Chapter 36 Chapter 33 The Restoration Movement of the Han Nationality

After a nation has advanced to a certain level, it never forgets that it is an independent nation.Although the path of evolution is curved, sometimes it is unavoidable to be temporarily overwhelmed by other races.In 1729 A.D., the seventh year of Yongzheng reign of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, there was such an edict.He said: "In the past during the Kangxi period, traitors everywhere stole their hair, and they used the name of the third prince Zhu, such as the monk Yi Nian and Zhu Yigui, who were invincible. Recently, there is Zhang Yu from Shandong, who falsely named Zhu and entrusted him to descendants of the Ming Dynasty. , Yu Xingshi calculated that there was an emperor's order, hoping to confuse the foolish people, and now he is captured and questioned by the commander of the infantry. Different surnames have always been successively inherited, and the clan surnames of the previous dynasty have surrendered to the descendants. Cao Ye has never been like the traitors of this dynasty who pretended to be Zhu's surname and confuse people's hearts. Already, isn’t it because of the coercion of the traitors?” This edict was issued because of Zeng Jing’s incident.Zeng Jing is from Hunan. After reading Lu Liuliang's book in Zhejiang, she was moved and sent her apprentice Zhang Xi to say that Yue Zhongqi had rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, and Zhong Qi reported it.Lu Liuliang was dead at that time, so he suffered the disaster of dissecting his coffin and killing his body.Zeng Jing and Zhang Xi were temporarily detained without death, but they were also killed later.This incident has always been listed as one of the literary inquisitions of the Qing Dynasty, but it was actually an actual action by the Han people to seek recovery, and it was not just a literary inquisition. In 1729, eighty-six years after the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the entry into the customs, it was already peaceful on the surface, but according to the edict of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, the continuous revolutionary actions were like this. It can be seen that some people who embrace nationalism have never succumbed .People who embrace nationalism can be found in the middle and lower classes.The strengths of people in middle-class society lie in their higher knowledge, their more strategic actions, and their ability to pass on correct historical knowledge to future generations, but their ability to act directly is weak.People in the lower society are more capable of direct action, but they lack knowledge and often do not have appropriate strategies when they act, so sometimes they are prone to failure, and even the correct history is confused.The largest clubs in the Qing Dynasty were the Gelaohui in the north and the Tiandihui in the south. Their legends are roughly the same.The Tiandihui is also known as the Triadhui, some say it is the Three Pointshui, and the Qingshui, Dagger, and Shuangdao societies in the south are all branches of it.According to their legends: there is a Shaolin Temple in Jiulian Mountain, Putian County, Fujian Province.The monks and disciples all have martial arts skills. They once conquered the Xilu Kingdom for the Qing Dynasty, and were later slandered by treacherous officials. The Qing Lord sent troops to exterminate them.There are dense fires on all sides, and Yuan Ye set up a fire, trying to burn them all to death.There was a god named Dazun who sent his envoys Zhu Kai and Zhu Guang to guide eighteen monks out.These eighteen monks fought and left, and thirteen died in battle.The remaining five are the so-called former five ancestors.With the help of five warriors and the last five ancestors, he is determined to repeat the mission.It is a clear character, and Mi is a clear character, which is a secret symbol used in the meeting.They call themselves the Hong family.Taking Hong characters apart is three eight twenty-one, and they are also used as symbols.The character Hong probably used Hongwu, the founding year of Ming Taizu; or Hong and Hong have the same pronunciation, and red and Zhu have the same color, and the meaning of the Ming Dynasty's surname is also unknown.According to their legend: they will be founded in 1674.The descendants of Feng Ming Sizong once raised troops but failed, so they scattered and formed a party of disciples in order to advance later.This matter can be seen in the "History of China's Secret Society" written by Japan's Hirayama Zhou (Hirayama Zhou was Mr. Zhongshan's revolutionary comrade, and he was involved in a secret society and investigated).According to him: "Later, the Triad Party's incidents continued continuously. The most authored, such as 1787, is the change of Lin Shuangwen in Taiwan in the fifty-second year of Emperor Gaozong Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. In 1832, the twelfth year of Xuanzong Daoguang, Guangdong, Guang The Yao Rebellion in Hunan also included the Triad Party. Since the Opium War started, the Triad Party still contacted the governments of the Straits Colonies in an attempt to overthrow the Qing Dynasty." His ambition to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty can be described as unswerving. .The anti-Qing rebellion of the White Lotus followers in the north began in 1793, the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong, and spread to Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces, until 1804, the ninth year of Renzong Jiaqing, and then settled down. He was a Sichuan-Chu religious bandit and the beginning of the biggest civil strife in the Qing Dynasty. The king he served was also a descendant of the Ming Dynasty.Later, in 1813, that is, the eighteenth year of Jiaqing, Lin Qing, the leader of Tianli Sect, attempted to raise trouble in the capital.Tianli Sect is also a descendant of the branch of the White Lotus Sect, and it shows the ambition to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. All parties and factions have reached the same goal by different routes.But it was blatant, and the first to criticize Hu Zhixi was the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Hong Xiuquan, the king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was born in Huaxian County, Guangdong Province in 1812, a hundred years before the Republic of China.Combined with low society, sometimes it is impossible not to use religion as a tool.Guangdong communicated with outsiders early, so the religion created by the king of heaven also contains the meaning of Western religion.He called Jehovah his Father, Christ his brother, and himself his brother.Taking advantage of Guangxi's year-round famine and robbers, the local regiment training organized by well-off people clashed with poor Hakka people. In 1850, the uprising occurred in Jintian Village, Guiping.Next year, I will go to Yong'an and start Jianguo.Next year, it will leave Hubei from Hunan and go east along the river. In 1853, Jiangning was broken and the capital was established, which was called Tianjing.When the Kingdom of Heaven was in Yong'an, some people persuaded him to leave Hanzhong in the north in order to plan Guanzhong;According to Jiangning, if you indulge in sensuality and money, you will inevitably become corrupt.As a human being, the king of heaven seems to be only good at evangelism, but short of politics and military affairs.Yang Xiuqing, the king of the East, was entrusted with power, and he was especially arrogant and unrestrained.At the beginning, the kings began to kill each other.The army going north was wiped out by the Qing people because it went alone and had no support.Although the soldiers who went back to the west of the Yangtze River occupied Wu and Han again, Shi Dakai, who was more talented, also broke away from the central government because of the political chaos in Tianjing.The Qing Dynasty won Zeng Guofan and trained the Hunan Army as the backbone of the emerging military force.Later, Li Hongzhang was recruited to recruit the Huai army as a supplement.The Kingdom of Heaven only relies on Li Xiucheng, a rising star, to support it alone, and the rest of the political and military affairs cannot cooperate with him.Although the front line reached seventeen provinces (out of the eighteen provinces in the interior, Gansu was the only one), and it lasted fifteen years, they had to fall into the tragic fate of extinction.The failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was not due to military affairs but to politics.Its military strength is fierce enough.Its solid base and spirit of fighting deadly battles seems to be inferior to that of the Hunan and Huai armies. This is because politics cannot cooperate with it, and it cannot be attributed to the military.If we delve deeper, its failure can also be said to be cultural.1. It is very difficult for social revolution and political revolution to go hand in hand at the same time, and social revolution, especially for social organizations, requires a deep understanding of the cause and effect.People in China's lower society have always had the idea of ​​equalizing the rich and the poor. Although the purpose is good, the policy is absolutely unworkable.Today, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom stipulates that the land in the world should be divided equally according to the population; twenty-five families should set up a national treasury, and all wedding and funeral expenses should be collected from the national treasury; if they are used for private use, they must also be paid into the national treasury. These are all extremely simple ideas. , the means of extreme destruction.With so little knowledge, how can he handle all complicated problems?Its political chaos is inevitable.2. The Manchurian occupation of the Central Plains was certainly opposed by the Chinese, but it was the Westerners who began to use military force to oppress China, which was also hated by the Chinese, especially on the missionary side. At the beginning of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they issued dissent Hu Zhixi. "Forbearance to order the clothes and crowns of the upper kingdom to be reduced to the barbarians? To lead the heroes of the Central Plains to return our rivers and mountains", reading it also makes people feel full of enthusiasm.If they are knowledgeable and aware of the oppression of external forces, due to the failure of the Manchu government, they will definitely win the support of the majority of people if they solemnly raise this point;Later, they became vague about this, and instead spread their Catholicism, which was neither Chinese nor Western, so that the scholar-bureaucrats who opposed Western religion regarded him as a cultural enemy, and instead gathered under the banner of the Qing Dynasty.This is the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom covering up for the Qing Dynasty, but instead regarded itself as the object of the revolution. It is no wonder that it cannot be accomplished.The generals of the Hunan and Huai armies were also outstanding men of the time.There is no reason why they must be loyal to the Qing Dynasty. Their willingness to be a slave to a foreign race is really an act of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.So I say its political failure is still cultural backwardness.

At the same time as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, there was a Nian Party in the north, which originally spread among the four provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, and Henan. In 1864, the kingdom of heaven fell, and many others joined Nian, and its momentum was very prosperous.Divided into east and west.In the Qing Dynasty, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang attacked it.Until 1867 and 1868, it was settled down successively.The soldiers of the Kingdom of Heaven focused on the south, and when the Nian Party started, all the provinces in the Yellow River Basin were devastated by the soldiers, and the rebellion started in the southwest and extended to the northwest.The rebellion in Yunnan started in 1855 and ended in 1872, a total of 18 years.The rebellion in the Northwest started in 1862, extending from Shaanxi to Gansu, and then to Xinjiang.The Kokand people lent troops to the descendants of He Zhuomu to occupy Kashgar.Later Kokand's general Agub Pasha killed and Zhuo Mu's descendants and became self-reliant, intending to establish an independent country between Britain and Russia.Both Britain and Russia concluded trade treaties with him, and they once communicated with Turkey.The British envoys made every effort to ask for it, and the Qing people wanted to seal it with the land of the north and south roads of Tianshan Mountain.The Qing people also had some people who argued for the use of soldiers and labor expenses.Fortunately, Zuo Zongtang could not hold on.After Xi Nian was flattened, he sent troops to attack the rebels.From 1875 to 1878, it took four years before and after, and both the north and south roads were pacified.Agub Pasha committed suicide.During the Hui chaos, although the Russians took the opportunity to occupy Ili, they were returned after the matter was settled.Although a lot of damage was done during the demarcation, the northwest frontier was largely preserved.

The decline of the Qing Dynasty was latent in Gaozong, exposed in Renzong, and collapsed in the era of Xuanzong and Wenzong.At that time, there were five ports of trade and the battles of Xianfeng Wuwu and Gengshen outside, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the resistance of Nian and Hui inside, and it was almost out of control.The reason why it was able to establish Haiyu and call it Zhongxing was all a group of Han people, the so-called generals of Zhongxing, who worked for it.Before Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, very few Han people were used as governors, and the military power was all in the hands of the Manchus.By the time the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom started, all Han Chinese should be responsible.Wenzong fled to Rehe to avoid the British and French allied forces, and died there in 1861.At that time, Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and Sushun held power in the imperial clan of the Qing Dynasty.Zaiyuan and Duanhua are also mediocre, while Sushun is quite talented. He praised Wenzong for appointing Han people, and the internal strife was eliminated at that time.Wen Zong died, and his son Mu Zongli.Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Sushun, etc. were all ministers of government affairs of Zanxiang under the imperial edict.Wenzong's younger brother, Prince Gong Yi, stayed in the capital from time to time, and was isolated by Rehe, Sushun, etc., and he was not allowed to meet Wenzong's empress Niu Gulu and Mu Zong's biological mother Yehenala.Later, somehow, Yi finally had to meet them, and made a secret plan to return to Luan.When they arrived in Beijing, they killed Zaiyuan, Duanhua and Sushun.So Niu Colu and Yehenala were behind the curtain to listen to the government at the same time (Niu Colu called the Empress Dowager Mother, posthumously Xiaozhen. Yehenara called the Queen Mother the Holy Mother, posthumously Xiaoqin. The world called Xiaozhen the Empress Dowager of the East Palace , Xiaoqin is the Empress Dowager of the West Palace), the Niu Gulu family doesn't know anything, and the power is in the hands of the Yehenala family.Although the Yehenala family and Sushun were political enemies, they kept their policies unchanged when it came to appointing Han people, so they were able to overcome the disaster in the end.However, since then, the central government of the Qing Dynasty has been incapable of doing anything, and most of the internal affairs and foreign affairs are carried out by figures in the Hunan and Huai armies, who make decisions with the qualifications of border officials or bear the brunt.In the military aircraft and the cabinet, the influence of the Han people is also gradually expanding.Therefore, at this time, the regime in Manchuria has actually collapsed, and because the Han people did not have the convenience to overthrow it for a while, it has been maintained for several decades in name.