Chapter 23 Chapter 22 Dujiangyan
Historians and water conservancy experts believe that in the fifty-first year of King Qin Zhao—256 BC, Li Bing led the ancestors of ancient Shu to build the famous Dujiangyan water conservancy project.
Dujiangyan is majestic and has benefited all generations. It is called "the first miracle in western Sichuan" and even "the first miracle in the world" by later generations, and it is indeed well-deserved.
Among the seven famous wonders of the world in BC, six are imperial gardens, mausoleums or idols of gods. Only the Alexandria Lighthouse built before 280 BC is the only building that directly benefits the people. This lighthouse uses Around 1600.
Almost at the same time as the Greek Macedonians built a lighthouse on Pharos Island, the Chengdu Plain also started the construction of the great water conservancy project Dujiangyan.
The great historian Sima Qian once visited Dujiangyan personally, and wrote in "Historical Records: Book of Hequ": "Shu guards the ice, cuts away the piles, eliminates the harm of foamy water, and passes through the second river Chengdu. This canal can be used by boat. If there is a surplus, it will be soaked with water, and the common people will benefit from it.”
Dujiangyan should be a real world miracle.
More than 2,260 years is already a very long time for the recorded human history. Natural disasters and man-made disasters, great changes, except for mountains, rivers, sun, moon and stars, it seems that it is difficult for human beings to find their previous footprints.Everything that has passed away has become a "cultural relic", which can only be admired carefully, or mourned, and nostalgic for the past...
However, Dujiangyan is completely different.It was born more than 2,260 years ago. With the heavy footsteps of history, it has not only not passed away or aged, but has become more active and younger.The past, present and future will all benefit mankind!
According to the records of the Han people, Dujiangyan had "irrigated ten thousand hectares of fields" in the Han Dynasty - about 700,000 mu today. Even today, there are only a handful of water conservancy projects in the country that have irrigated 700,000 mu of land.In the Song Dynasty, Dujiangyan irrigated 12 counties; at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it reached 14 counties and counties, with an area of 3 million mu; after the founding of New China, the irrigated area gradually led from the Chengdu Plain to the hills in central Sichuan, reaching 8 million mu and 10 million mu, and now it has reached 13.7 million acres, becoming the largest irrigation project in the world.
It is precisely because of Dujiangyan that Sichuan can produce one-tenth of the country's grain with one-sixteenth of the country's arable land, and can provide the country with meat, meat, and meat equivalent to billions of catties of grain every year. Oil, wine and other food and industrial raw materials.
Dujiangyan is not only a super-large irrigation project, but also integrates multiple functions, including flood control, irrigation, shipping, drifting and urban water supply. It is the earliest multi-functional and high-efficiency large-scale water conservancy project in the world. wealth and happiness.
How many projects in the world can compare with it?Isn't this a real world miracle?
"The spring scenery of the Jinjiang River comes to the world, and the floating clouds on the jade base change from ancient to modern";
"Lidui River meets the flow of heaven, Yu's trace is boundless and boundless, and his father and son become father and son with peerless fame, and they will compete in the Spring and Autumn Period";
"Finishing Yu's ax and cone skills, unparalleled in land and sea, and Qin Shouhui's great book on rivers and canals; covering the beautiful mountains and rivers of Shu, leading the river first, and the famous gardens and colorful Huayang chapter"...
How many poets are praising, how many Bashu people who have been blessed by you pay homage to you!
You are the treasure of China's water conservancy projects,
You are a monument of Chinese history and culture,
You are not only the crystallization of hard work, bravery and wisdom of the Chinese people, but also a symbol of the character and will of the Chinese nation!
Dujiangyan is not only a treasure of China's water conservancy projects, but also a pioneering work in the history of water control in the world.As early as the Qing Dynasty, the German geographer Richthofen visited the site admiringly. After the visit, he was full of praise. He believed that the irrigation method of Dujiangyan was perfect, which was unmatched by water conservancy projects around the world.
Many modern foreign scientists came here, and after using computers to calculate, they exclaimed that this ancient project without gates and dams not only fully complies with modern scientific principles, but also realizes a high degree of harmony and unity of "people, land, and water". At the same time as the project, the ecological environment is protected.
After the founding of New China, more than 200 heads of state and government came to the remote bank of the Minjiang River to study and appreciate this amazing project with a history of more than 2,000 years.
In November 2000, the United Nations named Dujiangyan as a "World Cultural Heritage".
When Cen Shen, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, commemorated the achievements of Li Bing, the prefect of Shu, he once had such a poem: "When the river first swayed, the people of Shu were almost like fish."
The Sichuan Basin was originally an inland lake, and some people called it the "Sichuan Sea". Before the Cenozoic Era [since 67 million years ago], the valleys on the east side of the basin were gradually eroded by water, and the sea in the Sichuan Basin became a mulberry field.The Chengdu Plain in the west of the Sichuan Basin was once a sea for three times, namely the legendary "West Sea". Geological exploration shows that the 300-meter-thick sediment covering the surface of Chengdu today was formed in the Cenozoic Era.As the water level gradually decreased, sandbars and swamps gradually appeared in the "West Sea", and a group of Qiang people [some of them were once called Di people] came down the river from the northwest of the basin and settled there.
"Cancong and Yufu, how at a loss was the founding of the country." Shu people passed through Cancong, Baiguan, and Yufu to Du Yu, and gradually progressed from fishing and hunting to farming.
For the entire Chinese nation, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are the mother rivers, but for Sichuan, the mother river seems to be the Minjiang River.The Minjiang River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. It originates from Minshan Mountain and starts from Gonggangling and Langjiashan Mountains at an altitude of more than 3,400 meters in Songpan, Western Sichuan Plateau. It is 750 kilometers long and has a drainage area of more than 135,500 square kilometers.After originating from the plateau, it passes through the vast grasslands and deep mountain valleys, gallops and jumps, cuts mountains and valleys, gathers hundreds of rivers and streams, and forms a beautiful fan-shaped alluvial plain together with Jianjiang River, Shiting River, Mianyuan River and Wenjing River. —Chengdu Plain, passing through Chengdu Plain to Leshan and joining the Dadu River, and then to Yibin where it flows into the Yangtze River.
The Minjiang River broke through from the Wanshan Mountains and flowed thousands of miles. Due to the extremely steep slope and turbulent water flow, after entering the plain, the river surface suddenly widened and expanded from more than 100 meters to 300 to 350 meters. A large amount of pebbles and silt are deposited in the river bed.During the flood season, mountain torrents roar like a tiger, and the basin is affected by the topography, and river water and rainwater are not easy to drain, so floods occur frequently, often causing floods, and the Chengdu Plain is often reduced to a swamp.As recorded in "Huayang Guozhi": "Jiangqian and Mianluo are ponds" [Jiangqian and Mianluo both refer to the current Chengdu Plain area]. On average, there will be a catastrophic flood every 20 to 30 years, and the houses of people and animals will disappear in an instant.And because there is no complete irrigation system, after the flood subsides in summer and autumn, it often causes drought.Therefore, before the completion of Dujiangyan, the Minjiang River has always been a river that threatened the lives and property of the people of the ancient Shu Kingdom.
The Western Sichuan Plain has been inhabited by the ancestors of Shu since the ancient Paleolithic Age. The ancestors fought tenaciously against the floods for a long time. The floods submerged the capital of the ancient Shu Kingdom many times.The capitals of ancient Shu moved repeatedly during water control, from the Minshan Mountains to Piyi, Xindu, Guangdu and even Chengdu.
The name of the city "Chengdu" has been used throughout the ages. Some people say that it means "it becomes a city in one year, and Chengdu in two years". It is called "cage", which is called "Chengdu" in the barbarian language, and "a capital is called a place where water stops", and there is a lot of water in Chili, so it is named "Chengdu".
Not only is the name "Chengdu" closely related to water, Chengdu is also known as "Turtle City".The origin of Turtle City is that it is said that when Qin Zhangyi built the city of Chengdu, the city walls were repeatedly built and collapsed, and it was always impossible to build it.Later, "Suddenly a big tortoise floated in the river and died in the southwest corner of Zicheng." Zhang Yi asked Wu Bu what this meant.Later, Zhang Yi really "built it according to the turtle's trace" and built a large-scale Chengdu city.
Among the Shu people who have struggled tenaciously with the flood for a long time, there are a lot of legends and myths about water, forming their own unique "water culture".
One of the legends is that when Chengdu was still a vast ocean, people borrowed land from the Dragon Palace of the Water Palace, and the Dragon King floated the land up after he proposed the condition of returning it within a time limit.
There is also a legend that a chief of the ancient Shu nationality led people to pray to Guanyin Bodhisattva, asking the Bodhisattva to use great magic power to move the sea away so that people could live and work in peace.Guanshiyin Bodhisattva agreed and was willing to lend a furnace of incense ash to people to fill the sea, on the condition that it must be returned after the five watch ringing.The chief and the people scattered the ashes into the sea, and in an instant, the vast green waves turned into a vast plain... People did not want to return the incense burners and ashes, and let the land be submerged by sea water again. The fifth watch will never sound again.
Many places in the Minjiang River Basin have legends about Dayu's birth and water control. Beichuan County and Wenchuan County in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River both consider themselves the hometown of Dayu. "Bamboo Book Chronicles" says: "Emperor Yu Xiahou's family. Mother is Xiusi... Xiusi cut his back and gave birth to Yu in Shiniu..." "Historical Records Six Kingdoms Chronology": "Yu flourished in Xiqiang." But Shi Where is New?Both Beichuan County and Wenchuan County have relics such as Shiniu, Jieerping, and Yuxue, and the debate has never ended.
As early as in the "Shangshu·Yu Gong", there is a record of "Minshan guides the river, and the east is Tuo". It is said that the "Nine Rivers" that Dayu first dredged included the Minjiang River.
As for Cong Dibie Ling's flood control, it is almost a household name.
According to legend, about 2,800 years ago, a flood wiped out the ancient city of Yufu in ancient Shu, and the Duyu Kingdom was established in succession.Du Yu established his capital in Piyi [now Pi County] at the foot of Wenshan [Minshan], and his other capital was Qushang [Where is Qushang today?There are many theories, and it may be in the area of Muma Mountain in today's Shuangliu County], "teaching the people to do farming".Du Yu, also known as Lord Du, was named Emperor Wang.
The advanced agricultural economy made the Kingdom of Du Yu more prosperous and powerful than the previous three generations of Shu kings. Its territory extends from Hanzhong in Shaanxi to the north, Yunnan and Guizhou to the south, and to the Minshan Mountains in the west.
After the Kingdom of Du Yu, the Kaiming family ruled Shu.
During the period of the first enlightenment of the Ming Dynasty, some water control activities may have been carried out in the Chengdu Plain.Historians believe that the turtle is the shell of the turtle, the spirit is the wizard, and the "bie spirit" is the wizard who uses the shell of the turtle as a magic weapon. "Shui Jing·Jiang Shui Zhu" quotes "Ben Shu Lun" and said that the Jing people made the corpse follow the water "to the foot of Wenshan Mountain, resurrected, and rise to see Emperor Wang", "Shu King Benji" said: "The turtle spirit corpse followed the water to the Pi Then live, and meet Emperor Wang." Emperor Wang appointed him as prime minister, and soon the Minjiang River flooded, and Du Yu sent Bieling to take charge of the flood control work.
Bie Ling should be a real historical figure, and he was from Ba. As for "his corpse followed the water", it should be that he migrated from Chu State along the river to the western Sichuan Plain.
Bieling succeeded in controlling the flood and was supported by the Shu people. He usurped Du Yu's throne and founded the Enlightened Dynasty.After Du Yu lost his throne, he lived in seclusion in the West Mountain [now Qingcheng Mountain]. It is said that after his death, his soul turned into a cuckoo. Every spring, he mourned day and night, and Shu people would miss Emperor Wang whenever they heard the cry of cuckoo, "It's better to go back". And Li Shangyin, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, also sighed "Wangdi Chunxin entrusts the cuckoo"...
However, although the enlightened dynasty dug some diversion rivers to divert part of the flood, but because the fundamental problem was not solved, floods and droughts still threatened the Chengdu Plain at any time, and since there were no rivers flowing through the city of Chengdu, there was no benefit of boats, and traffic was also limited. It is very inconvenient, which caused a great obstacle to economic development in ancient times when water transportation was mainly relied on.
Turtle Spirit Cong Di.Some people say that after Bieling "occupied the land of Bashu", out of the need to establish a country and secure the country, he borrowed the story of the abdication of Yao and Shun most admired by the people in the Central Plains, and changed it into Du Yu's abdication, to show that the king of Bieling has the way, and to consolidate their rule.But there is also another saying that Emperor Wang and Emperor Cong jointly developed the Chengdu Plain, and their merits and virtues are inseparable. Therefore, the Shu people who were grateful for them played down the resentment between them according to their own wishes, and turned into a Du Yu gave way to enlightened stories.As early as the Han Dynasty, people began to worship the two emperors Wangcong; after the Northern Song Dynasty, the two emperors began to worship together; after the Qing Dynasty, the Wangcong Temple in the south of Pixian County, Chengdu, gradually formed today, integrating the two emperors into one. There are Wangdi Mausoleum and Rhododendron Garden, as well as Congdi Mausoleum and Bieling Lake.This is the oldest and largest imperial mausoleum in Chengdu.It is very interesting that the emperors of two different dynasties were buried together.
The emergence of Dujiangyan has a specific social and historical background.
During the Warring States period, all the heroes rose together, and after the reforms, the backward Qin State became rich and powerful, eager to unify the world.If you want to unify the world, you must have a solid rear base to provide reliable manpower and material resources, so the lands of Ba and Shu entered Qin's field of vision.After analyzing the situation in Ba and Shu, Sima Cuo of Qin State believed that "If you win Shu, you will win Chu, and if Chu dies, the world will unite." King Hui of Qin adopted Sima Cuo's suggestion. In the autumn of 316 BC, he sent troops to attack Shu. The army of Shu was defeated, and the king of Shu was killed.
In order to build Shu into a reliable strategic base, water conservancy must be built.Before the construction of water conservancy, Qin State also took a series of major measures to stabilize the political situation. First of all, "immigrated Qin people and thousands of families", with the entry of immigrants, they brought the culture of the Central Plains and advanced production technology; at the same time, Chengdu City, Picheng City and Linqiong City were also built, making them not only new political and economic centers, but also military fortifications; in terms of economic development, a series of reforms were also carried out. Tieshi Guan and Changcheng... City Zhang Liesi, the same system as Xianyang", replacing the slavery workshops of the original Shu Kingdom with feudal individual industry and commerce.During the more than 30 years after Qin destroyed Shu, the Marquis of Shu and the Prime Minister of Shu rebelled three times. In addition to taking severe repressive measures, King Qin Zhaoxiang killed some Marquis of Shu unjustly and suspected of killing them. Shou, completely abolished the enfeoffment system and replaced it with the county system...
However, in the first few decades of Qin’s occupation of Shu, the local governors in charge of Shu were always busy with wars such as suppressing and “cutting down on Chu”, and did not manage floods, stabilize people’s livelihood, or develop agricultural production. It was not until Li Bing became the governor of Shu , this situation has fundamentally changed.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, another water control hero appeared in the Minjiang River Basin after Yu the Great. He was Li Bing, the Governor of Shu County in the Qin State. The first thing he wanted to control was the Minjiang River.
Look up and thank the sky, and bow your head to the ground. Fortunately, Bashu and China are lucky. More than two thousand years ago, there was a sheriff like Li Bing.
Li Bing served as the governor of Shu from 276 BC [the thirty-first year of King Qin Zhaoxiang] to 251 BC.In the Qin Dynasty, he was not particularly prominent, so that his ancestral home and life experience are untestable. Even when the great historian Sima Qian wrote about him, he simply recorded three words: "Shu Shou Bing". The surname Li was added in the "Han Shu Gou Wei Zhi" written by Ban Gu.However, he used a great water conservancy project to make it truly immortal, so that future generations will always remember that there have been such great philosophers, scientists and doers in the Chinese nation!The ancients once praised in reverence: "Shao's past is as holy as ice, loves the people as ice, endures hardships as steadfast as ice, and can defend the catastrophe and rejuvenate the great profit as ice..." "Loves the people" is the core of Li Bing's political program. Shou, he always thinks of benefiting the people and benefiting the descendants.
Li Bing's personality and leadership skills have convinced the politicians in central Shu to this day, and have had a huge and profound influence on them.
"Huayang Guozhi · Shu Zhi" contains: "After the Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, King Xiaowen of Qin [wrongly] took Li Bing as the guardian of Shu, and ice could know astronomy and geography.... Bing is the backwater of the river, passing through the Pijiang River and Jianjiang River. The tributary, both passing through the county, is used to sail boats....and irrigate the three counties and open rice fields.” According to the analysis of some literature and history researchers from fragmentary data, Li Bing was probably born in Longxi, and he knew astronomy, geography and hydrology. He is very familiar with agriculture and knows the importance of water conservancy. He has made contributions to the water control work in Longxi.After King Zhaoxiang of Qin appointed the politician Fan Ju as his prime minister, Fan Ju formulated the strategic policy of "distance friendship and close attack", which quickly advanced Qin's war to unify the world.The war needs materials, so Fan Ju put the development of the economy of Shu County on an important position, and recommended Li Bing, who is smart, honest, capable and politically capable, to be the governor of Shu County.
After Li Bing served as governor of Shu County, he faced severe floods. He traveled across the mountains and rivers to observe the situation of the mountains and the water conditions. He also learned about the situation from the local elders. Due to the reduced characteristics and the conditions of the mountain curve and ring on the left bank, we found favorable terrain for building canals. After absorbing the experience of the people on both sides of the Minjiang River in fighting against floods for many years, we carefully designed and formulated a water control plan, and rationally selected The location of the head of the canal is ingeniously arranged for the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project according to the situation.During the progress of the project, he visited the site many times to direct and solve difficult problems.So far, many legends and myths about him riding a horse to survey the Minjiang River and inspecting construction sites are still circulating among the common people.
The philosophy of the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project is: follow the nature and make the best use of the situation.Every detail of the entire project runs through this core.
Observing from the topography, the Chengdu Plain in the east of Dujiangyan looks like an open paper fan, and the west area of Dujiangyan City is just at the top of this paper fan, with an altitude of more than 700 meters. The terrain gradually falls to the southeast and reaches Chengdu. One area, down to more than 500 meters, forming a sloping zone.In terms of water conservancy science, this is the favorable condition for building water conservancy projects.Li Bing took advantage of this favorable terrain created by nature and adopted the scientific method of "diverting the flow to guide the river and building weirs to divert water" to create the great Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project.
Dujiangyan has had many different names in history. "Huayang Guozhi" called it "Wanyan" because the Yulei Mountain on the left bank of Dujiangyan was named Jianshan in ancient times, also known as Guankou Mountain. The ancients named it "Qianyan" because of the mountain; It is called "湔堋" and "Du'anyan". The former has the same meaning as "Huayang Guozhi", and the latter means to live and work in peace and contentment in Chengdu; It is called "Golden Embankment"; in the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed "楗wei Weir". The structure, shaped like a tail, can be adjusted freely; after the Song Dynasty, the "Dujiang" was said. In the Song Dynasty poet Fan Chengda's work "Wu Chuanlu": "The new work [Two Kings] The gate tower in front of the temple is magnificent, Next to the big river, it is called Dujiang." After the Yuan Dynasty, it was called "Dujiangyan", and there is such a record in the "Shuyan Monument" of the Yuan Dynasty: "There was no river in the old north, and the ice was cut away from the pile to avoid the foaming water. The harm, in the middle is Dujiangyan."
The Dujiangyan water conservancy project is different from many water conservancy projects in that it is uniquely scientific and creative. It scientifically uses the topography and adopts the project form of "water diversion without dams", and the construction is at the throat of the border between mountains and plains.The main project consists of three major projects: Dujiang Yuzui [dividing dike], Feishayan [spillway], and Baopingkou [water diversion].According to the principles of systems engineering, the three major projects have a rigorous structure, are interconnected and interdependent, and constitute a perfect and organic whole ingeniously, achieving the water control benefits of "diverting floods to reduce disasters and diverting water to irrigate fields" Far more important than a single project.
In order to use the water from the Minjiang River to irrigate the farmland, Li Bing conceived to cut a gap in the section of Yulei Mountain extending to the west of today's Dujiangyan City - Baopingkou. In order to allow enough water to enter Baopingkou, he first used water in the center of the river Bamboo cages filled with pebbles built a large weir, which is what the later "Huayang Guozhi" said "blocking the river as a wall", that is, blocking the river and building weirs.This is a leap forward in my country's water conservancy technology. It has improved water control from small-scale "dikes" to large-scale backwater and water diversion, so that river water can better meet people's needs.The front end of Dayan is the "fish mouth".The Yuzui water diversion embankment is built with bamboo cages and pebbles, which is said in "Yuanhe County Chronicles": "Bamboos are broken into cages, with a diameter of three feet and a length of ten feet. The stones are used to block the water."
The Yuzui dike is being built in the middle of the Minjiang River, on the bend of the riverbed after the Minjiang River rushes out of the mountain pass.The north side of the bend is a concave bank, and the south side is a convex bank, which is an ideal place for the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects.Viewed from a height, the entire dam looks like a huge whale on the sea, and the top of the dam is like a whale's mouth, so it is called the fish mouth.
Yuzui divides the Minjiang River into two, the Inner River and the Outer River.The Outer River is the mainstream of the Minjiang River, and its main function is to discharge floods and sand; while the Inner River is an artificially dug channel for irrigating farmland.The Outer River has many branches such as the Yangma River, Heishi River, and Shagou River; the Inner River also has tributaries such as the Puyang River, Baitiao River, and Zouma River. These branches each have many smaller branches, which makes the Chengdu Plain a national river canal One of the areas with dense water network.These canals are not only convenient for navigation, but also for irrigation.
In the season of spring plowing and water use, the water flows around the upper bend, and the mainstream flows straight down to the inner river. About 60% of the water enters the inner river, and about 40% of the water enters the outer river. In summer and autumn flood seasons, the situation is just the opposite, and the water level rises. Afterwards, the water potential is no longer restricted by the curve, and the main flow rushes down. The proportion of water entering the inner and outer rivers is reversed. The inner river enters about 40% of the water, while the outer river can enter 60%.
Modern water conservancy experts have conducted many measurements and experiments, and confirmed that when the flow of the Minjiang River is less than 500 cubic meters per second, the diversion ratio of the Neijiang River is close to 60%; 40% off.
In addition to perfectly solving the two major problems of irrigation and waterlogging, the fish mouth also plays another significant role, that is, sand removal.According to the natural laws of rivers and the scientific principle of "curve circulation", the bottom water carrying a large amount of sediment will naturally flow to the convex bank in the south, while the surface water with less sediment will always flow into the concave bank in the north automatically. The Neijiang River is on the concave bank, and the Outer River is on the convex bank. The natural terrain allows the fish mouth to not only divert water, but also divert sand.According to experiments, when the peak flow of the Minjiang River exceeds 1,700 cubic meters per second, the Neijiang River is already in the state of "water intake from the front", while the Outer River is in the state of "side sand discharge". The sand ratio is greater than that of Neijiang.This is what is said in the "Three Character Classics" of Dujiangyan water control, "dividing the fish mouth into four or six, flat and dry". made an immortal contribution to the development of
Immediately below the mouth of the fish is the Diamond Embankment.On the side of the Neijiang River is the Inner King Kong Embankment, and on the side of the Outer River is the Outer King Kong Embankment.The Jingang Dike is between Yuzui and Feishayan, shaped like a crescent moon, and is an indispensable part of Yuzui's connection with Feishayan.In ancient times, it was mistakenly believed to be Dujiangyan, so there is such a record in Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu·Jiangshui": "The river flows through Du'an County, where Li Bing made the big weir, and the blocked river was used as the gate, and the gate has left and right mouths. , It is called Jianyan....It is also called Jianyan, and it is also called Jindi."
In the past, many bank protection works were done with bamboo cage pebbles on the embankment of Jingang Dike to divert water downstream and ensure the diversion of the inner and outer rivers.
The second important project of Dujiangyan is the Feishayan spillway.
The overflow and sediment drainage project of Dujiangyan includes Feisha Weir and the attached miter dike.Feishayan, also known as Jianshui River, was called Shilangyan in the Tang Dynasty. It is at the lower end of Neijingang Dike. The current weir is about 270 meters long. It is opposite to Hutouyan on the left bank of the Neijiang River. 200 meters.It is the side spillway of the main canal of the Neijiang River, and its function is to discharge flood and flying sand.According to many years of actual measurement, it has a very good effect of draining flood and sand.
According to actual measurements by water conservancy workers, the greater the flow of the Neijiang River, the greater the flood discharge effect of Feishayan.For example, when a catastrophic flood occurs once in a century on the Minjiang River, Feishayan can discharge more than 75% of the flow of the inner river, ensuring the safety of the Chengdu Plain.The larger the flow rate, the higher the sand removal efficiency.
The height of Feisha Weir is determined according to the water consumption of the Neijiang River, which is lower than the height of the embankment.When the water level at Baopingkou exceeds a certain height, the top of the weir will automatically start to overflow, and due to the principle of horizontal water circulation, sand will be automatically discharged at the same time.The herringbone embankment is on the right side of Baopingkou, connecting Feishayan at the top and Lidui at the bottom. When the water level at Baopingkou is higher, the top of the dike will also overflow to the outer river.
When the Minjiang River floods from the high mountains were discharged, they carried a lot of sediment and other suspended matter along the way. Most of these things were discharged into the outer river when they passed through Yuzui, but 26% to 47% of them still entered the inner river every year. It is another engineering facility to deal with a large amount of sediment and suspended matter in the Neijiang River.When the water level at Baopingkou is at the twelfth mark, the flow of the Neijiang River is 330 cubic meters per second, and the Feishayan will start to overturn; when the flow of the Neijiang River exceeds 500 cubic meters per second, the Feishayan will start to fly sand; At 1,000 cubic meters per second, the flying sand ratio of the flying sand weir can reach more than 80%.
Hutouyan, on the other side of Feishayan, is steep and protrudes from the center of the river to the south.Whenever the river rises and the flood rolls down through the mouth of the fish, the stormy waves will rush to Hutou Rock steeply, and under the interception of the rock, a huge backflow will be formed, and the sediment and various suspended substances will be stirred rapidly in the backflow. , and had to divert southward, was thrown out of the Feishayan in the spiral flight and flew to the outer river.This method of forcing flood water and sediment out of the Feisha Weir is called "taking water from the front and discharging sand from the side".The sand discharge efficiency of the Feisha Weir is not mysterious, it is the result of the joint effect of the two flow states of "curve circulation" and "water intake from the front and sand discharge from the side".
Feishayan was built with pebbles in ancient times.At the end of the Qing Dynasty, bamboo cages were used to build vertically and horizontally, with plum blossom piles interspersed.During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Ding Baozhen once built huge stones and painted them with putty.
The height of the weir crest of Feisha Weir is strictly regulated. Since ancient times, there has been a rule of "low weir". Until now, although Feisha Weir has been poured with concrete, the rule of "low weir" still cannot be violated.
Although Feishayan can automatically discharge a lot of sediment, some of it will remain and deposit in the Fengqiwo area under Hutou Rock. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out dredging of the river bed and maintenance of Feishayan once a year, which is called "Suixiu". ".Li Bing summed up the famous scientific experience of "scouring the beach deep and making weirs low" in his Suixiu work, which was called "Liu Zi Jue" by later generations.Liu Zi Jue is not only a scientific method for Sui Xiu, but also a principle that must be followed to ensure the quality of the project.
"Deep panning" means that the riverbed must be panned to a certain depth.According to legend, Li Bing buried a stone horse under the river bed as a mark, and asked him to find the stone horse when he was repairing.Later, after years of erosion, the stone horse disappeared. Now the standard for cleaning the beach is three "horizontal irons" buried in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is enough to find three "horizontal irons" in the beach every year.
"Low weir" means that when the flying sand weir is being maintained, the weir crest cannot be built too high, so as to affect the flood and sand discharge.As for how low?This depends on the "water rules" of Baopingkou and the water consumption of the irrigation area.Now the crest of the weir is about level with the water, and there are fifteen strokes [each stroke is one city chi].If the water volume exceeds 15 strokes, the irrigation area will be flooded; on the contrary, if it is lower than 15 strokes, the irrigation area will be short of water.
The "Liu Zi Jue" is a valuable experience summed up by Li Bing in practice, and it is also the crystallization of science, which has been used by future generations for thousands of years.
The miter embankment is an auxiliary project of Feishayan. It is located downstream of Feishayan, close to the foot of Lidui, and is the second side spillway of the Neijiang main canal.In the past, it was built with bamboo cages and pebbles, 40 meters wide.It is used in conjunction with Baopingkou and Feishayan to drain excess water from the Neijiang River.
The third important project of Dujiangyan is the Baoping Water Diversion Port.
After the Neijiang River reached the end of Feishayan, it was blocked by a conglomerate slanting out of Yulei Mountain - Hutouyan -. A trapezoidal water diversion with a steep slope was dug in the low-lying part of the valley. This is the "treasure bottle mouth", which is the most spectacular place of the Dujiangyan project.
Baopingkou is located between Lidui and the cliff at the foot of Yulei Mountain. It is 13 meters high, 80 meters long and 43 meters wide.If you compare the Chengdu Plain to a big bottle, this is the mouth of the big bottle.After Baopingkou was cut open, the conglomerate isolated in the river was called "Lidui" by later generations.At this point in the Neijiang River, the width of the water surface has dropped from 70 meters to 14 to 24 meters. Lidui is surrounded by cliffs facing the river on three sides. Fulong Temple, an ancient building, is said to have been built in the Jin Dynasty to worship Li Bing.
It is said that when the mountain was first dug, because the rock of Hutouyan was extremely hard, the ancestors of ancient Shu, under the leadership of Li Bing, built blocks on the rock, heated it with a big fire, then poured water to cool it suddenly, and then chiseled it with simple iron tools. Opening the slightly cracked rocks, after a lot of hard work, I was finally done.
According to "Huayang Guozhi", after the completion of the Dujiangyan project, after years of actual observation, Li Bing mastered the law of water level changes and irrigation needs at Baopingkou, so he ordered people to set up three stone figures by the water and engraved them Explanation of "do not reach your feet when you are dry, do not reach your shoulders when you rise, and the amount of water in the middle of the year should be taken as the degree".With the further understanding of the water regime, later generations carved dozens of divisions on the rock on the left side of the treasure bottle mouth, and named it "Shui Ze", which is what people call "Water Ruler". When the water surface reaches the eleventh stroke, the irrigation water required by the Neijiang River will be sufficient, and when the water surface exceeds the nineteenth stroke, it will be drained to the Outer River.This may be the earliest water level gauge in our country.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, according to years of actual measurement by water conservancy workers, no matter how much floods occur in the Minjiang River, the flow introduced by Baopingkou will never exceed 700 cubic meters per second, which not only ensures irrigation and urban water use, but also prevents floods. Disaster, what a wonderful project!Du Fu, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem saying: "The people of Shu have boasted for a thousand years, and the overflow is not close to Zhang Yilou." It is precisely to praise the controlling role of Baopingkou.
During the construction of Dujiangyan, there was neither steel nor cement, so what were the building materials?Li Bing found bamboo, wood, pebbles and other materials from the materials used in the houses of local residents, and after experiments, he cleverly used these materials in the project.The ancestors were mobilized to obtain local materials, and through techniques such as 杩槎, bamboo cages, sheep pens, and pile construction, the project has achieved the characteristics of simple structure, convenient construction, low cost, and significant benefits.This set of effective engineering skills has been passed down from generation to generation and has become a treasure in water conservancy construction.
In the Han Dynasty, Dujiangyan’s unique method of building weirs with bamboo cages and stones had been popularized throughout the country. A prominent example is "Treating the Yellow River".In the first four years of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty [29 BC] the Yellow River burst, and Wang Yanshi, a native of Shu, successfully blocked it with bamboo cages and stones.According to the records of "Hanshu Gouweizhi": "[Yellow] River is determined by Guantao and Dongjun Jindi, flooding Baogunyu, entering the plain for thousands of times, Jinan Fanguan four counties, thirty-two counties, and fifteen water residences. More than 10,000 hectares, the depth is three feet, and there are 40,000 ruined official pavilions and houses. The cage was four feet long, nine walls wide, and filled with small stones. Two boats carried it down, and the embankment was completed in thirty-six days." Emperor Cheng promoted him to the post because Wang Yanshi was good at strategizing, and his efforts were saved. Doctor Guanglu. This incident is recorded in "Huayang Guozhi·Shu Zhi".The "Yuanhe county annals" of the Tang Dynasty also clearly recorded the fact that Wang Yanshi used Li Bing's method to build the weir: "The Weiwei weir is twenty-five miles southwest of the county, and Li Bing made it to prevent the river from breaking. The broken bamboo is a cage, and the diameter is round. It is three feet long and ten feet long, and it is filled with stones, which are tired and block the water. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, the Huzi River was cut off, and Wang Yanshi blocked it, so he used this method."
Li Bing has made great achievements in water control. Since the completion of Dujiangyan, "Shu is fertile and wild, and it is called land and sea. When it is dry, it will be soaked with water, and when it rains, it will block the water gate. Therefore, it is written: "Floods and droughts follow people, and they don't know famine. There is no famine year. The world calls it Tianfu'". 【"Huayang Kingdom Chronicle"】
On March 3, 1974, when Dujiangyan was constructing the Waijiang Gate and excavating the foundation of the lower cable bridge, a stone statue of Li Bing, a sculpture of the Han Dynasty, was unearthed, with a calm expression and a smile, with an inscription in official script on its sleeves and lapel: " Therefore, the Lord Li of Shu County taboo Bing Jianning first year leap month Wushen Shuo twenty-five day capital water rafters; Although Xing Lishu does not respect Li Bing as a god like later generations, it provides physical evidence for the historical records that Li Bing presided over the construction of Dujiangyan Project.
When it comes to Li Bing's construction of Dujiangyan, there is another important question that must be clarified, that is, "who excavated Lidui"?
Since the Song Dynasty, there have been some debates surrounding this issue.In recent years, some people believe that the mountain on the left bank of Dujiangyan is now called Yulei Mountain, and Lidui was excavated from Yulei Mountain, so they conclude that Dujiangyan was founded by the enlightened king of Shu, and Lidui was excavated by enlightened people.Some people also believe that Kaiming once excavated Yulei Mountain, but he did not dig through it. It was Li Bing who completed his unfinished business.
What is the truth?Scholars Zhong Tiankang and others have carefully researched and analyzed this issue.
First of all, Zhong Tiankang and others believe that it is necessary to find out the origin of "enlightenment".Kaiming is the reign title of Congdi, King of Shu in the sixth century BC, which evolved from "Bie Ling Water Control".However, there is no record about the turtle spirit's water control in "Shang Shu", "Historical Records" and other classics. Only in "Shui Jing Zhu" quoted Min "Ben Shu Lun" said: "Jing people ordered the death of the turtle, and its corpse With the water, the people of Jing couldn’t ask for it. Let Zhiwen Mountain come back to life. Stand up to see Emperor Wang....Emperor Wang established himself as a relative. At that time, Wushan was narrow and the water in Shu was stagnant, so the emperor ordered the Wu Gorge to be dug into the water, and Shu obtained the land.”其他如《风俗通义》、《路史》等中也是类似的说法，这些记载基本形成了鳖令治水的故事，说明在公元前6世纪，蜀国曾遭受过一次特大洪水，造成灾害的原因是巫山【峡】狭窄的出口，让水不能畅流。
在《蜀王本纪》【按徐中舒考证，此书为蜀汉谯周所作，而不是西汉扬雄】中，这种说法有了变化，成为：“荆有一人名鳖灵，其尸亡去，荆人求之不得。鳖灵尸随江水上，至郫，遂活，与望帝相见。望帝以鳖灵为相。时玉山出水，若尧之洪水，望帝不能治，使鳖灵决玉山，民得安处。”在《华阳国志》中也有：“开明决玉垒山以除水害。”
在这些记载中，“鳖令”变成了具有神话意味的“鳖灵”，而“凿巫山”又变成了“决玉山”或“决玉垒山”。
其实，因“玉山出水”而又要去“决玉山”，本来已是一个自相矛盾的说法。
再则，巫山在哪里？而玉垒山又在哪里呢？
钟天康等人认为，能使蜀水不流的巫山只能是蜀国境内的巫山，而不会是巴楚交界处今巫山县的巫山三峡。因为巫山县山峡的海拔高度比成都平原要低得多，不可能使“蜀水不流”，而鳖令也不可能越过巴国到千里之外的巴楚交界处去治水。因此他凿通的应是今金堂县的金堂峡——金堂峡一段的沱江，在民间或历史上曾被称为巫江，金堂峡入口上游与旧城相对处，曾有巫江镇，这里至今还有众多鳖灵治水的记载和遗迹，而在都江堰市和蜀中的其他地方却没有发现过这样的记载和遗迹。因此，鳖灵疏通的是金堂峡，“决玉山”应是“决巫山”之误。
《读史方舆纪要》、《舆地纪胜》、《四川通志》、《金堂县志》、《蜀中名胜记》等典籍中都有鳖令在金堂治水的记载。
从地形上看来，蜀地壅江的地方也应该是金堂峡。据调查，只要金堂峡壅水的水头达到40米高，成都平原许多地方便会成为泽国；而达到50米高，蜀国的都城郫县也会受到威胁，淹没的土地会在60万亩以上了。
而常璩在《华阳国志》中犯了个错误，把误称的“玉山”【实为巫山】又加了一个“垒”字变成了“玉垒山”。古玉垒山本在今阿坝州的汶川县，都江堰左岸的山，古名湔山，又名灌口山，凿离堆是凿的“湔山”，而不是开明那个“玉垒山”，湔山是从唐代以后才被人讹称为玉垒山的。
因此，即使是“开明决玉垒”或决玉山，也绝对与都江堰的离堆无关。
李冰在蜀执政的几十年中，除了创建都江堰外，还开凿和疏导了“成都二江”，即郫江和流江【今府河和南河】。“二江”是岷江内江水系中段的干流。内江水系在成都平原上一直呈扇状分布，在李冰治水前，这些密布的大小河流，漫漶地流动着，时而泛滥，时而沮湿，给古成都带来极大灾难。李冰带领古蜀人疏通“二江”后，让散漫的水流都归入“二江”，使之在灌溉、航运和环境方面都发挥出巨大作用，成为沟通成都与东、南、西三个方面的水路运输，并成为平原中部的灌溉大动脉，让成都终于成为两河之间农业发达、物产丰盈的富庶地区。
除了修建都江堰和开通“二江”外，李冰在“二江”上架设了七座美丽的桥梁，宛如天上的北斗七星；
李冰开挖了石犀溪于江南，命曰犀牛里；
李冰自湔堰上分穿了羊摩江，以灌江西；
李冰疏导了文井江、洛水、绵水，在平原上挖掘了大量灌溉支渠；
李冰在世界上首创打井技术，在广都【今双流、仁寿】一带打出了我国第一批盐井；
李冰治理了南安【今乐山】江道，并整治了长江水道，大大发展了蜀中的水运事业；
李冰带领先民努力发展农业生产，并改山地为梯田；
李冰与汉中郡合作，凿通千里栈道，努力改变“蜀道之难，难于上青天”的局面……
总之，李冰打造出了一个“天府之国”，司马迁考察都江堰后，曾在《史记·河渠书》中感叹道：“西瞻蜀之岷山及离堆，北自龙门至于朔方，曰，甚哉，水之为利害也！”
从此，成都平原便“沟洫脉散，疆里绮错，黍稷油油，梗稻莫莫”【晋左思《蜀都赋》】，而我国在世界上也首创了“水利”一词。
都江堰的建成，加速了蜀地的开发，随着历史的发展，得都江堰之利的成都平原日益富饶，四川成为中国的国中之国——取代汉中平原成为“天府之国”。从此，中华民族有了一个可靠的战略基地；而当我们的民族遇到重大灾难时，“天府之国”又往往成为整个民族的大后方。
直到20世纪抗日战争时期仍然如此，有了都江堰灌溉的天府之国，浴血奋战的中华民族，才在相当程度上解除了后顾之忧。而在国土大量沦丧的时候，除300万川军慷慨出征外，位居大后方的四川民众，对民族解放战争从人力、物力、财力各方面作出了伟大的贡献，庇护了来自“沦陷区”各地的人们，和侵略者殊死搏斗，以致有的史家称，抗日战争的后半段，几乎是四川在和日本厮杀。
所以有人说，都江堰“毫不夸张地说，它永久性地灌溉了中华民族”。
有了都江堰，秦始皇才得以实现“得蜀则得楚，得楚则天下并矣”的战略方针，完成了统一天下的大业。
从鸿门宴上逃得性命的刘邦，也是靠萧何“发蜀汉粟补给军食，发其兵卒，以补伤疾”，才建立了统一的汉王朝。
秦汉时期，当南方长江流域许多地方还处在刀耕火种的原始农业阶段，由于都江堰及一系列水利工程的兴建，成都平原大举开发，成为全国三个主要经济区之一，而且迅速以丰富的物产和经济上的实力超过了原被称为“天府之国”的关中平原，跃居三河地区【河东、河内、河南】之上。汉代成都已与洛阳、临淄、邯郸、宛城并列，成为全国“五都”名城之一。
据汉人记载，都江堰在汉代已“灌田万顷”——约为今70万亩。《汉书》称，到西汉末年，已出现了“巴、蜀、广汉……土地肥美，有山水沃野，民食稻鱼，亡凶年忧”，“世平道治，民物阜康”的富庶景象。这时四川已有多余的粮食可供外省或外省移民入川就食。西汉初年，“关中大饥，米斛万钱，……今民就食蜀汉”。汉武帝时，“山东被河灾，及岁不登数年……下巴蜀粟以赈焉”。
东汉末年，战乱频繁，但因“益州险塞”，中原战争对四川的波及不大，正是有了富饶的巴蜀，才有了诸葛亮著名的《隆中对》和刘备的三分天下有其一。在《隆中对》中，诸葛亮把蜀地视为“沃野千里，天府之土”，正是由于有了这一片“天府之土”，刘备进取巴蜀后，才能以狭小的成都平原与占据中原地区和长江中下游的曹魏和孙吴政权抗衡，并形成鼎足之势。
唐初，黄河流域的战乱刚刚平息，关中及中原地区都出现了饥馑，成都平原运粮“以实京师”并“救饥人”。因此陈子昂说：“蜀为西南一都会，国家之宝库，天下珍宝，聚出其中，又人富粟多，顺江而下，可以兼济中国。”
唐代是都江堰水利工程发展史上的兴盛时期。在巩固、恢复和发展都江堰的同时，还运用都江堰的治水经验，在川西地区兴办了一批新的水利工程，有的至今还在发挥效益。当时，成都平原是“天孙纵有闲针线，难绣西川百里图”，成了天下最富庶的地方之一。“安史之乱”时，许多人避乱入蜀；在唐末五代的移民高潮中，移居蜀地的人更多。成都平原人口大量增加，据《唐书·地理》统计，当时剑南道共2府、38州、189县，计496万人，而其中仅成都府10县就有92.8万多人，占了五分之一，整个都江堰灌区更达193万人，占剑南道的40％。成都盛极一时，成为“扬一益二”——仅次于扬州的喧然名都。
都江堰，在唐代诗人的笔下留下了许多美丽的诗句。如岑参的《石犀》：
杜甫的《石犀行》：
他在《江村》一诗中，以“清江一曲抱村流，长夏江村事事幽”的名句描绘出了成都平原流水潺潺、景色如画的夏季田园风光。
李白在《送友人入蜀》中，也这样赞美：“芳树笼秦栈，春流绕蜀城。”
另一位诗人高骈在《锦江春望》一诗中，描写了成都美丽的春天：
宋代，成都平原已“无寸土之旷，岁三四收”，都江堰灌区发展到12县，成都平原“禾黍连云种”【陆游诗】，稻谷如黄云，粮食、食盐自给有余，手工业高度发达。蜀中麻布产量居全国之冠，茶叶产量占全国一半以上，漆器、金银器都十分有名。
蜀中自古有栽桑养蚕的传统，殷代的甲骨文上已有“蜀”字，据考证，“蜀”字是野蚕的象形。成都织锦工业发展很早，早在春秋战国时代，已初具规模。都江堰的建成，促进了桑蚕生产和织锦工业，以致“技巧之家，百室离房，机杼相和”。【左思《蜀都赋》】三国蜀汉财政收入大部分来自蜀锦，诸葛亮曾说：“决敌之资，唯仰锦耳！”蜀锦不仅在国内享有盛名，而且远销国外，从成都南去，经云南而往印度、阿富汗等地。唐朝鉴真和尚东渡，还把蜀锦和蜀锦制品带到了日本。早在汉代，成都便设了“锦官”，因此，成都又被称为“锦官城”，简称“锦城”。汉代以来，蜀锦织成后“濯于江水，其文分明，胜于初成，他水濯之不如江水也”。因此城南的流江【今南河】被称为濯锦江、锦江。诗人曾咏叹这如诗如画的美景：“濯锦江边两岸花，春风吹浪正淘沙。女儿剪下鸳鸯锦，将向中流定晚霞。”【刘禹锡】
成都地区最早开发天然气，“风流千古”卓文君的故乡邛崃煮盐即用天然气。这里也是我国最早冶炼铜铁的基地之一。司马错伐蜀后，曾在成都市内设盐铁市官。秦始皇迁富豪之家入蜀，原在赵国就以冶铁致富的卓氏，到邛崃继续从事“铁山鼓铸”，从山东迁来的程郑，也在邛崃炼铁，均为巨富。
在国外，纸币最早出现于1692年英国统治下的北美。而在我国，公元998年至1022年间，成都就出现了纸币，比西方国家早了600多年——宋真宗时，成都16家富商联合起来发行“交子”，天圣元年【1023年】在成都增设了“益州交子务”的官署，直接发行“交子”，“交子”完全具有了纸币的性质。
“金城石廓”“既丽且崇”的成都，古代商业便十分发达。“市廛所会，万商成渊。列隧百重，罗肆巨千。贿货山积，纤丽星繁。”汉代已是西南最大的中心城市。唐代的成都市场上，不仅有许多种类的手工业品，而且有丰富的农副土特产品，茶叶交易十分活跃，蚕市也十分兴旺。从州府到农村形成了较完备的流通网络。
宋代成都出现了药市、灯市、花市三大市，药材市场对全国都有一定影响。正是由于商品交换规模日益扩大，成都才在全国率先发行了纸币。
成都很早就有各具特色的市场，如正月灯市、二月花市、三月蚕市、四月锦市、五月扇市、六月香市、七月七宝市、八月桂市、九月药市、十月酒市、十一月梅市、十二月桃符市等。从遗留至今的街名，如盐市口、珠市街、骡马市、草市街、牛市口、羊市街等，还可以让人想到当日的盛况。
李冰开二江后，“此渠皆可行舟”，成都地区古代航运十分发达。楚汉垓下决战时，“蜀汉之粟万船而下”支援汉军；据记载，西汉时，成都已出现有船舶千只以上的富商，货物运到吴楚、岭南，甚至国外；东汉时公孙述在成都造“十层赤楼帛兰船”；西晋“王浚楼船下益州”，在成都建水量达百吨以上的连舫楼船，顺江伐吴；唐代，成都仍是“门泊东吴万里船”，甚至“楼船百艘，塞江而至”，成都平原的粮食，仍然通过船舶运往中原；后蜀孟知祥曾在府河检阅溯江而上的水军战舰；宋代，成都曾用拆除后蜀宫殿的材料造大船200艘，满载蜀宫的器物珍宝到达汴京；元代，二江“舟楫如蚁”，按《马可·波罗行记》中的记载，当时二江的情况是这样的：
向西骑行山中，经二十日程，抵一平原，地属一州，名成都府。
有一大川经此大城。川中多鱼，川流甚深，广半里。长延至于海洋，其距离有八十日或百日程，其名曰江水，水中船舶甚众，未闻未见者必不信其有之也。商人运载商货，往来上下游。世界之人，无有能想象其甚者。此川之广，不类河流，竟似一海。
城内川上有一大桥，用石建筑，宽八步，长半里。桥上两旁列有大理石柱，上承桥顶。盖自此端达彼端，有一木制桥顶，甚坚，绘画颜色鲜明。桥上有房屋不少。商贾工匠，列肆执艺其中。
清代中后期，成都仍然“城内外河道甚多”，“船舟终岁可行。惟自西历十一月以迄五月，止有小船，上溯可自嘉定【今乐山】以上。……其余六个月，江水暴涨，船重百吨者，亦可开至成都，毫无阻碍。如是成都遂成为长江上流尽头之埠”。【马尼爱《游历四川成都记》】
清末至民国，二江航运能力逐渐下降。抗战时期，由于抵抗日本侵略的需要，水运曾一度振兴。抗战胜利后，虽然陆路运输兴起，水运有所萎缩，但仅成都至嘉定一段，每年上下的船筏仍在两千只以上。新中国成立初期，江中每年漂运木材仍达50万立方米，成都至乐山仍可通行载重10吨的木船。
经济的发展带来了文化的繁荣。
汉初文翁在成都兴学，在全国首创地方官学，在中国的教育史上写下了光辉的一页。
成都是我国最早使用雕版印刷的中心之一。从唐、五代到宋朝，成都的雕版印刷水平一直居全国前列，不但对中国，而且对世界文化作出了重大贡献。
唐代的“药王”孙思邈曾长期在成都行医。宋代的药物学家、《证类本草》的作者唐慎微，《黄帝素问·灵枢集注》的作者史崧都是成都人。
成都地区哲学、史学发达。是道教发源地和佛教盛地。张道陵在大邑鹤鸣山创道教，都江堰市的青城山是全国五大洞天之一。成都作《蜀记》、《蜀志》者甚多，常璩的《华阳国志》是我国第一部系统的地方史著作。
汉文学的代表体裁是“赋”，西蜀被称为汉赋的故乡。蜀中才子司马相如、扬雄到长安后，达到了汉赋成就的顶峰，特别是司马相如更成为汉赋定型化的奠基者，对后代产生了深远影响。
唐宋时期是成都古典城市文化的极盛时期。丰富的物产、美丽的风景、良好的气候、好娱乐游赏的民风，培育出了大量音乐家、诗人和画家，也让许多画家和文学家长期流寓于成都。李白、杜甫、白居易、岑参、李商隐、陆游、范成大等等，他们在成都创作出了大量不朽的传世之作。以诗圣杜甫为例，他在成都地区创作了260多首诗篇，其中的《茅屋为秋风所破歌》、《蜀相》、《登楼》等一直脍炙人口。而苏轼更是蜀文化的骄傲，作为诗、词、文章、书法集大成的天才，苏门三学士几乎垄断了宋代文坛。唐末五代全国五分之一的名画家移居成都，以至大慈寺成为唐宋时期全国绘画雕塑的宝库。
后蜀时期，成都出现了中国的第一部词集《花间集》。
唐宋时期，成都地区的音乐、舞蹈、戏剧都极为发达。“喧然名都会，吹箫间笙簧”，“锦城丝管日纷纷，半入江风半入云”【杜甫】，“锦机玉工不知数，深夜穷巷闻吹笙”【陆游】是诗人的真实写照。
有山则青，有水则灵，都江堰建成、二江凿通后，成都形成了异常优美的城市环境，全城碧水名园交相辉映，既是“锦城”又是“花城”。五代时孟昶倡导在城墙上遍植芙蓉后，秋季花开时节，“四十里如锦绣”，因而成都又获得了“蓉城”的美名。
巍巍青山，滔滔碧水，在李冰的领导下，蜀人创造了都江堰文明，都江堰给成都平原带来了巨大的、足以自豪的财富。
但是，应该正视，在形成“民食稻鱼，亡凶年忧”的同时，成都平原在某种程度上也背上了“自我满足”的沉重包袱，以致“游赏之盛，甲于西蜀”，“俗不愁苦，而轻意淫佚”，“俗尚纤啬