany, Austria, and Russia were all equal.Since the founding of the national government, it has worked hard to improve diplomacy.There is a way to abolish unequal treaties.Tariffs are already autonomous.The abolition of consular jurisdiction has already been implemented, and the leased Weihaiwei has been returned.The concessions were also returned.However, under today's situation, these have become trivial problems.If our current big problems can be solved, these will not be a problem; until the big problems are not solved, these will be impossible to talk about.Economically, we have no room to survive unless we lift the oppression of external forces. Although we are rich in resources, we are afraid that we will have nothing to spare.In terms of culture, unless we are free from the oppression of external forces, there is absolutely no room for free development, and even the current opinions are not irreconcilable.In short: all our problems today are external rather than internal.

The state we are in now is extremely dull, but we must have a hundred and twenty percent self-confidence.How can there be tens of millions of big families, thousands of years of big and ancient countries, but no reason for the future?The pessimists said: "Don't listen to my song, Junge, my song is different from Junshu today." I would like to conclude my book by reciting the poems of Byron, a great British writer, translated by Mr. Liang Rengong, a great modern historian. Greece!You were originally the love of peace, and you were the pride of war.Sa Zhibo, a poetess with a high singing voice, is enthusiastic.Even Nadros and Fibos are always in glory.This place is an old base of arts and culture, and technology is in the middle.Is it only here now?Except for the sun's rays, everything is gone.

Before Marathon!The mountains are ethereal.After Marathon!Surrounded by sea gates.Such a beautiful river and mountain should also have a free reflection.I looked towards the gate of the Persian army tomb.Could it be that I am a slave and a slave, and this life is over?If you don't believe that I am a slave, I will die in this life.