Chapter 4 Chapter 1 The Origin of the Chinese Nation

Society is a whole. When we start cultural history, we classify it into categories, but we observe it from various aspects. When we talk about the final purpose, we originally want to gather all aspects to explain the rise and fall of a society, that is, its evolution along the curve. of.But it's not easy.A lot of historical events have been lost, and what we know about various aspects now is very vague (not only when the ancient historical records are lacking, but even in later generations, the historical records are claimed to be complete, but what we need to know is still very lacking and full of falsehoods. From the perspective of modern new historiography, it can be seen that human beings now have very little knowledge of the past), and rashly using incomplete materials to explain the ups and downs of an era tends to become arbitrary.Moreover, from middle school to university, time is always the latitude and events are the latitude, and the events of each era are recounted. Although the details are slightly different, the views are so simple that it is difficult to arouse interest.Therefore, in this book, I have changed the method. The second volume describes the situation of the past dynasties according to the cultural items. This volume briefly describes the ups and downs of the past dynasties according to the era.When readers read this volume, they will have a little understanding of the social conditions of the past dynasties after reading the next volume, and the wording can be omitted when it is involved, so as not to be troubled by confusion; and the reasons for the ups and downs of the past dynasties are also easier to understand up.

Narrating the ups and downs of past dynasties is what has always been called political history.The past history of China was ridiculed as the genealogy of the emperors and the book of relatives, all because of its emphasis on this aspect.However, it is wrong to overcorrect and think that this aspect can be regarded as insignificant.People today need exoskeleton protection just like creatures in the middle of evolution.How do you say this?The world has not yet reached the state of great harmony, and human beings cannot avoid confrontation with each other, so they will inevitably exploit each other by force or other forces.Within a group, although there is a higher power to judge its right and wrong and stop its unfair competition, it has not yet been established among various groups. When it is violated by external forces, it has to use force In self-defense, this group is the so-called state.In a country, there are always many groups with simple purpose and intentional use of manpower, such as industrial groups and cultural groups.These groups do not need to be divided from groups of the same nature in another country. It is good to cooperate, and even better to merge.It's not like there are things in the world that use force to oppress and rob people. If we don't have an organization, we will be oppressed and robbed by others, and we will be soaked to the point of being unable to survive.This is why the state is so important in this day and age.How many people are there in the world?Why can some people form one country, but some people divide it into two countries?The most important reason for this is the similarities and differences of the nation, and the root of the nation is culture.The development of world culture, its intangible purpose, always leads to the road of great harmony, but it cannot be achieved overnight.When Datong is not achieved, people with the same culture can unite as one and work together to resist foreign aggression; people with different cultures cannot, this is the principle of the formation of a nation-state.In today's world, there are many non-ethnic countries, but they are not always stable.It is good for the strong nation to recognize the right of self-determination of the weak and small nation, otherwise, it will often turn into extremely fierce struggle; and if a nation is divided, it must do its best to seek unity. This is the world A rare occurrence in history.Therefore, the nation-state is actually the most important organization nowadays.It is not easy for several peoples and their cultures to blend with each other to form a nation, and it is not easy for a nation to build a strong country.If it can do it, this country is a good tool for this nation to defend itself in today's world and take greater responsibility for the evolution of the world.

It goes without saying that China is the largest nation-state in the world.Although a large nation is always formed by the fusion of many small nations, there must be a main body among them.The main body of the Chinese nation is undoubtedly the Han nationality.The origin of the Han nationality was rarely mentioned in the past.This is due to the shallow geographical knowledge of the ancients, who did not know that there are many places outside of China.As for the records of the ancient era, of course there is no such thing.Although there was later, it was far away from the ancient times, and it was blinded by the cloak of mythology.A people cannot know its earliest history any more than a man cannot know his earliest infancy.If its civilization is late, and there are advanced nations nearby, the ancient history of this nation could have been passed down through that nation, but China does not have it.Then, the most ancient situation of the Chinese nation is naturally unknown.It was not until recently that the origin of the Chinese nation was studied. At first, it was Westerners, but later, Chinese people paid more and more attention to it.In the past, it was "Xilailai" who had the most influence, that is to say, the Chinese nation came from the western highlands.Among them, the one that is especially believed is the theory that the Chinese nation came from the Kunlun Mountains, the upper source of the Yellow River.The so-called upper source of the Yellow River refers to the Khotan River in Xinjiang today; the so-called Kunlun Mountains refers to the mountain at the upper source of the Khotan River.This is because: 1. The civilization of China started in the Yellow River Basin; "Historical Records Dawan Biography" said that the ancient books of the Emperor's case originated from Kunlun.Later generations believed that Emperor Wu's case must not be groundless because the Han Dynasty was not far away from ancient times.In fact, the upper source of the Yellow River is obviously not from Tian.If it is said that the Khotan River flows underground and flows south to become the upper source of the Yellow River, then the terrain does not allow it, which is obviously a nonsense.The place name of Kunlun is also very mysterious in ancient books, and it cannot actually refer to its location. You only need to read "Chu Ci", "Huainanzi" and "Topographic Training" to know.Therefore, it is very weak to believe that the civilization of the Han nationality originated in the Yellow River basin, and it is suspected to come from the upper source of the Yellow River. Therefore, it is very weak to believe that the mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang are the birthplace of the Han nationality.This theory, among the old theories, is the most based on the old book Yaji, and this is the case, let alone the others.

Although the ancient history of Fan Mei can be traced back thousands of years, it is much later than the origin of various ethnic groups.Therefore, the pursuit of the origin of a nation should be sought in archaeology rather than in history.Archeology has only recently seen the light of day in China.Among the human beings discovered, the oldest one is the Peking Man discovered in Zhoukoudian, Fangshan County, Hebei Province in 1903.According to Andersen’s name, Davidson Black, an anatomy professor at Peking Union Medical College, named it Sinanthropus Pekinensis, and Ye Wei’s name was called Sinanthropus. See the book Sinanthropus and Zhoukoudian Culture. , The Commercial Press].According to the research of archaeologists, it was about 400,000 years ago.Whether it is related to the Chinese is unknown, but it is known that the East is also the place where human beings originated in ancient times.Those that can be connected with the historical era are the colored pottery found in Shaguotun, Jinxi, Liaoning in the 10th year of the Republic of China, Yangshao Village in Mianchi, Henan, and Linxia, ​​Ningding, Minqin, Gansu in the 1230s, Guide, Qinghai, and the coast of Qinghai. Very similar to that found in Russian Turks.Archaeologist JG Andersson said that the Chinese nation actually came from Central Asia via Xinjiang and Gansu.But painted pottery originated from Babylon in 3500 BC, and spread to Asia Minor, about 2500 to 2000 BC, and to ancient Greece, from 2000 to 1000 BC. Bronze wares existed as early as in Henan, Gansu, and Qinghai. They must have been before 2500 A.D. How could they spread so quickly?Why is the art of copper making not handed down along with pottery making?Sir Aurel Stein obtained a lot of relics from the Han and Tang Dynasties during his archaeological work in Xinjiang, but he found nothing from the pre-Qin period. It can be seen that Chinese culture has not yet spread in the Northwest during the pre-Qin period. Andersen’s theory seems unreliable (This is based on Jin Zhaozi's "Chinese Race and Culture Origin", see "Oriental Magazine" Volume 26, Issue 2).After the 19th year of the Republic of China, black pottery was found in Chengziya, Licheng, Shandong, and Anshang Village, Tengxian County.Yancheng in Wujin, Jiangsu, Qijiadun in Jinshan, Mopanshan and Huangbishan in Wuxian County, Gudang and Liangzhu in Hangzhou County, Zhejiang, Qianshanyang in Wuxing, Shuangqi in Jiaxing, Zhapu in Pinghu, and Ganpu in Haiyan. There must be stone tools and pottery from the Neolithic Age. Among them, the black pottery in Hangxian County is quite similar to that in Shandong.The pottery obtained in the Youhe area is all striped and mat patterns; the pottery in Nanjing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Zouxian, Shandong, Wuping, Fujian, Piziwo, Jinxian, Liaoning, and Hong Kong is geometric.There are hole stone axes in Shandong and Liaoning, hole stone kitchen knives in Korea and Japan, ditch stone adzes in Xiamen and Wuping in Fujian, and ditch stone axes in Nanyang Islands. Animal shapes carved on Oceania woodware are similar to those on Chinese bronze ware.The earthenware of Alaska in North America is also similar to that of China.However, the coastal areas of China have their own culture.According to excavations by the Academia Sinica in Henan after the 17th year of the Republic of China, Houjiazhuang in Anyang and Dalaidian in Rongxian County contained both colored and black pottery. Where the characters are written, the world calls them Yin Ruins, and there are also pottery with geometric patterns.In addition, among the stone tools in Jiang and Zhejiang, there are Ge, spear and Yue, which are only found in the Yin Ruins in the river area.Ge is unique to China, and it is the predecessor of the tripod. It is the most common in Liaodong, and Yangshao also has it. Gansu and Qinghai are only available in the later period.However, Chinese culture, before history, seems to be divided into Eastern and Western.The eastern system is represented by black pottery, the western system is represented by painted pottery, and Henan is the place where they meet.Painted pottery is a kind of black pottery that was introduced to the east by Western culture and represents China's inherent culture.Try to prove it with ancient cultural phenomena: 1. "The king does not kill cattle without reason, the doctor does not kill sheep without reason, and the scholar does not kill dogs and hogs without reason", and fish and turtles are common food.2. Clothing materials are mainly hemp and silk, and the tailoring is extremely wide.3. The ancient people lived in nests or lakes.Fourth, its currency is mostly shellfish.Fifth, they are religiously in awe of dragons and snakes.It is sufficient evidence that its culture originated in the southeast coast; there seems to be no doubt that the painted pottery culture is external.In ancient times, the ethnic groups in the East of Asia seemed to be divided into three lines, and the way they handled their hair was just representative of it. crown belt. "Erya · Interpretation of Words" said: "Qi, Zhongye." The entry of the solstice is Dameng." "Qi" is the current "umbilical" character, which originally has the meaning of the center.The ancient nation always centered on the place where they lived. There is no doubt that Qizhou is the birthplace of the Han nationality.But where is Qizhou?We dare not assert that it is the later Qi State, but it must be similar to it.Also, "Erya · Shidi" says that "there is Daiyue Mountain in the middle", and Mount Tai is the place where the heavens were worshipped in ancient times, and it must be related to the place where our nation originated.The development of culture always starts from the downstream of the great river, as evidenced by Egypt and Asia Minor.Rather than saying that Chinese culture originated from the upper reaches of the Yellow River, it is better to say that it originated from the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Recently, some people have seen the news, but they don't know the difference between China and the Nan nationality. They even think that the Chinese are from the Nan nationality, which is not true.The characteristic of the Nan nationality is the broken hair tattoo, the broken hair is the punishment of Kun in ancient my country, and the tattoo is the punishment of tattoo in ancient times.Using the decorations of the Nan people as punishment, it can be seen that they fought with the Nan people and used their captives as slaves.Modern archeology proves that the antiquities north of the Great Wall can be divided into three categories: 1. Manufactured stone tools, whose remains stretch from Xinjiang in the west to the three eastern provinces in the east, and are limited to the north of the Xiliao River and Songhua River, surrounded by deserts.2. Microlithic tools are limited to the west of Xing'an Mountains.The accompanying relics are similar to those in Northern Europe and Siberia, as well as those in Central Europe and Southwest Asia, both of which were made by hunting or herding peoples.3. Grinding stone tools, ranging from Angang River in Heilongjiang in the north to North Korea in the east, were made by the farming peoples in the Yellow River Basin. Most of their relics coexist with stone axes with holes and pottery-like pottery, which are very similar to pottery from Longkou, Shandong. .It can be seen that our nation has been between the north and the south since ancient times, and has been the backbone of oriental culture (Bu Dasheng said that the remains of Yangshao Village and Shaguotun are the same as those of the people in North China today, and Kenji Kiyono in Japan is also called the remains of Piziwo. , very similar to the remains of Yangshao village).