Chapter 13 Chapter 10 The Internal Affairs and Diplomacy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

The internal and external issues raised in Chapter Eight are issues that naturally exist after unification, and have been explained in the preceding paragraphs.This question, from Qin's destruction of Han in 206 BC to the death of Emperor Jing in 141 BC, was a total of sixty-six years, and it has been put on hold for a long time.This is because Emperor Gao and Empress Lu were busy dealing with heroes with different surnames, while Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing had the problem of kings with the same surname; Because of the usual habits.At this time, the world will be free from the trouble of military revolution, and there will be no more wars every year like before the Warring States Period.County magistrates, compared with hereditary princes, have much less natural power and dare not abuse the people.Although the princes and kings were licentious and violent, they were naturally far worse than before the Warring States period.At this time, the central government did not do anything, which was very different from Qin Shihuang's excessive efforts to increase the burden on the people.Under the private property system, everyone is eager to seek for themselves. As long as you don't bother him, he will naturally recuperate and become rich day by day.Therefore, according to "Historical Records Ping Zhun Shu", in the early years of Emperor Wu, the country was very prosperous.But is that enough?It should be noted that society does not have problems without money.What's more, the so-called rich at that time was only a result of the increase in wealth and power. Not everyone had enough to eat. The rich became rich, but the poor were still poor. Moreover, the comparison between the rich and the poor made people feel even more injustice. Feeling inadequate.As for external issues, the current situation also forces us not to close ourselves.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was not really capable, but his aspirations were greater than those of Emperors Wen and Jing.

At that time, because there was no opposite side to domestic issues, it was not necessary to pay attention to repression like Qin Shihuang, but to find a long-term peace and stability strategy.From the perspective of people at the time, there were two important aspects to this issue: one was livelihood, and the other was education. This was a theoretical result of course.Knowing honor and disgrace with enough food and clothing, the problem of livelihood naturally precedes education; and the solution to the problem of livelihood is only the two ways of equalizing land rights and controlling capital, which is also a theoretical result.Which academic school can best solve these two problems?Then, those who talk about equalization of land rights and enlightenment are better than Confucianism, and those who talk about controlling capital are better than Legalists.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, everyone called him a Confucianist, but in fact he didn't really understand Confucianism.The reason why he admires Confucianism is probably because his nature is exaggerated, and he wants to do some superficial things, such as correcting Shuo, changing clothes, etc., and these things are only good at Confucianism.So Dong Zhongshu, a real Confucian at that time, put forward the idea of ​​restricting people's famous land, but he couldn't do it.His greatest achievement is to set up disciples for the doctor of the "Five Classics", set up disciplines and shoot policies, persuade officials to pay, so that Confucianism can be promoted by the country and improve his status.However, according to Confucianism, the issue of livelihood comes before the issue of education; that is to say, when it comes to education, the local order is more important than the university in the capital. Just look at the discussion in "Hanshu·Lizhi", Then you can know.On that day, Emperor Wu didn't pay attention to Xiang Xu, because he was only doing superficial things.As for the Legalists, he used a Sang Hongyang, and implemented some policies such as salt and iron, wine and wine, and equal losses.According to "Salt and Iron Theory", Sang Hongyang did have the intention of controlling capital, not just for fundraising.However, it is difficult to see that there are no advantages or disadvantages in controlling capital and borrowing bureaucrats. Therefore, as a result, it only achieves the purpose of raising funds. affected place.There are other methods of raising funds that are too busy to choose, such as counting money, boats and cars, making people export money when they are three years old, and making people go to sheep to become men, go to the valley to fill officials, etc., not to mention.Because what he did was not in line with the people's will, he had to use strict methods, which led to Zhang Tang, Zhao Yu, etc., who made many strict laws to oppress the people.Prison officials since the Qin Dynasty were originally cruel, and with the addition of such laws, the damage will naturally be deeper.He collected a lot of money in this way, what did he do?Apart from external martial arts, some of them can be regarded as opening up territory for the country and defending against foreign aggression. The rest, such as Fengchan, Xingxing, credit alchemists, and big camp palaces, etc., can be said to be all waste.Shandong was the center of seeking exploitation at that time, so that in the last years, the people worried about robbers, which almost caused chaos.

But what about Emperor Wu's external martial arts?At that time, it was the Xiongnu who were still threatening the Chinese border.In addition, the three counties of Guilin, Nanhai, Xiang, and Minzhong opened up by the Qin Dynasty were separated into the three kingdoms of Nanyue, Minyue, and Dongou at the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty.The current borders of Xikang, Yun, Gui, Sichuan, and Gansu, the so-called Southwest Yi by the Han people, have not yet been officially opened in Qin Dynasty.In the Northeast, since the Warring States period, the people of Yan State have already opened up Liaodong, Liaodong at that time, and now in the territory of Korea (the old border of Yan State was guarded in the early Han Dynasty, with water as the boundary, the Qin boundary is still west of the water. Water, today Datong River), but the Han nationality's transplantation is not limited to this, and can be further expanded.And from Gansu to Xinjiang in the northwest, and Qinghai in the southwest, with the expansion of national power, there is a tendency to communicate with each other.Under such circumstances, there are two motivations that push the talented and general master to expand outward: one can be said to represent the outward expansion trend of the country and the nation, and the other is the monarch's personal ambition.The Huns, since the end of the Qin Dynasty, took advantage of China's civil strife and border guards, and returned to live in Henan.In the early Han Dynasty, Maodun, the hero, conquered the Donghu in the eastern part of Mongolia and the Yuezhi in the northwest of Gansu.By the time of Emperor Wenwen of the Han Dynasty, he had conquered the Western Regions, the Western Regions, which is now the land of Xinjiang (the word Western Regions has broad and narrow meanings. "Han Shu Biography of the Western Regions" said that in the land of the Western Regions, "there are mountains in the north and south, rivers in the center, and rivers in the east. It connects Han with Yumen and Yangguan, and the west is limited to Congling." The big mountain in the north is today's mountain, and the big mountain in the south is the mountain range south of the desert, which is roughly the boundary between Xinjiang and Tibet. The river system is now the Tarim River Yumen and Yangguan are both in the west of Dunhuang County, Gansu today. This is the land of today’s Shannan Road. From then on, all the places where traffic goes west are also called the Western Regions, but the boundaries are not definite. Even Europe is included).In the Han Dynasty, it was divided into thirty-six countries (later divided to more than fifty).Its species are plug and diqiang.The Cypriots belong to the Caucasian race, and they all live in the country. Their civilization level is far higher than that of nomadic peoples such as the Xiongnu, Di, and Qiang.The Huns set up officials to collect their taxes.Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty once sent troops to conquer the Xiongnu, and was besieged in Pingcheng (now Datong County, Shanxi), and he was relieved within seven days.At this time, China initially decided that there were still many internal problems, and that it could not use troops abroad. Instead, Lou Jing's policy was adopted. The beginning of marriage.In the Wen and Jing dynasties, the Xiongnu rebelled from time to time, but Wen and Jing just sent troops to defend against them, and did not establish certain countermeasures.It was not until Emperor Wu that he sent troops to conquer the Xiongnu. In 127 BC, the land of Henan was restored, and the Xiongnu moved to Mobei since then.In 119 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack Juemo, and the Xiongnu suffered a lot.In addition, there were many smaller battles, and the military incidents lasted for more than 20 years. As a result, the Xiongnu gradually moved to the northwest.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used troops very illegally. He didn't use heroes and veteran generals, but dedicated Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and other relatives of Jiaofang.Discipline is not strict, and military supplies are not cherished, resulting in many soldiers being killed and injured, and materials are also extremely wasted (such as Huo Qubing, "Historical Records" said that he was few and served the middle, and he was not worthy of the soldiers. His use of troops, "Return the heavy vehicles and spare them. Abandoning sorghum meat, but the soldiers are hungry. Outside the Great Wall, the soldiers lacked food, or were unable to support themselves, and Qubing went through the field to beat Ju, and there were many such things.” Wei Qing and Huo Qubing went out of the Great Wall, and Hanma died to ten There are more than 10,000 horses. From then on, with few horses, we can't use up large-scale military operations. When Li Guangli conquered Dawan again, 60,000 soldiers left Dunhuang, and private volunteers were not among them. 30,000 horses entered Yumen Pass when they returned There were only more than 10,000 people and more than 1,000 horses. Historians said that this time there was no lack of food, and not many people died in battle, so the death was all because the generals did not love soldiers. This shows the harm of employing people who do not abide by the law).Only because China and the Xiongnu are far apart in national power, they can finally win.However, this is a victory of national strength, not a victory of strategy.As for its access to the Western Regions, it is even more extravagant.His original intention was to hear that the Yue clan was defeated by the Huns and fled to the present-day Amu River. He wanted to avenge the Huns, but he had no one to cooperate with him, so he sent Zhang Qian as an envoy.After Zhang Qian came back, he knew that the Yue clan had gained fertile land and had no desire for revenge, so his goal could not be achieved.But Emperor Wu knew the vastness of the Western Regions because of this, and thought that it was unprecedented since ancient times to attract them to pay tribute, so he was moved by extravagance and wanted to attract the countries of the Western Regions.When Zhang Qian was in Daxia, he saw Qiong bamboo sticks and Shu cloth, and asked him where they came from?They say they bought it from Shendu (now India).So it is conjectured that from Sichuan and Yunnan, you can go to the Western Regions.They sent people to search for the road, but they couldn't get through (at that time, the things from Shu entered India, and the road they took was the road from Sichuan to Burma via Xikang and Yunnan. In Yuli, there is Chengxiang Country, which is called Dianyue, and the Shu merchants may come to Yan", which is the land of today's Burma).Later, King Hunxie of the Huns descended to Han, and the land in the northwestern part of today's Gansu was included in the territory of China, and the road to the Western Regions was officially opened.In 104 BC, Li Guang conquered Dawan (the capital of Dawan, Guishan City, which is today's Huo Chan), but failed.Emperor Wu continued to send troops, and in the first 101 years, he finally defeated it.Dawan is a country far away from China.The countries in the Western Regions were therefore frightened by the might of China's military forces and came to the DPRK with each other.There is also Wusun, who is also a nomad. When Yueshi was in the northwest of Gansu, Wusun was destroyed by him and lived under the Xiongnu.The Yuezhi was defeated by the Xiongnu and fled to the Ili River Basin first.With the help of the Xiongnu, Wusun defeated it, and the Yueshi fled to the Amu River Basin, and Wusun occupied the land of Ili.When King Hunxie descended to the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty had no intention of turning it into a prefecture. Zhang Qian suggested that Wusun should be recruited to live there.Wusun refused to come, and the Huns blamed it for their communication with China.Wusun was terrified, and wished "my son-in-law, the Han family, to kiss him."So the Han Dynasty married a daughter of the clan to it.From then on, when there were problems between Wusun and the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty could not ignore them. "Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions" said that "Han used to worry about labor and no peace", which meant a lot of resentment.According to the fact that the Western Regions are all small countries, the Han attack on the Xiongnu could not get its help, and because of this, the labor cost was very high, so most of the people's discussions at that time were against it.However, historical events are complicated, and it is difficult to judge interests and interests based on events in one moment and one place. (1) The Western Regions are the places where Western civilization spread.Ancient Greece and Rome, the centers of Western civilization, were far away from China. In ancient times, there were only sea routes, and the exchanges were not very close. The Western Regions were connected to the land of China. exchanged for this. (2) Moreover, if the land in the Western Regions is occupied by nomadic peoples, it will also become a problem for China. After the Han conquered the Western Regions, they had considerable precautions against the north and south roads of Tianshan Mountains. Later, after the defeat of the Huns, they were unable to invade. The beginning is not the blessing of China.Therefore, it is not without benefits for Han to communicate with the Western Regions.But this is just a natural extension of historical events, and it was not something that could be predicted at the time.North Korea at that time: In the early Han Dynasty, Weiman from Yan came out of the fortress, attacked Jizi and destroyed it, since the king of North Korea.Passed down from son to grandson, it was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 108 BC.Set up the four counties of Lelang, Lintun, Zhenfan, and Xuantu (Lelang, today's South Pyongan Province, Yellow Sea, and Gyeonggi Province in North Korea. Lintun is Gangwon Province. Xuantu is South Hamgyong Province. Zhenfan crossed the upper reaches of the Yalu River. By 82 BC, Zhenfan and Lintun were stopped, and Lelang and Xuantu were combined).The main ethnic group in the Korean peninsula is the Raccoon Race, which has gradually been imbued with the culture of the Han nationality since ancient times. After this long period of conservation, the degree of Sinicization has deepened, and it has been imported into the southern part of the peninsula. Dao. Bianhan, Chenhan, now Gyeongsangdo) and Japan in Haidong are actually the largest bases of Chinese culture in Northeast Asia.Dongou in the south was attacked by Minyue. In 138 BC, it moved between Jiang and Huai.Nanyue and Minyue were both destroyed by China in 111.The Southwestern Yi at that time: those in the present-day Jinsha River and Qianjiang River basins were Yelang, Dian, and Qiongdu; those on the upper reaches of the Minjiang and Jialing Rivers were Yi, Zedu, Ran, and Baima.Between the Hengduan Mountains and the Lancang and Jinsha Rivers is Kunming (Yelang, today Tongzi County, Guizhou Province. Dian, present-day Kunming County, Yunnan Province. Qiongdu, present-day Xikang Xichang County. Migration, present-day Tianquan County, Sichuan. Ruodu , present-day Xikang Hanyuan County. Ran, present-day Maoxian County, Sichuan. Baima, present-day Chengxian County, Gansu. Kunming, between present-day Kunming and Dali, is Xingguo).Both Yue and Yue were leveled, that is to say, they were opened up as prefectures and counties, establishing the territory of southwestern China.The vicinity of the present-day capital of Qinghai, which is called Hehuang by the Han, was occupied by the Qiang people.This group of Qiang people is a nomadic people, which is quite a problem for China.In 112 BC, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty broke it up and set up the guard Qiang Xiaowei to manage it, opening up the eastern border of today's Qinghai.