Chapter 62 Chapter 61: Deep Love between Guangdong and Hong Kong——The Story of the Clear Water in the Dongjiang River

In 1963, there was a severe drought in Hong Kong. This year, Hong Kong people seem to only do one thing - line up to receive water.In Causeway Bay, Mong Kok, and Yau Ma Tei, you can see Hong Kong residents queuing up for drinking water everywhere.The winding queue of people was several kilometers long. The flow of people slowly squirmed, and the water dripped into the bucket.What can Hong Kong people do?There has been no rain in Hong Kong for several months, and the air has reached the critical point of burning. A single spark can detonate the emotions of the earth. It is a public grievance that cannot be vented.A folk song that spread like wildfire sang the anger of Hong Kong people:

The moonlight shines on Hong Kong, there is no water in the mountain pond, there is no food, my sister carries water, my mother goes to the Buddhist hall, I don’t know when there will be no water shortage... It is hard for the younger generation in their early 20s in Hong Kong to imagine such a scene. The prosperity and wealth seem to have always been like this. Turning on the tap and pouring pure drinking water seems natural to them. Water has always been the "lifeblood" of Hong Kong people.In addition to being used to sustain life and carry out production, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, which pay attention to Fengshui, have had a saying since ancient times that "water is wealth", and living near water is the best choice.A story about water is that when the Japanese army attacked Hong Kong, they knew that the source of water was the life and wealth of Hong Kong people, so they deliberately planned to capture Hong Kong’s reservoirs—to occupy Shing Mun Reservoir first when attacking Kowloon, and to occupy Tai Tam first when attacking Hong Kong Island. pond.After the pond fell, the lifeblood was pinched, and the water supply could be stopped at any time. The only way for the British army to surrender was to surrender...

The 1963 drought is rare in history.The drought started at the end of the first year. From September 1962 to May 1963, during the nine months, there was no torrential rain in Hong Kong. The sun was blazing, the land was cracked, rivers and ponds dried up, and panic hovered over the city. .The Hong Kong British authorities have encountered the biggest challenge since colonial Hong Kong.Objectively speaking, the Hong Kong government is not ignoring the suffering of the people. They have adopted many measures, even superstitious methods.Use the plane to scatter dry ice to rain, fail!Religious groups tried to pray for rain, but failed!The improvised well dug out mud.The authorities had to send boats to Huangpu, Guangzhou every day to buy fresh water, but this was the only feasible way.What is at stake is that at this time, the accumulated water in various ponds in Hong Kong is only enough for 43 days of food!In desperation, the British Hong Kong government implemented strict water control measures, supplying water every 4 days, and each time was only 4 hours.All of a sudden, the 3 million residents of Hong Kong were in trouble and miserable!

In fact, since Hong Kong was opened as a port in the middle of the 19th century, droughts have occurred in Hong Kong from time to time.Even though Hong Kong is surrounded by the sea on three sides, due to the scarcity of rivers and groundwater, fresh water is scarce in this tiny place. In the severe drought in 1902, the supply of limited wells was short of demand, and Hong Kong could only supply water for one hour a day; In order to avoid the water shortage, the family left their hometowns. In 1938, the British Hong Kong government enacted regulations to strictly limit the supply of drinking water. Hong Kong people called it "water control". measure.

Before the severe drought in Hong Kong in 1963, in the face of the lack of natural fresh water in Hong Kong, the British Hong Kong government had always relied on two measures to solve the water supply problem in Hong Kong: one was to build ponds and reservoirs, and the other was to make full use of seawater resources instead of fresh water.On the one hand, since the end of the 19th century, the British Hong Kong government has built many large reservoirs such as Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, Tai Tam Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, and Aberdeen Reservoir to meet the water needs of Hong Kong people.On the other hand, the Hong Kong government calls on the public to save fresh water and replace fresh water with sea water as much as possible, and implement measures such as sea water flushing, sea water fire fighting and sea water cooling to reduce fresh water consumption.However, the former depends on the sky, and the latter has limited effect. Sure enough, both measures failed in the face of the once-in-a-century drought in 1963. The water shortage situation was severe. Not only did 3.5 million people live in difficulty, but also severely hit the Hong Kong's economy is about to take off!

Water-intensive manufacturing industries bear the brunt.Statistics show that 13 industries in Hong Kong, including bleaching and dyeing, ice cream, leather, beverages, brewing, wool spinning, and weaving, have been greatly impacted.According to the "Economic Herald" estimates, just because of the water shortage in 1963, the losses to these 13 industries were as high as 50 to 60 million yuan. become.In addition to the loss of profits caused by water shortages, work stoppages can also be seen everywhere. The unemployment rate in Hong Kong soared that year. According to the "Hong Kong Economic Yearbook" published in 1964, the Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Unions estimated that 19 industries stopped production and production due to water shortages this year, and the income of 200,000 workers decreased.

The impact on the agriculture, fishery and forestry industries was even more severe, with agricultural losses amounting to HK$10 million.In the New Territories, a large area of ​​rice fields was abandoned, and the cultivated land was like a cracked tortoise shell, lingering under the scorching sun. Some residents had no choice but to transplant rice seedlings, in exchange for almost zero harvest. It was hit hard - there is no water, how can I cook seafood? !The business community suffered heavy losses.The resulting impact has spread to Hong Kong's economy's pillar service industry, tourism and other industries, and Hong Kong's economy is sluggish.

The water shortage has caused some degree of social unrest! At the beginning of the drought, the epidemic began to prevail. "Ming Pao" reported that on June 28, 1963, the first case of cholera was discovered in Hong Kong. By the end of the year, a total of 115 cases of cholera had been discovered in Hong Kong. Every day, many people who vomited violently were sent to the hospital. The severe cases were dehydrated and critically ill.In addition to cholera, other intestinal infectious diseases such as dysentery, enteric fever, and typhoid epidemics also tended to break out. During the dog days, masks were out of stock, and acquaintances were too hasty to talk about it.It's all fueled by poor sanitation, with water scarcity a major culprit.

The water control measures once every 4 days and once for 4 hours have caused frequent conflicts between neighbors, and disputes and fights caused by water grabbing are not uncommon.For the elderly in Hong Kong, shouting "turn off the water pipe downstairs" is not only an eternal echo in memory, but also an indelible voice of an era. Insufficient pressure, the upstairs can only get water supply after the downstairs residents turn off the faucet - the sound of "turning off the water pipe" wafts from time to time.As every second counts, once there is a disagreement in the negotiation, or if they do not cooperate with each other, it is easy to swear at each other and cause physical violence. Buckets and washbasins rub shoulders one after another, and it is inevitable to bump into each other.In 1963, the news of fighting for water was no longer news: "There are water tyrants in the streets of Daji Village, armed with hidden weapons to carry out armed water fetching-four people were injured in two battles for water in Hong Kong and Kowloon" [Hong Kong "Wen Wei Po" Reported on May 11, 1963].

Water scarcity has caused citizens who are accustomed to modern life to disregard the gentleness. They are so vulnerable to being raised by modern facilities, and the signs of the collapse of civilized society are beginning to appear... "Turn off the water pipe downstairs!" Shouted and shouted, shouted and shouted! Don’t wash if you can’t take a bath, wear clothes as much as you can, pots, pans, pans, and containers are used to hold water. The 3 million buckets in Hong Kong are stacked 2,000 times higher than Victoria Peak! The disputes caused by the grabbing of water continued to be staged, and the yelling and crying were endless!

Hong Kong is about to become a stinky and dead port! Hong Kong is in a hurry!Bauhinia withered! Under the severe situation, an urgent call for help sent from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce of Hong Kong and the Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Unions reached the desk of Chen Yu, Governor of Guangdong Province.In the telegram, Gao Zhuoxiong, chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong, and others jointly requested rescue from the Guangdong provincial government, and the old matter of diverting water from the Dongjiang River in Guangdong to Hong Kong was brought up again. At this time, the mainland is another scene... In the ancient land of Lingnan, a meandering river has flowed from generation to generation.Like a shy Hakka girl, she is gentle and respectful but affectionate along the way; she is also like a kind and wise mother. Under her nurturing, cities along the way, such as Heyuan, Huizhou, and Dongguan, have sprung up one after another.She flows by the graceful countryside in the south of Lingnan, by the mountains with green trees, in front of Cantonese women doing laundry, calmly rushes out of gullies and the Pearl River Delta, and finally flows gracefully into the South China Sea.Luofu Mountain and Qu Dajun, a famous Lingnan poet who lived in seclusion in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, gazed tenderly at the endless river.Victoria Harbor is also at the end of the river, gratefully enjoying her nourishment.She is the mother river of the people of Shenzhen and Hong Kong - Dongjiang. The Dongjiang River is one of the four major water systems in the Pearl River Basin. It was called Nie River in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xun River in the Sui Dynasty, Xunjiang River and Heyuan Water in the Tang Dynasty, Longchuan River in the Song Dynasty, and Dongjiang River after the Song Dynasty.Dongjiang is the third largest water system in the Pearl River Basin, after Xijiang and Beijiang.She originated from Yajibo, Xunwu County, Jiangxi Province. Its source is called Xunwu River, and it is called Dongjiang River after it meets Dingnan Water. The middle reaches; below the Guanyin Pavilion is the lower reaches of the Dongjiang River.The Dongjiang River flows into Guangdong Province through the southwest, passes through Longchuan County, turns west to Huizhou City, passes through Dongguan and flows into the Pearl River, and exits Humen into the sea at Shiziyang.The total length of the main stream is 520 kilometers, the catchment area is 27,040 square kilometers, the total drop is about 440 meters, and the average slope of the river course is 0.39‰.As the Dongjiang River connecting Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hong Kong, it is the main drinking water resource for more than 40 million residents in Hong Kong and Heyuan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen and other cities in Guangdong Province. It is related to the economic development of the Pearl River Delta region and the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. According to relevant research results, the airborne water vapor resources in the upper reaches of the Dongjiang River are about 186.4 billion cubic meters, and the amount of precipitation water formed through nature is 57.8 billion cubic meters. After excluding evaporation and underground infiltration, the usable water volume is 28 billion cubic meters. Only accounts for 15% of the water vapor resources in the air.It can be seen that the development and utilization of airborne water vapor resources in this region has great potential. It is no wonder that Hong Kong people place their hopes on this river.If the Dongjiang River could stagger and make a small bend near Shenzhen, the suffering days of the Hong Kong people's "water control" would have long been forgotten! Chen Yu looked at the urgent call on his desk and fell into deep thought: the mainland’s water supply to Hong Kong is a huge systematic project, which involves the delicate political relationship between China and Britain, so it is better to be cautious; besides, the country had just experienced three years of natural disasters. Disasters, man-made disasters, our own difficulties, and the political climate in the country are not clear. The drought in Hong Kong obviously did not come at a good time... But seeing the 3 million Hong Kong compatriots suffering from the drought, how can the motherland sit idly by! Chen Yu is very anxious, not only because he, as the governor of Guangdong Province, should view the brotherhood between Guangdong and Hong Kong from a political height and national righteousness, but also because he had an indissoluble bond with Hong Kong when he was a child. On November 11, 1901, Chen Yu was born in Chenwu Village, Nantou, Baoan County, Guangdong Province. This typical small village in southern Guangdong, Shanmeiyufei, is only one step away from Hong Kong. At the age of 12, Chen Yu left his hometown and set foot in Hong Kong for the first time.Hong Kong was still a barren land at that time, far less developed than Guangzhou, which was opened shortly after the opening of the sea ban in the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi [1685].Chen Yu first worked as a child laborer in a machine factory, and the life in a foreign land was poor and difficult, but left Chen Yu with a stubborn character and persevering wisdom for survival. At the age of 14, he entered an automobile company in Hong Kong as an apprentice, and was soon sent by the company to Guangzhou Automobile Practice School to learn driving and repair skills.The short experience of returning to his hometown shocked Chen Yu's thoughts. He saw the decline of the motherland caused by the warlord civil war, while at the same time, Hong Kong was developing rapidly in a peaceful atmosphere.He secretly made up his mind that one day he must come back and repay the land that gave birth to him and raised him.After studying, Chen Yu returned to Hong Kong and became a seaman on the "Queen of Asia" in 1922.He was in charge of organizing the "Gong Yu Le Society" on the ship, which was the prototype of the early trade union organization. In 1923, Chen Yu was elected as the head of the "Queen of Asia" branch of the Hong Kong Seamen's Union.Chen Yu's talents have been brought into full play in the trade union work.He was like a fish in water, mingling with workers and sailors, waving flags and shouting for their interests, and running around. In 1925, Chen Yu served as the vice-chairman of the Federation of Chinese Seafarers in Hong Kong and concurrently served as the chairman of the Pacific Route Branch. At the same time, he joined the Communist Party of China.The life of revolutionary struggle in Hong Kong when he was young gave Chen Yu two strong feelings: first, Hong Kong is Hong Kong of China, and the compatriots in Hong Kong are our brothers; The people have the same aspirations, and they all aspire to live a happy and warm life in a peaceful environment. Now that the situation in Hong Kong is critical, Guangdong has to take immediate measures to help the 3 million compatriots!Chen Yu, the governor of Guangdong Province, made a speech immediately, expressing his great concern for the difficulties of Hong Kong compatriots. He welcomes the Hong Kong side to send ships to the Pearl River to draw fresh water at no cost. The Guangdong Provincial People's Government will actively cooperate in all aspects and provide convenience!In addition, Guangzhou supplies 20,000 tons of tap water to Hong Kong free of charge every day. In March 1963, the Hong Kong authorities immediately sent ships to the Pearl River to draw fresh water. Since then, a steady stream of fresh water has been transported from the mainland to Hong Kong, which relieved the urgent need.From June 1963 to March 1964, Hong Kong sent ships to the Pearl River to carry water about 1,100 times, and the mainland shipped more than 3 billion gallons of fresh water to Hong Kong.At the same time, the Shenzhen Reservoir also increased the water supply to Hong Kong. In 1963, the Shenzhen Reservoir delivered a total of 5.7 billion British gallons of water to Hong Kong throughout the year. The two measures are two-pronged, and the drought in Hong Kong has been greatly alleviated! However, this still fails to fundamentally solve the water shortage problem in Hong Kong.There are no rivers in Hong Kong. This is the root cause of Hong Kong's water shortage. Whether it is transporting water to the mainland or supplying water from Shenzhen reservoirs, it is only an expedient measure, not a sustainable solution. More than 3 million Hong Kong residents are waiting to be fed. The drinking water project is a century-old project. For the long-term interests of the Hong Kong people, the entry of Cantonese water into Hong Kong has become the only solution! In fact, diversion of water from the Dongjiang River was not brought up in the face of a century-old drought. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the motherland was very concerned about the drinking water problem of Hong Kong compatriots. Hong Kong has been short of fresh water for a long time, which has greatly constrained the development of Hong Kong's economy.At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the central government discovered this hidden danger in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong enterprises were deeply troubled. In 1950, some Hong Kong entrepreneurs reported the plight of Hong Kong enterprises to Tao Zhu, the first secretary of the Central South Bureau of the Communist Party of China and the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee through certain channels, and suggested that Guangdong help Hong Kong solve the water shortage problem.Liao Chengzhi, then director of the Hong Kong and Macau Office, heard about this and immediately reported the situation to Premier Zhou Enlai of the State Council, and the matter of diverting water from Guangdong to Hong Kong was put on the agenda of the State Council. However, the olive branch needs to be accepted. Hong Kong was ceded to the British by the corrupt and incompetent Qing government, and is now under the colonial rule of the Hong Kong British government.There is a saying that "the children you sell will always be your own children". The motherland will never forget the Hong Kong compatriots with a mother's feelings, but the British Hong Kong government may be concerned about the delay in international strategic relations. Li Mingze, a famous Hong Kong patriotic entrepreneur, once wrote a letter to the then governor of Hong Kong Gregory Hung, urging the British Hong Kong government to divert water from Guangdong to alleviate Hong Kong's fresh water crisis.Although the Governor of Hong Kong also found that Hong Kong's reservoirs are difficult and heavy, especially if there is no rain for a long time, Hong Kong's water supply will be in short supply. However, in the face of ideological differences, Ge Lianghong became hesitant and hesitant... … The situation took a turn for the better when Black became the governor of Hong Kong.Bai Liji realized that if the water shortage problem in Hong Kong is not resolved, Hong Kong's economic take-off will be far away. In 1960, Li Kei made a bold decision. On April 15, the British Hong Kong government sent representatives to Shenzhen to negotiate with the Guangdong Provincial Government on the issue of water supply to Hong Kong.The day has finally arrived!The motherland, who cares deeply about Hong Kong compatriots, is optimistic about the success, and the talks were quite successful. The two sides hit it off and reached a preliminary agreement on the water supply of Shenzhen Reservoir to Hong Kong! According to the agreement, the Shenzhen Reservoir supplies Hong Kong with 5 billion British gallons of water per year [22.7 million cubic meters]. .In addition, the amount of water supply is increasing year by year. Although it is stipulated that 5 billion gallons of water are supplied to Hong Kong every year, the highest annual water supply recorded in the data is 8 billion gallons! Regarding this agreement, records can be found in the document issued by the General Office of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee on October 28, 1960.The document stated: “The negotiations on the water supply from the Shenzhen Reservoir to Hong Kong basically reached an agreement on October 20, and the Central Foreign Affairs Group agreed to sign in Shenzhen on November 14.” , Joy filled between the lines.The Guangzhou Branch of Xinhua News Agency published a joint communiqué on the same day, which was published in Nanfang Daily, Guangzhou Daily, and Yangcheng Evening News. Hong Kong Dagong, Wenhui and other newspapers published the content of the joint communiqué and reported the signing on the front page. And distribute a short editorial. This is a blessing for Hong Kong compatriots!It is also a blessing for the people of the motherland!Today, decades later, Hong Kong has returned to the embrace of the motherland, and now it seems that providing water to Hong Kong is simply a trivial matter.But in that era when the Cold War mentality dominated the mind, the East and the West were highly confronted, and political nerves were tense, the motherland's water supply to Hong Kong is definitely worthy of a special book! But 5 billion gallons of water a year was not enough, and the drought in 1963 exposed the plight of Hong Kong's water shortage.The water storage capacity of the Shenzhen Reservoir is also limited. It can only supply water to Hong Kong as much as it can, but it cannot exhaust the water, because it is also responsible for water supply and irrigation for the mainland.Now that Hong Kong is suffering from such a catastrophe, it is timely to bring up the old issues of the Dongshen Project! It seems that the Dongshen Project is the only option to completely solve the problem of water shortage in Hong Kong. The Dongjiang-Shenzhen Water Supply Project [abbreviated as the Dongshen Project] is a comprehensive utilization water conservancy project with the main goal of supplying water to Hong Kong and Kowloon, and at the same time supplying water to Shenzhen and Bao'an, as well as irrigation, drainage, power generation and flood control. .The Dongshen Project is located in Dongguan and Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. The total length of the water delivery route is 83 kilometers. The entire project is located between 113°30′ and 114°30′ east longitude and 22°30′ and 23°10′ north latitude.It starts from the Dongjiang River in the north and ends at the Shenzhen River in the south. There are 9 power pumping stations [Dongjiang, Qiaotou, Sima, Matan, Tangxia, Zhutang, Shaling, Shangpu, Yantian] and 6 sluice dams [Qi Ridge, Matan, Tangxia, Zhutang, Shaling, Shangpu], two regulating reservoirs [Yantian, Shenzhen], two hydropower stations [Danzhutou, Shenzhen], 24.5 kilometers of artificial channels, 3.5 kilometers of water supply pipelines, 47.9 kilometers of natural rivers and bridges and other buildings.It draws water from the left bank of the Dongjiang River near Qiaotou Town, Dongguan City, passes through various levels of pumping stations, artificial channels, and natural rivers, and diverts the Shima River, which originally flows into the Dongjiang River from south to north, to guide the Dongjiang water from north to south. The level raises the water level by a total of 46 meters, enters the Yantian Reservoir, then passes through the Pak Naikang Nullah, crosses the watershed between the Yantian Reservoir and the Shawan River, flows into the Shenzhen Reservoir, and finally sends it to Hong Kong through aqueducts. It is difficult to see the glory and arduousness of the Dongshen Project from the abstract data dug up from historical materials, so I will express it in another way.In terms of engineering volume, the earth and stone works alone amounted to more than two million cubic meters. If a dam embankment with a height of one meter and a width of one meter is paved, it is equivalent to walking back and forth from Guangzhou to Shenzhen eight times!The high-voltage line erected is 140 kilometers long, and it can circle the entire Hong Kong Island 5 times! It is especially worth writing about that the Dongshen Project has created a natural miracle of "letting the river flow backwards"!In order to divert the Dongjiang water to the Shenzhen Reservoir, the Shima River, which originally flows into the Dongjiang River from south to north in Qiaotou Town, Dongguan, must reverse its flow direction and change it from north to south!In order to achieve the "big reversal", the Dongshen Project used 6 barrages and 9 pumping reservoirs to lift water step by step over mountains and ridges, and the Dongjiang River was raised 46 meters high.And such a huge project was not only designed, manufactured independently, and installed independently by my country, but also only took one year from design, construction and installation to completion.This is a rare feat in the history of Chinese hydraulic engineering! In the early 1960s, when the serious difficulties caused by three years of natural disasters and man-made disasters had not receded, and in 1963, when the national economy and the people's livelihood were temporarily respite, and the economic development was still in its infancy, how did such a grand undertaking as the Dongshen Project come true?What difficulties and obstacles did you encounter during the construction process?The topic has to continue with the urgent telegram from Hong Kong. After receiving a letter jointly sent by the chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Gao Zhuoxiong and other well-known people, the Guangdong Provincial People's Government allowed the Hong Kong and British governments to take emergency measures for free water, and started the Dongshen Project on the other hand. In June 1963, the Hong Kong British authorities officially sent representatives to Guangzhou to discuss the supply of fresh water from Guangdong to Hong Kong, and formally requested to divert water from the Dongjiang River.The Guangdong and Hong Kong governments quickly reached a common intention! The Guangdong provincial government consulted the Party Central Committee and the State Council, and sent cadres and water conservancy professionals to Heyuan, Dongguan, and Shenzhen along the Dongjiang River to investigate hydrological data and formulate design plans.Both tasks are carried out simultaneously.The Guangdong provincial government has full confidence in the Central Committee's approval of this project. Although our country has just recovered from the disaster and is still weak, the motherland is determined to solve the water shortage problem of Hong Kong compatriots once and for all and has been preparing for a long time! The Dongshen Water Supply Project is sponsored by the Guangdong Provincial Department of Hydropower, the Guangdong Provincial Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey and Design Institute is responsible for the survey and design, and the specially established engineering headquarters is responsible for the construction.The surveyors of the Design Institute focused on the Dongjiang River, the water source of the Dongshen Project.The area of ​​the Dongjiang River Basin is 33,218 square kilometers, which is the overall area of ​​the Dongjiang River Basin. The catchment area of ​​the Boluo Hydrological Station at the water intake of the project is 25,325 square kilometers, with an average annual flow of 761 cubic meters per second and an average annual runoff of 24 billion cubic meters. Good water conditions.Although Boluo Station had the dryest flow of 31.4 cubic meters per second on May 5, 1955 [according to this flow rate, the Dongjiang tributary is in danger of being cut off during the dry season, and the water diversion effect cannot be guaranteed], since 1960, the Three large reservoirs, Xinfengjiang, Fengshuba and Baipenzhu, have been successively built on the trunk and tributaries of the Dongjiang River. The three reservoirs control a total catchment area of ​​11,740 square kilometers and a total storage capacity of 17.06 billion cubic meters.In this way, after the adjustment of the reservoir, the dry water flow of the Dongjiang River has increased significantly, and the above-mentioned hidden danger of flow interruption during the dry season has disappeared. In addition to meeting the water needs of various places in the basin, the Dongjiang River is more than enough to meet Hong Kong's water supply throughout the year. Another good news is that there is a Shima River, a tributary of the Dongjiang River, between the Dongjiang River and the Shenzhen Reservoir.The Shima River originates from the Brain Shell Mountain in Shenzhen City, flows north-south, and flows into the Dongjiang River at the mouth of the Xinkai River in Dongguan City, with a catchment area of ​​682 square kilometers.If the problem of flow direction is not considered, an ideal water diversion channel from the Dongjiang to the Shenzhen Reservoir is that the Dongjiang water is diverted from the Shima River to the upper reaches of the Shima River, and then diverted from the Yantian Water, a tributary of the Shima River, into the already built Yantian Reservoir.Once the above-mentioned process is completed, the Dongjiang water flowing into the Yantian Reservoir will flow all the way to the Shenzhen Reservoir along the nearby Shawan River, and the hundred-mile-long water diversion project has been successfully completed. The only problem is on the Shima River.The topography of the Shima River provides favorable conditions for the Dongshen Project to divert water from the Dongjiang River across the basin, but it also poses a technical problem - the Shima River flows from south to north, while the water diversion to Hong Kong needs to flow from north to south, called Jianghe Will the cost of backflow be too high? The advantages of the Shima River scheme are obvious: using the existing terrain to divert water, the construction volume is small, the project is convenient, and the construction period is short, and the water transport along the river can also take into account the benefits of irrigation and drainage on both banks.However, due to technical difficulties in the direction of the Shima River, two plans had to be prepared for the water diversion route from the Dongjiang River to Shenzhen: one is to build a channel along the seaside of the Pearl River Estuary, and the Dongjiang water will flow into the Shenzhen Reservoir through the channel; The water will be transported to Shenzhen Reservoir via steel pipes along the Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway after passing through Dongguan Qishi to Changping.Compared with the "Shima River Plan", these two plans not only have longer water delivery lines, but also cannot take advantage of geographical advantages, requiring the construction of additional water delivery pipes. In September 1963, the Department of Hydropower of Guangdong Province submitted the drafted Dongshen water supply project plan, waiting for the opinions of the central government.Although water conservancy experts tend to prefer the "Shima River plan", for the sake of insurance, the three plans are put before the case of the leader in charge of water energy resources development of the State Council.And this leader is Premier Zhou Enlai. The people of Hong Kong are so lucky. Premier Zhou Enlai, who is deeply loved by the people of the whole country, personally reviewed and made a decision on the solution to Hong Kong's water supply. After the founding of New China, Zhou Enlai personally presided over a series of issues related to "water", such as the development of national water energy resources, water supply and irrigation of major domestic river basins, and the prevention and control of national floods and droughts.As my country's fifth longest river, the Pearl River's runoff is second only to the Yangtze River, eight times that of the Yellow River, and its flood season lasts half a year from April to October.Since ancient times, the Pearl River has been prone to floods and waterlogging, and the flood control of the Pearl River has become one of the important issues of the Prime Minister. Many of the Prime Minister’s hair is white because of the Pearl River. In 1951, the second year after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai organized the 67th government affairs meeting of the State Council, discussed and approved the report "Summary of Water Conservancy Work in 1950 and Guidelines and Tasks in 1951". In the next few years, based on the foundation of the existing embankment, we should reorganize the embankment system, build culvert gates as appropriate, shorten the line of defense, strengthen the main embankment, and actively carry out basic testing and planning work to prepare for upstream development. In 1951, Dongjiang and Xijiang should be consolidated. , Beijiang embankment, to ensure that ordinary flood levels will not cause disasters as the goal.” In March of the following year, the Prime Minister drafted the “Decision of the Government Administration Council on Water Conservancy Work in 1952” and proposed: “The Pearl River is based on the existing foundation, and the annual flood control should be improved compared with last year. One step at a time.” Under the kind care of the Prime Minister and the leadership of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Government, in the 1950s when everything was waiting to be done, a large number of river dams were built in Guangdong, and embankments were blocked and rebuilt. The phenomenon of flooding has basically disappeared. Premier Zhou also paid special attention to the development and utilization of Guangdong's hydropower resources. In 1960, Guangdong built the North-South Hydropower Station on the Beijiang tributary of the Pearl River, with an installed capacity of 75,000 kilowatts.Although the scale of the project is small, special design schemes and construction methods must be adopted due to the unique topography of the river.It was not such a difficult and trivial matter. The Prime Minister deliberately intervened and called the then Vice Minister of Water Resources Li Baohua on the afternoon of December 14, 1960. A meeting was devoted to discussing the construction of the North-South Hydropower Station. On December 8, 1963, Premier Zhou Enlai stopped by Guangzhou during his visit to Africa.During his busy schedule, the Prime Minister came to the home of Tao Zhu, the first secretary of the Central South Bureau. He wanted to listen to Liu Zhaolun, director of the Guangdong Provincial Hydropower Department, on the three water supply plans for the Dongshen Project. The battle horn of the inbound project! At three o'clock in the afternoon, Zhou Enlai walked into Tao Zhu's house vigorously and quickly. The prime minister's footsteps are always in such a hurry, because the Republic has too many things for him to worry about.But this time, more than 3 million citizens in Hong Kong are still anxiously waiting for the nectar from the motherland in the midst of the drought. How can he not be anxious?After entering the room and sitting down, the Prime Minister saw Tao Zhu, the first secretary of the Central South Bureau, Chen Yu, the governor of Guangdong Province, Zhao Ziyang, the second secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, and Zeng Sheng, the vice governor of Guangdong Province.Tao Zhu introduced to the Prime Minister Liu Zhaolun, Director of the Guangdong Hydropower Department, who was in charge of making a specific report. The Prime Minister nodded with a smile, and after greetings, the report began. Liu Zhaolun focused on the advantages and difficulties of the Shimahe project.In the report, he put forward a technical solution to the problem of the direction of the Shima River. He believed that by damming the river and building a series of large-scale pump stations, the water level can be raised technically, thereby changing the direction of the Shima River from north to south. It is also feasible in terms of cost and construction period.The Prime Minister listened quietly, thinking carefully. After listening to the report, the Prime Minister was in a high mood and made deployments in a tone that was obviously higher than usual.He first said to Tao Zhu: "The East-Shenzhen project is related to more than 3 million compatriots in Hong Kong and Kowloon. The issue should be viewed politically. Hong Kong's water supply issue should be separated from political negotiations and should not be linked together. Guangdong Province is in charge of water supply negotiations." While here, the Prime Minister turned his attention to Chen Yu, "Please send someone from the British Hong Kong authorities to talk. We must be considerate in etiquette, and we should not be rude to others, and we must be neither humble nor overbearing." "As for the three water transfer schemes, the central government has studied them and agreed with the suggestion of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Hydropower. Using the Shima River graded water pumping scheme is not only quicker, but also less expensive. It can also be combined with farmland irrigation, which will improve farmers' income. enthusiasm. Water conservancy projects should be built with comprehensive consideration and local agricultural benefits.” The Premier cast a trusting look on Liu Zhaolun.Liu Zhaolun nodded slightly. Hearing the prime minister's approval, a stone finally fell from his heart.He wiped his sweat subconsciously, he seemed a little nervous when he reported just now. The Prime Minister made specific arrangements for the specific design, construction and cost arrangements of the Dongshen Project: "The water supply project is built by our country, and the ownership cannot be given to the British Hong Kong authorities. Because more than 95% of Hong Kong is our compatriots, it is only natural for us to contribute to our compatriots." "The project is included in the national plan, and Guangdong Province is responsible for the design and construction. The project cost is reported to the State Planning Commission by Guangdong Province in accordance with the infrastructure construction procedures, and is reviewed and approved by the State Planning Commission. The Central People's Government allocated 38 million yuan from foreign aid funds. Relevant provinces, municipalities and departments have given great support to the construction of RMB.” "The project will be named 'Dongjiang, Guangdong Province - Shenzhen Water Supply and Irrigation Project'!" The prime minister speaks loudly.Everyone here could hear the unconcealable excitement in the Prime Minister's words, and they all secretly determined to live up to the Prime Minister's trust and do a big job! 38 million, which was definitely not a small number at the time. In 1963, China was devastated by three years of natural disasters; the situation in the Taiwan Strait was still unclear.But it is the 38 million people who are suffering, embodying the deep affection of the motherland for the Hong Kong compatriots. The Dongshen Project should be done sooner rather than later! At the beginning of 1964, the Guangdong Provincial Government and the British Hong Kong authorities conducted two highly efficient negotiations.The representative of Guangdong Province is composed of Liu Zhaolun, Yang Kezhong and Ye Minghua; the representative of Hong Kong is composed of Mao Jin, Luo Tong and Sun Dehou.The two sides quickly reached a consensus on issues such as the design, construction, cost, and personnel of the Dongshen Project. On April 22, 1964, the Guangdong Provincial People's Committee and the Hong Kong authorities formally signed the "Agreement on Water Supply from the Dongjiang River to Hong Kong and Kowloon" at the Guangdong Guest House in Guangzhou. Liu Zhaolun, representative of the Guangdong Provincial People's Committee and director of the Guangdong Provincial Water Resources and Electric Power Department, Mao Jin, a representative of the British authorities in Hong Kong, Deputy Secretary for Public Works and Director of Water Affairs Bureau of Hong Kong, signed the agreement.According to the agreement, starting from March 1, 1965, the Dongshen Project will supply 15 billion gallons of raw water to Hong Kong every year, or 68.2 million cubic meters. After the signing of the agreement was completed, Zeng Sheng, Vice Governor of Guangdong Province, hosted a banquet for the representatives of the two parties who participated in the talks and celebrities from all walks of life who attended the signing ceremony.The grand dinner drew a perfect end to the preliminary work of the Dongshen Project. Representatives from China and Britain met like two close relatives who had not seen each other for a long time. The atmosphere was peaceful and harmonious, and even a little drunk. Because people on both sides know that once the Dongshen Project is completed, the water shortage problem that has plagued Hong Kong people since the opening of Hong Kong will be completely solved! And the tens of thousands of troops building the Dongshen Project have already marched to the battlefield on the banks of the Shima River on the bank of the Dongjiang River ahead of schedule! The builders of the East-Shenzhen Project had a rhetoric called "Let the mountains bow their heads and let the river flow backwards." Although this high-profile slogan was slightly contaminated with the "ignorance and fearlessness" of the Great Leap Forward, it was used in the "Dongjiang-Shenzhen Water Supply Irrigation Project" "In terms of the evaluation of the initial construction, it can be described as appropriate.The Dongshen Project has two notable features, one is high efficiency, and the other is the dangerous construction environment.These two characteristics are "forced" because of the short construction period - can the project be delayed for too long? More than 3 million compatriots are still waiting for the water supply of the motherland!From this, if you think about the phrase "let the mountains bow their heads and let the rivers flow backwards", maybe you will understand and be moved.People who are too rational will think that this spirit is too arrogant and does not seem to be in awe of nature. However, in the 1960s when materials were scarce and technology was backward, for those builders who were fighting on the dams and in the rapids, there was no breakthrough. Without pride, without the domineering spirit that dares to teach the sun and the moon to change into a new sky, it is absolutely impossible to complete such a huge project in just one year! In April 1964, when the representatives of Guangdong and Hong Kong signed the Dongjiang water supply agreement in Guangzhou, the Dongshen Project construction team composed of tens of thousands of people had already arrived at the Shima River construction site in advance on February 20, and the Dongshen Project started on all lines. !In the previous six months, the Guangdong Provincial Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey and Design Institute also completed the survey of hydrological data and the design of the construction plan with extremely high efficiency. The "Shima River Plan" approved by the State Council is the crystallization of this half-year work.All of this is only a few months away from the urgent calls from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce of Hong Kong and the Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Unions.The engineering headquarters specially formed for the Dongshen Project even issued a death order. The construction of the Dongshen Project began on February 20, 1964, and was completed in February 1965. The construction period is only one year! The water supply route of the "Shima River Plan" is: Dongjiang water→artificial channel→Shima River→Yantian water→Yantian reservoir→Shawan River→Shenzhen reservoir→Hong Kong.其主要工程包括：首先，在石马河距东江最近点，开挖一条三公里长的人工河道，打通东江水和石马河；其次，在石马河建五个抽水站，在其支流雁田水建三个抽水站，各站将水位抽提5—8米不等，总计抬高水头40余米。提水的目的是抬高东江河水，让河水倒流入雁田水库，再顺着沙湾河注入深圳水库。整个工程宛如一个大滑梯，东江水在石马河入口靠着抽水站提供的动力逐级提升，到达滑梯顶部的雁田水库后，再沿着“滑道”顺流而下一路越过沙河湾、深圳水库直奔香港。 战斗打响了，万名工人日夜奋战在施工现场。在东江之滨，在石马河畔，能听到的是水流湍急声、机器轰鸣声、劳动号子声；能看到的是千军万马奋战、热火朝天的劳动场景，这是热情似火的20世纪60年代，这是只讲奉献不求回报的20世纪60年代！这边厢，为抢工期、争效率，施工队伍开展劳动竞赛，男工人劈山修坝、劈路开河，女工人端茶送水、呐喊助威，都忙得不亦乐乎；那边厢，刚建起的围堰又被河水给冲垮了，垮了再建，塌了再围，和水流赛跑，和时间赛跑，跑在前边的一定是我们的建设者！ 毛泽东说过这样一句话：“人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。”如果你有幸到过东深工程施工建设的现场，你就会觉得，眼前的场景很好地给这句话下了一个注脚。 3月过去了，原来一片荒郊野岭、杂草丛生的野地，现在盖满了工棚，堆满了机器。工人进进出出，早出晚归，这既是他们工作场所，也是他们暂时的家。劳动时人声鼎沸，在“家”也是谈笑风生，休息时又默契地安静下来，人们精神昂扬，幸福而疲惫…… 6月过去了，纸上的蓝图，慢慢地变成了眼前的实体，荒野里一座座厂房拔地而起，往常奔腾不息的河流现在碰到了拦路的坝堤，闸门将水拦腰折断，抽水机欢快地轰鸣着，石马河水被提高、提高，恨不得一夜之间就乘着滑梯向香港奔去…… 10月过去了，各工段均已初具规模且各具特色，蜿蜒辗转的人工河道、气势宏大的司马抽水站、视野宽敞的旗岭、工程艰险的马滩、施工复杂的白泥坑引水渠，沿着初定的供水线一路排开，就像一串树枝上结着沉甸甸的果实…… 在东深工程竣工之后，一部由香港导演拍摄，反映整个工程建设来龙去脉的纪录片《东江之水越山来》在香港上映，引起轰动，创造了纪录片票房收入过百万的最新纪录。香港人民饮水思源，通过该片满足了想了解东江之水如何翻山越岭来到港九的好奇心，也目睹了东深工程建设的经过和建成后的面貌。无独有偶，1964年底，广州电视台也为东深工程拍摄了一部新闻记录影片。如今该影片的解说词静静地躺在省档案馆里，笔者翻阅并忠实地录入它，以便可以身临其境般地感受到当年火热的场景—— 【场面：施工】 解说词：由东江到深圳的东深供水灌溉工程，为早日给香港同胞供水，正在紧张施工；为把东江水引到石马河，要开挖一条三公里长的河道。由于国家对港九同胞用水问题的关心，在这段三公里的引河上，就出动了一万多人。 【场面：安装抽水机】 解说词：在司马的第二级抽水站，工人们正安装巨大的抽水机。 【场面：汽车近景】 解说词：在旗岭和马滩工地上，却是另一番情景。汽车奔走于石场和拦河坝之间，在这里将出现一座17孔的大坝。 【场面：水库】 解说词：经过了六个阶梯、八级抽水，这里已是雁田水库，水位在这里提高了46.6公尺。东江的水引入石马河以后，再经过宝安县沙湾河，流入深圳水库，通过输水管灌入香港，从而满足港九同胞的用水问题。 抒情般的叙述和白描会让你以为东深工程的施工充满了诗情画意，事实上，由于抢工期的关系，东深工程的初期建设困难重重，危机突现是家常便饭！ 东深工程的主要施工地段是石马河。石马河河床窄小、水流急促，一年之中河水暴涨暴降，变化幅度很大，这对水利工程的施工是极为不利的。由于要在次年春季开始供水，为了抢工期，绝大部分土建工程需要在汛期和台风季节施工。从1964年的5月到10月，这是东深工程最繁忙的施工时期，工地上连续遭受了五次台风暴雨的袭击，其中旗岭、马滩工地的围堰分别被洪水冲垮三次。特别是1964年10月中旬的23号强台风，持续时间长，降雨强度大，这使石马河出现了50年一遇大洪水，东深工程面临到严峻考验！ 暴雨从12号傍晚就开始下了，石马河河水渐涨，沿着坝基和围堰慢慢往上爬，工人有些着急一旦洪水漫过围堰，围堰就有倒塌的危险，先前的劳作功亏一篑不说，如今已是10月份，倘若因为倒塌拖了整个工程的后腿则要坏事。13日，雨越下越大，台风暴雨轮流冲击着坝基和围堰，眼看等不得雨停，指挥部决定出击，迎战狂风暴雨。13日雨下得最大的时候，工地过万名工人自动组成抢险队，坚守着坝基和围堰，一旦洪水有漫堤的危险就迅速抽水，抽水机不够用就用桶装、用肩挑。暴雨实在太大，旗岭的水已经控制不住，围堤终于垮了。垮了就要马上垒起来！千里之堤毁于蚁穴，一个漏洞都不能出现！还要保护工地的器材仓库，这些祖国各地支援来的器械如果被洪水冲走和浸坏，那将是极大的损失！工地附近的人民公社社员也赶来了，东深工程不仅是广东省水利建设局和香港的，也是全国人民的！干部也来了，他们和工人一起奋战在洪水中、在淤泥里！似乎上天也怜见这批无私无畏的建设者们，经过和暴雨洪水一夜的搏斗，水势终于在第二天黎明渐渐平息。坝基保住了，围堰保住了，设备和器材也保住了！我们那些奋战一夜展现出英雄气概的干部、工人和社员们，累了，倦了，笑着靠着泥泞的树根睡着了…… 今天回过头去公允地说，如果说计划经济也有优势的话，计划经济的优势就在于能够集中力量办大事。在1964年，这件大事就是建设给香港同胞供水的东深工程。 东深工程的另外一个难点在于，由于工程项目多，施工地点分散，大批工人需要来回奔波。而且，因为施工机械不足，劳动主要以人力为主，肩挑手挖，加上小手推车搬运，这就决定了需要大批人员参与。2月份开赴工地的就有万名工人，之后人数不断调整、补充，施工人员在工程高峰期已达两万人！幸好，这一切，都得到了全国、省内以及工程所在地人力方面的大力支援——中南局和广东省首长多次到工地视察；国内许多水利、机电专家频繁到工地指导工作；施工地点附近的东莞、宝安、博罗等县以及广东省内佛山、汕头等市的许多人民公社先后派出数以万计的社员，参加施工建设；铁路、公路、水运及民航部门也发扬协作精神，优先为工程的设备进行运输……所有资源都在广东省政府的调配下有条不紊又突飞猛进地进行着。显然，万众齐心、倾巢而出兴修水利这在集体主义氛围浓郁的20世纪60年代是家常便饭，在祖国各地的建设工地不胜枚举，但因为东深工程是给香港同胞的礼物，大家的热情格外高涨。 东深工程让国人引以为豪的原因还在于，建国后，我国的大型工程多数都有苏联专家和苏联技术的影子，而这一次，东深工程完全是由我国自行设计，设备自己制造、自己安装！设计方面，“石马河方案”是广东省水利电力勘测设计院用半年时间跋山涉水、披荆斩棘，在进行大量钻探、测量和试验工作后完成的“得意之作”；工程使用的机电设备由上海、西安、哈尔滨、沈阳等14个省市的50多家机械制造工厂自主生产，这些工厂为了配合工程的工期都优先安排生产工程需要的设备，工厂还主动派专人到工地协助机械电器安装和及时解决一些技术问题，中央水利电力部特地从河南省批调一批机械冲击钻等先进工具，用于旗岭闸坝工地承担防渗墙施工；至于安装，老一代“东深人”都可以告诉你，哪一颗螺丝是他拧上去的，哪一个部件是他运过来的…… 1965年2月25日，这是个胜利的日子，也是个喜庆的日子。经过数万人一年的艰苦奋战，战胜了五次台风暴雨的猛烈袭击，克服了汛期施工的种种困难，东江——深圳供水工程终于竣工了。在这一年的时间里，东深工程的建设者完成了包括240万立方米土石方开挖和10万立方米混凝土与钢筋混凝土浇注在内的全部建筑工程；在这一年的时间里，东深工程的英雄们用汗水和心血，浇筑出了这一个浩大的奇迹！ 2月27日，雨后初晴，春寒料峭却挡不住温和的风。在绚烂的阳光下，雄奇的塘头厦闸门挺立于群山之间，如巨人手掌一般将畅流拦截。这一天，东深工程落成大会将在塘头厦举办——塘头厦是东深工程的心脏地带，长达83公里的工程就是由设在这里的指挥部集思广益、点滴聚成。广东省人民政府派来了副省长林李明、副省长曾生、水电厅厅长刘兆伦等高层领导出席；另一边，香港、澳门同胞、各界人士200多人也专程前来参加庆典，其中高卓雄、陈耀材、马万祺已经是我们很熟悉的好朋友了。 庆典就要开始了，附近的群众和人民公社社员不断地拥来，他们舞动着醒狮，摇曳着彩旗，小小的塘头厦沸沸扬扬，鞭炮声、欢笑声、锣鼓声响彻云霄。是啊，人们等这一天等了很久了，从一年前开工之日起就日盼夜盼，盼工程早日完工，盼祖国的清泉早日满足香港同胞的渴望。而且，东深工程建成之后，东莞和宝安两县的灌溉面积也会扩大10万多亩，这是香港人民和内地人民双赢的工程，是利国利民的好事！放眼望去，眼前的石马河碧水悠悠，满载着祖国人民的深情，蜿蜿蜒蜒，浩浩荡荡，流往前方，流往香江。 落成大会照例有领导人讲话，照例有东深工程的介绍及其意义的宣扬，没有人感到枯燥，对于在这里鏖战了365个日日夜夜的干部和工人来说，这些都是落到心坎的看得见摸得着的话语。也许有人会被勾起了辛酸，想起了艰难的日子，可是如今苦尽甘来，成就感和自豪感更多占据了他们的心绪。落成大会在香港代表的讲话后达到高潮，港九工会联合会会长陈耀材说“香港工人对祖国人民的亲情永不会忘记”，香港中华总商会会长高卓雄说“对祖国人民的关怀与爱护表示十二分感谢”，两人真情切切，语音激动，现场的群众动容了。是啊，唯有经历过因为缺水而逃难的人，方知道水的珍贵和对水的渴求。而祖国和东深工程所做的一切可以豪迈地宣布，港民将永远远离缺水之苦！ 300多万香港同胞没有机会亲口说出的感激，也许在港九工会联合会和香港中华总商会向大会赠送的两面锦旗中得到了诠释： “饮水思源，心怀祖国”！ “江水倒流，高山低首；恩波远泽，万众倾心”！ 两天之后，深圳。 1965年3月1日清晨，港府新闻处发布消息：“依照本港与中国之新协定，本港已于昨日下午4时开始接获东江水。依照此协定，本港每年由东江接得之水量最少为150亿加仑。经过深圳举行之东江——深圳供水计划开幕之后，东江水即开始流入本港之水管。” “港府”？这个名称在当时确实有点陌生。港府发布的新闻稿没说出来的是，150亿加仑的水是香港所有水塘蓄水量的两倍。 下午，粤港代表在深圳举行东江——深圳供水工程向香港供水的简单仪式。并非港英政府迫不及待，而是香港的旱灾实在刻不容缓。中方出席的代表最高代表为省水电厅厅长刘兆伦，港府代表团由工业司邬利德率领，其他官员包括副共务司【建筑和土地】莫觐、副工务司【水务】罗彤、助理工务司【水务】莫而芹及水务工程师兼翻译孙德厚四人。从出席阵容看得出，港英当局对派人参加供水仪式的考量很谨慎。 典礼仪式举行之前，邬利德礼貌地询问广东省水利电力厅厅长刘兆伦，在仪式上能否让他讲话，并声称准备了讲话稿。邬利德一再强调说，他只是讲几句感谢的话。刘兆伦明白对方的谨慎，也理解邬以小人之心度君子之腹的做法，笑呵呵地说：“欢迎欢迎。” 邬利德在致辞中提到，“对于设计东江——深圳供水工程的人员们的才能以及在施工上的技巧和速度，我们留有非常深刻的印象！” 邬利德实在过于小心翼翼，他在数日前参观东深供水工程后对工程的评价是：“这个工程是第一流头脑设计出来的。这个工程对我们来说的确是一个保险公司，对香港有很大的价值！” 供水工程开幕典礼还有一个细节是，除了邬利德的正式讲话外，英方代表讲话不多。助理工务司莫而芹懂得一些广东话，他在宴会上与中方多交流了几句。这急坏了副工务司罗彤。罗在回港后对邬利德说，他曾用脚踢了莫几下，要他不可多讲。 这些意味深长的片段传达了在冷战思维弥漫全球的20世纪60年代，祖国和香港的交流是多么的难能可贵。而东深工程，就是在这种氛围下建设起来的。其实，无论是“饮水思源，心怀祖国”的锦旗还是桌面下“踢脚”，传递的都是祖国和香港渴望接触的情意——无论是意识形态的分歧，还是国家利益的偏见，都阻隔不了祖国和香港的血脉深情。 事实上，我们不需要港府的赞叹，我们感激港人的深情表白。正如东江之水默默不断地流向香江，无需多言，仅看下列数据就可以感受“东深速度”的伟大了——这是新中国水利史上的傲人战绩，这是新中国自力更生的一曲凯歌，这是祖国给香港同胞最美好的馈赠！ 这是多么令人难忘的日子： 1963年9月开始勘测规划。 1963年12月初提出工程设计任务书。 1963年12月8日周总理原则上批准。 1964年2月20日工程开工，边施工边继续设计。 1965年2月25日竣工验收。 1965年3月1日正式供水香港。 历史将铭记1963年9月到1965年3月这1年零6个月的时间！这1年零6个月是何其的短，要知道，三峡大坝可是做了整整百年的规划；这1年零6个月是何其的长，长得让长期缺水的香港早已望眼欲穿，终于等到了永远不会再缺水的日子！ take off!take off!扩建！扩建！ 1965年开始，随着东江每年将150亿加仑【6820万立方米】的淡水源源不断地传送给香港，香港缺水危机彻底得到了解除。与此同时，在诸多有利因素加上淡水资源充足保障前提下，原来被束缚的经济能量得到了充分的释放，香港走上了腾飞之路。20世纪70年代是香港整体发展的黄金时期。从1972年开始，随着新任港都麦理浩的到任，一个新香港在崛起，香港这片殖民地发生了翻天覆地的变化。香港的繁荣首先从人口数量的增长上得到了体现。1971年，香港的人口估算是400万，1972年香港人口已增加到411万多人，这比1964年中英签订《关于从东江取水供给香港、九龙的协议》时的人口整整增加了100万！ 人口的增加和经济的发展意味着用水量也相应增大。东深工程每年6820万立方米的供水量已经无法满足香港的消耗了。实际上，根据港英政府的请求，东深工程的供水量每年都在逐步增加——1967年为7638万立方米，1972年为8182万立方米，1973年达到了8412万立方米！显然，最初的协议不适应香港发展的要求了，需相应做出调整。可是一旦供水数量加大，东深工程需要进行扩建就摆在中方面前！ 扩建？扩建谈何容易！20世纪60年代中期到70年代中期是中国最动乱的10年，在这个荒唐的年月中，阶级斗争是所有工作的重心，被荒废的工程何止千万？特别是像东深这样的对外工程更是烫手山芋，一旦接触则很容易被斥责为和资产阶级有染。更何况，当初东深工程的奠基者之一陶铸在“文革”开始之时就被打倒、迫害致死，周总理因为要主持全国大局而分身乏术，东深工程就像没娘的孩子，被遗忘在清冷的角落里。 1967年之后，国内文化大革命运动开展得轰轰烈烈，一切正常的工作秩序都受到了冲击，政策朝令夕改，