Chapter 23 Chapter Ten We Won

While China and Japan were fighting fiercely on the Burmese battlefield, the domestic situation in China was relatively peaceful.After all, Japan's national strength is limited, and it is impossible to fight on two battlefields at the same time.Therefore, from 1942 to the first half of 1943, there were basically no major wars in the country.The exhausted national government finally won a precious breathing time. At the end of 1942, Soong Meiling took the opportunity to travel to the United States. There are two biggest gains from this trip: First, persuade Roosevelt to increase aid to China.

By the first half of 1944, the US aid to China had risen to nearly 50,000 tons per month. Second, it directly contributed to Chiang Kai-shek's participation in the Cairo Conference. Originally, Roosevelt and Churchill did not want to play with Chiang Kai-shek, but Soong Meiling's diplomatic operation had an effect. The two felt that it was "necessary" to communicate directly with Chiang Kai-shek face-to-face. , US, UK.China's salted fish turned around and established its status as one of the four major powers-the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and China.France was kicked out, which is expected, after all, a country that surrendered to Germany soon after the war has no qualifications and value.Of course, the Cairo Conference was at the end of 1943.

In 1943, when Chiang Kai-shek was so excited that he could attend the Cairo Conference that he could not sleep, exciting good news came from the domestic and international battlefields. In February, when winter was about to pass, the Battle of Stalingrad ended with the victory of the Soviet Red Army's arduous human sea tactics. In the beginning of summer, in May, the eve of the expeditionary force stationed in India preparing to counterattack Burma, the Japanese army seemed to smell something dangerous, so they preemptively launched an attack on the national army stationed in western Hubei, intending to break into Chongqing and destroy the Nationalist government. , known as the "Battle of Western Hubei" in history.The Shipai Fortress in Yichang, Hubei, where the throat from western Hubei to Chongqing is located, was the focus of the Japanese attack.

Seventeen hundred years ago, the famous "Battle of Yiling" in the history of the Three Kingdoms broke out here.Lu Xun, the rising star of the Wu Kingdom, defeated the old predecessor Liu Bei in one fell swoop.Since then, the Kingdom of Shu has never recovered. After 1,700 years, the defender of Shipai was replaced by Hu Lian, who was also a rising star. Hu Lian is a native of Shaanxi, a fourth-year student in Whampoa. He uses soldiers "as cunning as a fox and as brave as a tiger". He is a subordinate that Chen Cheng relies on very much. In this campaign, Hu Lian successfully replicated the miracle created by Lu Xun back then.He led the eleventh division under his command to win more with less, and guarded the throat of Sichuan, forcing the Japanese army to fall short.This is called "Shi Pai Defense War".

In midsummer July, the German army was blocked in the Battle of Kursk.At the same time, Allied forces landed in Sicily, Italy.The European battlefield situation reversed. In September of the golden autumn, seeing that the situation was not good, Italy took advantage of the wind and captured its leader Mussolini, taking the lead in surrendering unconditionally. In November, when the winter entered, the Japanese army started the "Battle of Changde" to "surround Wei and save Zhao" in order to contain the Chinese army from counterattacking Burma.From the initial peripheral battle, to the subsequent suburban battle, and finally to the final Changde city defense battle, the Chinese army will fight for every inch of land and regard death as home. The battle is extremely tragic and tragic.

On November 15, Peng Shiliang, a fourth-term student of the Whampoa Military Academy and Lieutenant General of the Fifth Division of the Seventy-third Army, died in battle! On November 20, Xu Guozhang, Lieutenant General and Commander of the 150th Division of the Sichuan Army, died in battle! On November 22, Yu Chengwan, a first-term student of Huangpu, the guard of Changde City, and the commander of the 57th Division of the 74th Army, led 8,000 soldiers, and began to hold back 30,000 Japanese troops for 16 days and nights. Less than 100 people survived. A heroic course in which everyone died in battle!

December 1, 1943. On this day, Sun Mingjin, a student of the sixth phase of Whampoa and the lieutenant general of the Tenth Preparatory Division, died heroically for the country. On this day, the eight thousand soldiers guarding Changde City are running out. On this day, Zhang Lingfu and Fang Xianjue (please pay attention to this person) who later repelled the Japanese army and regained Changde were still fighting left and right on the way to rescue Changde. On the same day, China, the United States and the United Kingdom officially issued the "Cairo Declaration". There is no need to say more provocative words.The specific process of this battle can be found in two literary works, one is Zhang Henshui's novel, and the other is the movie "Blood in the Lonely City".

... In short, the situation of the Japanese has become worse than ever. In the European battlefield, Germany's defeat is only a matter of time. In the Pacific battlefield, after the Battle of Midway Island, the US Pacific Fleet blocked the sea passage, and the Japanese invaders who lacked ships could only look at the ocean and sigh. On the battlefield in Southeast Asia, facing the land attack of the Chinese Expeditionary Force and the naval blockade of the United States, the Japanese army has fallen into a desperate situation of isolation and helplessness.The Japanese invaders wanted to break out of China, but they were blocked in the Nu River.

As for the battlefield in mainland China, the Japanese army was in a hurry but had nowhere to attack in the face of the Chinese army that couldn't hold on to it, put up iron buckets and turtles, and was determined to take time. Germany can no longer afford to be hurt, Italy is weak, and Japan cannot afford to wait.Once Germany is defeated, the Allied forces will besiege Japan, and Japan will be completely finished.Therefore, the Japanese must take advantage of the fact that the two powers of the Soviet Union and the United States have not withdrawn from Europe, and rescue the 500,000 troops who are trapped in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean and are about to starve to death.

If Japan wants to rescue the trapped 500,000 troops, it must open a land line of communication on Chinese soil, that is, connect the Ping-Han, Guangdong-Han, and Hunan-Guangxi railways, so that the Japanese troops in Southeast Asia and the Japanese troops in mainland China Together, even if there is no sea traffic, logistics can still be replenished by land. Moreover, Japan must also destroy the US air base in China.At this moment, American planes flying from China can already attack the Japanese mainland.This is definitely a very fatal thing for Japan, and it will seriously shake the Japanese will to fight.

Based on this situation, the lingering Japanese decided to use their last strength to organize the largest battle—the Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, which was the "No. 1 Battle Plan" that the Japanese had already begun to brew. Japan quietly carried out the most painful mobilization for war in the history of the country. The Japanese's combat preparations were so comprehensive that it was almost unimaginable.They dug out all the materials that can support the war, such as oil, weapons and ammunition, horses, transport vehicles, boats, medical equipment, and military rations at the bottom of the press box.Even the tank divisions that had never been used on the Chinese battlefield, including the comfort women, were all dispatched.In a word, the Japanese took everything they could get. Anyway, if they don't take it this time, they will never have the chance to take it again. The Japanese also mobilized a large number of elites from the "Kwantung Army" and the "Chinese Expeditionary Army", together with more than 100,000 people recruited reluctantly from the country, they gathered 500,000 troops.After the newly recruited troops went to China, the males in Japan, except those under sixteen, were over sixty, and they were basically toddlers and uncles who couldn't walk. This is an unprecedented all-out attack since Japan became an army, and its mobilization scale even greatly surpassed the "Russian-Japanese War" during the Meiji period. This was a desperate gamble that completely emptied Japan's last war potential. ... While the Japanese were jumping up and down to gamble, the Chinese expeditionary force was progressing very smoothly in Burma, and the European allied forces also began a large-scale counterattack. As a result, most people including Chiang Kai-shek—including Tang Enbo, Xue Yue, and Bai Chongxi, who will appear again below—felt that "the sun in the west is about to set, and the end of the devil is coming", and there was a general "wait for it" "Victory", completely unaware that the Japanese gambler who has put his underwear on is performing the final madness. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek's coping strategy is very simple and safe, just four words - stick to it and wait for help.In other words, firmly guard the several roads leading to Chongqing, and keep the capital and the central government.Then, on the one hand, wait for the elite expeditionary force to wipe out the Japanese army in Southeast Asia and eliminate worries; on the other hand, wait for the Soviet Union and the United States to withdraw from the European battlefield and intervene in the war against Japan. On the surface, this seems to be a very safe strategy-the battle has been fought to this point, and there is no need to take risks.Safety first, safety first!Since there are powerful allies, brothers, let's wait until we have all of them together before fighting.How safe it is to use the more to win the less, to use the strong to bully the weak!What's more, Chiang Kai-shek also saved a lot for himself-don't fight it all, so as not to let the CCP take advantage of it. However, what happened next proved that Chiang Kai-shek's idea was so terrible that it almost killed him. History has entered 1944. In April, the Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi officially started. The purpose of the first phase of the Japanese army was to open up the Ping-Han Railway. The battle took place in Henan, known as the "Battle of Central Henan" in history. The commander of the Japanese army was Ningji Okamura, with 150,000 troops under his command; his opponent was Tang Enbo, with 300,000 troops. Since the bursting of the Huayuankou embankment, the people of Henan have fallen into extreme hardship. After the flood, there will be a plague of locusts, and after the plague of locusts, there will be a drought. However, the local people think that there are not three disasters in Henan but four disasters: water, drought, locusts, and soup. This soup is Tang Enbo. Objectively speaking, Tom Cruise still had the determination to fight against Japan. He performed well in the "Battle of Nankou" and "Battle of Taierzhuang" in the early days of the War of Resistance, but his administrative ability was seriously problematic. In order to support his army, Cruise used two methods. One way is to engage in trade.It is said to be engaged in trade, but in fact it is to be a "bad man".Buying and selling goods in reverse, earning the price difference.A lot of money was earned, but it also corrupted many officers. The second method is to collect taxes.Regardless of the reality of successive years of disasters in Henan, he unscrupulously shifted the heavy burden of military expenditures to the poor people.In addition, many troops under his command have loose military discipline and often harass the people, so it is appropriate to call him a harm. Then again, the reason why Tang Enbo had such a bad reputation had something to do with the general environment at that time. Years of wars and natural and man-made disasters have left the people in a state of self-destruction.Government departments only care about collecting taxes and rarely help the people.This prevents the public from feeling the presence of the government when they need it the most.And when the country is invaded by foreign enemies, the government asks the people to shoulder their obligations to the country, and those who have money will give money, and those who have no money will give their lives.Therefore, the relationship between many local governments and local people is not very harmonious. The topic returns to the battlefield. If corruption breeds in an army and there is no military discipline, what combat effectiveness is there to expect?What's more, most of Tang Enbo's troops are recruits. In the past three years, they have not fought a tough battle with the Japanese army.If you haven't fought a tough battle, your combat effectiveness is naturally not guaranteed. The most terrible thing is that Neiji Okamura has made sufficient preparations.In order to make his best "surprise attack" tactic faster, higher and stronger, this old boy not only mobilized a large number of tanks and air force, but also made very careful preparations and plans. If you do mental calculations but don't care about it, use the lion to fight the rabbit to attack the opponent who is not mentally prepared and the strength is absolutely at a disadvantage. The result is not difficult to predict. During the more than one-month battle, although many national troops on the Henan battlefield made resolute resistance, such as the Luoyang defense battle and the Xuchang defense battle, they fought terribly. He died heroically in the battle, but Tom cruise still failed to withstand the Japanese attack and was beaten by Neiji Okamura.Fortunately, at the critical moment, Cruise commanded properly and led the army to escape.Although he was a little embarrassed, he finally preserved his strength. After taking Luoyang, the Japanese army had two choices. Choose one, march into Hubei and westward into Chongqing. Option two, attack Tongguan and march into Shaanxi, and enter Chongqing from the north. Once Chongqing fell, Chiang Kai-shek would have to retreat to fight guerrillas in northern Sichuan and Tibetan areas where no shit, no industry, and no agricultural support for troops, then China's great cause of the War of Resistance would be in jeopardy.However, after the Japanese army captured Luoyang and opened up the Ping-Han Railway, they stopped there and had no plans to enter Chongqing.Why is that? If you think about it carefully, it is nothing more than the Japanese army's "bandit shortness of breath", with more intentions but insufficient strength. For option 1, the Japanese army fell on the border of Hubei and Sichuan many times, and dared not take any more risks. As for the second option, Hu Zongnan, the "King of the Northwest", has hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the Shaanxi area, and this area is also where the CCP Central Committee headquarters is located in Yan'an.Although Hu Zongnan deployed heavy troops here, in addition to defending Chongqing, he also intended to blockade Yan'an, but under the general principle of united resistance against Japan, if the Japanese army uses this place as a breakthrough, they will be attacked by the Central Army in the south of Hu Zong and the hundreds of thousands of Eighth Route Army behind the enemy. Front and rear pincers are extremely risky strategically. In short, the Japanese army did not dare to take risks, so as not to affect the plan of "opening up land lines of communication". From this point of view, compared with the arrogance seven years ago, Japan is now at the end of its rope. The purpose of the second phase of the Japanese army was to take Changsha and Hengyang, and prepare for the next occupation of Guilin and the complete opening of the Guangdong-Han and Hunan-Guangxi railways.This battle took place in Changsha and Hengyang, Hunan, so it is also called "Battle of Changheng". Xue Yue, the commander-in-chief of the national army in the area, had repelled the Japanese army three times before, so he was inevitably a little arrogant and careless, thinking that his "Sky Furnace Tactic" had been practiced to perfection, and it was only a matter of time before he took down Little Japan.But he did not expect that there has never been an invincible tactic in the world.This time, the Japanese general Isamu Yokoyama has long since found a way to deal with the "Sky Furnace Tactic" through in-depth investigations, forgetting to eat and sleep: One is crowd tactics.Aren't you roasting me with the advantage of numbers?I have more people than you, let's see how you bake! The second is a surprise attack by detour.Aren't you stepping back and resisting every step of the way?I will first attack the strongholds on the two wings of Changsha, occupy the two sides, and then attack Changsha from the front, encircling Changsha on three sides, making it impossible for you to retreat. Heng Shanyong gathered a superior force of 360,000 horses and rushed to Changsha, while Xue Yue's army was less than 300,000.Xue Yue didn't expect that there were so many Japanese troops. As soon as the "Tianlu" opened its posture, it was wiped out by the flood of Japanese troops.The tiger general Xue Yue fled. Heng Shanyong was so invincible, he threatened Hengyang with the threat of sweeping Changsha.Hengyang is a strategically important place connecting the southeast and southwest. It integrates aviation, water transport, railway, and road networks, and its strategic value is actually higher than that of Changsha. Defeating Xue Yue made Yokoyama full of confidence: Changsha is already under my feet, let alone little Hengyang! However, it was in this small Hengyang that Yokoyama met the strongest opponent in his life - Fang Xianjue. Fang Xianjue was born in Suzhou, Anhui in 1905.His father has a good education and is a scholar, and he is also a good person, known as "Fang Dashan". In this way, Fang Xianjue is considered to be from a scholarly family, so he should regard Confucius as his idol, but the idol he worships is Guan Yu. In terms of personality, he is: He likes martial arts - it's hard to tell if he hasn't mastered martial arts, but what is certain is that he dares to do it, and he will do it when it's time to do it. Very loyal - I was admitted to the Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, but I voted to join the army and entered the third phase of Whampoa.After finally getting into the Whampoa Military Academy, he was expelled from school for beating the quartermaster who withheld military rations. Just such a student who was expelled from Whampoa gradually started from the bottom of the army, and was promoted repeatedly because of his outstanding military exploits. He is currently the commander of the Tenth Army. Although Fang Xianjue had three divisions under his command, the actual number was less than 180,000, which was not enough. The Japanese army besieging Hengyang had 40,000 to 50,000 troops in the main attacking force alone.With outnumbered enemies and the defeat of Xue Yuexin, the "God of Anti-Japanese War", who can hold high hopes for the opponent's Xianjue Tenth Army? So no one expected that this battle would become the longest and most tragic battle for cities in the history of the Chinese War of Resistance. Hengshan Yong's plan was to take Hengyang in three days, and Chiang Kai-shek's order to Fang Xianjue was: stick to it for ten days, and reinforcements will arrive. In the fierce battle of Hengyang, the Japanese even used mustard gas, but the Tenth Army showed extraordinary bravery—slightly injured, they could not go to the front line; Wait for death; if you can't walk, if you encounter the enemy rushing, you will pull the grenade and die together. The heroic performance of Fang Xianjue and his Tenth Army shocked the commanders of both China and Japan. Yokoyama found that capturing the city of Hengyang was no easy feat.Chiang Kai-shek also felt that a successful anti-siege was really possible, and immediately mobilized five armies to help Hengyang.Of course Heng Shanyong was not willing to let such an isolated city drag him to death, so he sent heavy troops to resolutely block the reinforcements, and at the same time sent additional troops to attack Hengyang. In this predicament, Hengyang persevered day by day. One day passed, two days passed, three days passed, four days passed, five days passed, and the reinforcements did not arrive. On the sixth day, the seventh day, the eighth day, the ninth day, the tenth day, ten days later, the reinforcements still did not arrive. Repeat the above sentence three times. Forty days passed, and the reinforcements still had not arrived. It's already August, and it's midsummer. Not to mention fighting, even standing under the sun for a few hours, I'm afraid few people can hold on, but Fang Xianjue they have been suffering in the flames of war and the scorching sun for forty days .No rest, no men and no horses; no supplies, ammunition scarce.Casualties have reached more than 10,000 people, and there are few invincible soldiers. The most important thing is that Fang Xianjue and the others are not sure whether the brother army will sincerely come to save him, nor do they know whether the brother army has the ability to rescue him. The feeling of despair is suffocating. On the forty-seventh day of the bloody battle against Hengyang, on the morning of August 7, 1944, Chiang Kai-shek received the last telegram sent to him by Fang Xianjue: The enemy has rushed in through the north gate this morning, and there is no more ammunition or ammunition to increase in the city. The soldiers are in dire straits.There is only one life and death for the country; to repay the greatest kindness of breeding, see you in the next life.Fang Xianjue, Rong Youlue, Ge Xiancai, Nao Shaowei, and Sun Mingyu kowtow together. When Chiang Kai-shek was deeply saddened by the fact that the party and the country were about to lose a powerful general, he received another piece of news that shocked him: Fang Xianjue led the crowd to surrender. It's just unbelievable.What is the reason that Fang Xianjue, who had persisted for 47 days and killed more than 60,000 Japanese soldiers at the cost of about 16,000 casualties (nearly 7,000 sacrificed), finally gave up resistance and chose to fly the white flag? Summarizing the numerous historical materials, there are mainly two theories as follows: First, Fang Xianjue was loyal and unwilling to give up the wounded soldiers to break through.If they break through, the Japanese army will definitely use massacres to retaliate against those soldiers of the Tenth Army who had to stay and caused heavy casualties to the Japanese army.Based on this, many people believe that Fang Xianjue made a false surrender in order to save the lives of the soldiers.After all, Fang Xianjue did not really work for the Japanese, and fled back to Chongqing with the help of Dai Li's military command, and even got Chiang Kai-shek's appreciation - a blue sky and white sun medal. Second, the delay in the arrival of reinforcements caused Fang Xianjue to resent and even despair. As for the reason why the reinforcements were not effective, through exploring the huge amount of historical materials, we found the following three possibilities: Possibility one, the Japanese army strongly blocked. Possibility two, Fang Xianjue is the central army, and the central army and the local army (part of the reinforcements) are not united, and each has their own plans. Possibility three, Fang Xianjue's interpersonal relationship is not good, especially with his boss Xue Yue.Fang Xianjue is capable, has a big temper, is very arrogant, and usually doesn't give face to his direct leader Xue Yue, so Xue Yue dislikes this disobedient subordinate very much.Perhaps it was for this reason that Xue Yue did not use all his strength to rescue Fang Xianjue. In terms of personality, Fang Xianjue is very similar to his in-law Zhang Lingfu (Fang Xianjue's daughter married Zhang Lingfu's son), both arrogant and arrogant.So much so that the endings of the two were very similar. When Zhang Lingfu later killed Meng Lianggu in battle, reinforcements were also delayed. Although most of the reinforcements were not strong enough, there were also reinforcements along the way who sincerely rescued Fang Xianjue. The day after Fang Xianjue's surrender - August 8, his friend - Zhang Lingfu, who had been promoted to the deputy commander of the 74th Army due to meritorious service, led his men to regain Jiwo Mountain after half a month of hard work at the cost of 40% casualties. Opened the door to Hengyang. If Fang Xianjue gritted his teeth and held on for another day, he might be a great hero.It's a pity that if is not popular in the historical market. After rambling on so much, I just want to say: Fang Xianjue's surrender is understandable, but not acceptable.Fang Xianjue has indeed fulfilled his duty as a soldier, he has done his best, and he has achieved rare and brilliant results since the War of Resistance.We can think that Fang Xianjue is a talented soldier and a soldier with great achievements, but we should never think that he is a heroic soldier!Because in the situation where the enemy is strong and we are weak, what we need more is the determination and spirit to see death as home! After the Battle of Hengyang, due to heavy casualties, the Japanese army rested for more than a month before launching an attack on Guangxi, the last stop of "opening up the mainland communication line". The Chinese army on the Guangxi battlefield is mainly the army of the New Guangxi lineage and some local miscellaneous troops. Whether it is equipment or the quality of soldiers, they are naturally at a disadvantage in front of the Japanese army.In view of this, Chiang Kai-shek thought of a way-let Stilwell lead the expeditionary force to launch an attack from behind the Japanese army to support the domestic battlefield. If Stilwell did not agree to send troops, he could send some equipment.But these proposals were rejected by Stilwell, who was determined to counterattack Burma. That being the case, it can only rely on Guangxi's existing resources to resist. Surprisingly, before the start of the fight, Bai Chongxi transferred away the main forces of the 31st Army and the 46th Army of his direct lineage.Maybe Bai Chongxi thinks that Japan's failure is only a matter of time, and it is more important to preserve its strength.Seeing Bai Chongxi favoring one over another, the remaining troops on the Guangxi battlefield were naturally resentful and demoralized.So when the battle broke out, there were many national troops who shed blood and sacrificed to resist, but there were more national troops who fled for their lives with oil on their feet.Therefore, the Japanese army did not encounter the fierce and persistent resistance that had appeared in the Battle of Yuzhong and Changheng. In December 1944, the Japanese army captured Guangxi, and the eight-month Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi ended in the defeat of the Chinese army. There must be many reasons for the failure—weakness of the country, low administrative efficiency of government personnel, backward weapons and equipment, corruption in the army, selfishness of local warlords, mistakes in decision-making, and conflicts between Chiang Kai-shek and Stilwell... These reasons were mostly I mentioned it, so I won’t talk about it here. The national army suffered a defeat, and the Japanese army did not achieve its strategic goals. Although Japan opened up the Ping-Han line, the Hunan-Guangxi line, and the Guangdong-Han line, and occupied more than 200,000 square kilometers of land in China, the effective strength of the Japanese army was severely consumed—there were more than 100,000 casualties, deaths, and illnesses. People and horses, and the limited strength of the Japanese army was further dispersed on the long front, so that it could not hold the line of communication.Until Japan's defeat, the mainland transportation line was not fully opened to traffic. Although the Japanese captured some of the USAF's bases in the southwest, the USAF switched bases and continued to bomb.As Mr. Chennault famously said: All this did not hinder the sortie of the Fourteenth Air Force for a day, or reduce the intensity of our attack. Although the Nationalist government (to be precise, it was Stilwell's decision) used a large number of elites for counter-offensive operations in northern Myanmar and western Yunnan, allowing the Japanese army to take advantage of the fact that most of the main force of the national army was not on the frontal battlefield, the Nationalist government also preserved A large number of elites of the main force of the national army are the capital of future counterattacks.Moreover, because the Japanese army deployed troops from North China to fight, North China was empty, which objectively facilitated the future counterattacks of the Eighth Route Army and other anti-Japanese armed forces behind enemy lines. All in all, the battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi did not significantly damage the hard power of the national government.It's just that the defeat in this battle was a bit useless, which made China lose face in front of its allies. On June 6, 1944, the Allied forces landed in Normandy, and the German army was defeated across the board. Compared with the performance of the Allied forces, China's poor performance on the domestic battlefield is said to have distorted the noses of Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt. However, these three only saw China’s failure, and may not have considered China’s difficulties—the national power gap between the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and Germany, Japan, and Italy is positive, and the national power gap between China and Japan is negative.However, the three countries of France, Italy, and Germany died in six weeks at the shortest, and died in less than six years at the longest, while China has persisted for more than seven years!The three major powers of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom shared the firepower of the powerful enemies Germany and Japan, while China, the weakest industrial and financial power among the major allied countries, held back the main force of the Japanese army, resulting in weak Japanese troops in Southeast Asia and the Pacific battlefield. , This is one of the important reasons why the Japanese army was defeated by the concentrated forces of the Allied forces. Of course, it is understandable that these three people do not recognize China's dedication and efforts. After all, there are only interests between countries. The Western allies were dissatisfied with the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek, which gave Stilwell, who had been watching Chiang Kai-shek's mistakes, a chance. Stilwell sued Chiang Kai-shek in front of Roosevelt, to the effect that: The Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi was so badly fought, all because of Chiang Kai-shek's incompetence and blind command, it is better to give me the command of the Chinese army and let me do it I will do better than Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Nationalist Government and the Communist Party to resist Japan! Originally, Roosevelt didn’t like to cooperate with Stilwell in doing this, but firstly, the national army’s performance in the Guangxi battlefield was too bad, and secondly, Roosevelt also wanted to promote his democracy and freedom in China—supporting the Communist Party, suppressing Chiang Kai-shek, Experiment with American-style multi-party democracy to prevent China from moving towards dictatorship.So he agreed to Stilwell's request. On September 18, 1944, Stilwell was very excited to forward to Chiang Kai-shek the order sent by Roosevelt: Immediately give Stilwell full command of all Chinese troops. In Stilwell's imagination, as a loser, "Peanut" should be as red as a pig's liver at this moment, exasperated, angry and angry, venting his anger at himself, and then catching up with him as a winner and stepping on his feet . But this scenario didn't happen. Chiang Kai-shek took the order calmly, turned around and left calmly, suffocatingly calm. But this is just the calm before the storm. Chiang Kai-shek, who has a stubborn personality and strong self-esteem, once again recorded his true mood at the moment in a small diary-this is the greatest shame in Yu Ping's life! In the next few days, Chiang Kai-shek tossed and turned, sleepless at night, and made the final decision.Although he is very clear that this decision may cause China to lose US aid, and put China back into the desperate situation of fighting alone! Chiang Kai-shek told Roosevelt: China's sovereignty and dignity and personal personality cannot be lost or insulted.Neither the state nor the individual can cooperate under coercive orders, otherwise, any sacrifice will be unjustified.And asked Roosevelt to recall Stilwell immediately. Some people may think that Chiang Kai-shek did not give up his military power because of his own self-interest.However, the military is a powerful guarantee of national sovereignty. On the issue of military command power that concerns national sovereignty and survival, it is absolutely necessary to say "no" to foreigners! Roosevelt made a multiple-choice question between Chiang Kai-shek and Stilwell. At this time, the United States is in the midst of a general election.Roosevelt was working hard for the next term as president.If, on the eve of the election, Roosevelt breaks with China, one of the four major powers he single-handedly supported, no matter how many reasons there are, it will have a negative impact on the American people and lose precious votes. Obviously votes are more important, and this multiple-choice question is not difficult to do. On October 19, Roosevelt agreed to recall Stilwell and be replaced by Wedemeyer. On October 21, Stilwell returned to the United States. The American Stilwell is gone, but the Soviet Stalin is here. In February 1945, at the Yalta Palace on the Crimean Peninsula in the northern part of the Black Sea, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, the leaders of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, signed a secret agreement here - the "Yalta Agreement".There are two main decisions in the protocol: The first decision everyone is familiar with is the establishment of the United Nations. From the perspective of the Big Three, Germany is almost doomed, and the end of Little Japan is just a matter of time, and the post-war world and international order need to be dominated by someone, so the Big Three decided to establish the United Nations.Among them, the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, China, and France are permanent members of the council, and these five permanent members are also called the five major powers.But in fact, China, France and the other three countries are not on an equal footing.France surrendered just six weeks after the start of the war. If you can get the title of a permanent member of the council, just hide and have fun.And China's being able to rank among the five major powers this time can be considered as a way for the allies to pay respect to China's millions of soldiers and ordinary citizens who died heroically.China is poor and weak, China is a state of disunity, and China is good at internal fighting. However, in the face of foreign aggression, China has won respect with its tenacity that is not afraid of death or defeat. Any organization has a leader, let alone the United Nations?The United Kingdom has not been the big brother for many years, so the United States and the Soviet Union can only compete to be the big brother.But at that time, I am afraid that no one would have realized that this contest would be so vigorous and meaningful! The second decision was about how to end the war in Asia and how to deal with Japan.The two hows summed up are actually one how-how to solve the Japanese army in mainland China. U.S. ground troops directly join the Chinese battlefield to fight the Japanese army?The Soviet Red Army crossed the border to attack the Japanese army?The British are too busy to take care of themselves, so they don't have to think about it. At this time, the US military was still fighting the Japanese army in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, and suffered great losses.What's more, the cost of the Soviet Union's cross-border assistance to the border with China is much lower than that of the United States airlifting or sealifting soldiers to China to participate in the war against Japan.But Stalin said: I can agree to participate in the war against Japan within three months after Germany surrenders, but there are three conditions. 1. "Return" to me the Sakhalin Islands and the Thousand Islands under the name of Japan. 2. Outer Mongolia should maintain the status quo (the status quo in Outer Mongolia is the "People's Republic of Mongolia"). 3. "Lease" China's Lushun, Dalian Port and Middle East Railway (this "lease" may not be repaid). Nothing is free in this world.Out of dissatisfaction with China's poor performance in the "Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi" and the "Stilwell Incident", Roosevelt discussed with Churchill: As long as the Soviet Union is willing to send troops to relieve us of pressure, that's the deal.Anyway, it is not our interests that are lost. Because it involved the interests of China, the victorious country, the agreement was signed but kept secret. It is known as the "Yalta Secret Treaty" in history. Chiang Kai-shek was very concerned about the outcome of the Yalta Conference.He judged that several major countries would definitely join forces to start a war against Japan, but at the same time he was also worried: Will these major countries join forces to bully China if they did not bring him to play? Chiang Kai-shek used all available power to find out the news.By April, that is, two months after the Yalta meeting, although Chiang Kai-shek had not been officially notified, he had gradually learned about the content of the meeting under the intentional release of the Americans.The 58-year-old Chairman Jiang once again opened his small diary and wrote down his resentment-"The country is in great danger, and we don't know when it will be saved", "Our country is weak and cannot stand on its own, and will never survive in the future." "The world of war", "The ideal of the Anti-Japanese War may become a dream." Chiang Kai-shek made the worst plan: he would rather Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang (the Soviet Union supported a guy named Sheng Shicai to split), and the Northeast were occupied by the Soviet Union, and he would never agree to the lease; Confrontation, as long as you don't sign and don't give legal excuses, you can wait for your descendants to restore China.And leasing is an iron crime that insults the rights of the country, and we must not be this eternal sinner. Chiang Kai-shek pinned his hopes on Roosevelt, he wanted to unite with the United States to suppress the Soviet Union.In his impression, the old man Roosevelt was more reasonable.He asked Song Ziwen to tell Roosevelt that any lease of Lushun and Dalian to the Soviet Union would be opposed by the Chinese people. Unfortunately, before the words were brought, Roosevelt died of illness, and Vice President Truman took over as president.Therefore, Song Ziwen made a strong statement to Truman on behalf of the Chinese government: The Chinese government must never agree to allow Soviet Russia to exercise such a degree of control in the three eastern provinces in accordance with the provisions of the "Yalta Agreement"!Once China has sufficient power, it must resolve this dispute by military action, and it can do so at any time within the next five hundred years. Truman said: The most urgent task is to let the Soviet Union participate in the war against Japan as soon as possible, shorten the war time, and save the lives of the American people and the Chinese people.Moreover, this is something that President Roosevelt did during his lifetime, so it's hard for me to handle it... Even if Truman was making love, Song Ziwen had no choice but to return home. In private, Chiang Kai-shek is still working on a relatively partial self-help method: taking the bottom line, that is, negotiating peace with Japan alone, so that the Soviet Union has no reason to send troops. It was a guy named Miao Bin who inspired Chiang Kai-shek, that is, the kid who ran away with Wang Bailing during the Northern Expedition.This kid voluntarily defected to Japan in 1937, and he is a traitor older than Wang Jingwei. At that time, the Japanese army was defeated by the US and British coalition forces in the Pacific battlefield. Japan was preparing for a decisive battle on the mainland, but the shortage of troops was a problem.The navies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific cannot withdraw, and the army in mainland China cannot withdraw.Therefore, the then Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso had an idea that no one else knew: to negotiate peace with China.If the China issue can be resolved peacefully and decently, and the nearly 2 million Kwantung Army stationed in China and the Chinese dispatched troops are withdrawn to Japan, then the problem of the shortage of troops can be effectively solved. Xiaoji Guozhao was eager to seek peace from China, so he asked Miao Bin to talk to Chiang Kai-shek. What the Japanese don't know is that Miao Bin has been instigated by the military commander.So Miao Bin told Dai Li the news, and Dai Li reported it to Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek was worried about the Soviet Union's dispatch of troops, so he had an idea and agreed to let Miao Bin serve as the envoy of the Chinese and Japanese governments, and the two countries secretly negotiated peace.If Japan voluntarily withdraws its troops, China will not only regain its territory, but also prevent the Soviet Union from making trouble. 在蒋介石看来，没有比这更完美的解决方案。但是，小矶国昭的谈和方案遭到了日本军方的强烈反对。在日本军方看来，日本还能战斗下去，远没有到认输的时候，根本不需要蒋介石的帮助。小矶国昭因为此事办得不太漂亮而被迫辞职，缪斌也只能狼狈地回到上海。 抗战胜利后，驻日美军在清理日本内阁档案的过程中，发现了缪斌事件的文本。驻日美军司令麦克阿瑟十分惊怒，当即向蒋介石提出质问，蒋介石矢口否认。蒋介石当然不会承认，因为同盟国约定各成员国不得与日本单独讲和。为了掩盖事实真相，蒋介石只好舍卒保帅，将缪斌处决。缪斌就此成为第一个在抗战胜利后被处决的汉奸，比陈公博伏法还早了十三天。 说到缪斌和陈公博的下场，顺便交代一下他们的带头大哥汪精卫的下场。 1944年11月，日本在中国的总代理、陈璧君的好郎君汪精卫病逝于日本，后归葬于南京中山陵西南的梅花山，结束了他充满矛盾的一生。 那个曾经哼唱着“引刀成一快”的少年勇士，在很多年以后，留给后人的大约只有三样东西。 一是万世骂名。 二是伤感：卿本佳人，奈何做贼？ 三是其写于病榻的一首诗《自嘲》：心宇将灭万事休，天涯无处不怨尤。纵有先辈尝炎凉，谅无后人续春秋。 抗战胜利后，陈璧君一直被蒋介石关押于苏州监狱。 解放后，她仍然脱不了汉奸罪名，继续被关押。 有史料反映，宋庆龄曾看在过去与汪氏夫妇相熟的份上，向毛泽东进言，劝说释放她。毛泽东表示同意，但前提条件是让陈璧君登报发表悔过书，进行自我批判，揭发汪精卫和她本人的汉奸卖国行为。陈璧君“冥顽不化”，宁可继续坐牢。直到1959年病死，陈璧君没写一个字揭批自己深爱了一世的汪精卫。如果不谈民族大义，汪精卫、陈璧君这对“神雕侠侣”的爱情毫无疑问是完美的。 汪精卫没来得及接受审判就轻松地走了，可他的老朋友蒋介石的日子却越来越难过。 1945年5月，苏联在欧洲战场解决了德国人。 5月9日，德国正式投降。 斯大林终于有空想一想日本人的问题了。他明白蒋介石已经知晓了“租借”一事，于是主动地伸出橄榄枝，表示愿意帮助中国实现统一，承认蒋介石为中国唯一领导人。但蒋介石的态度并未因为斯大林的许诺而软化，双方就外蒙、东北、新疆和中共问题进行了激烈的争吵。在谈判的最后时刻，双方亮出了自己的底牌。 蒋介石在东北问题上完全不让步，而且要求苏联今后不再支持中共，不再支持新疆的盛世才作乱（《蒋介石至宋子文密电》）。蒋介石的言下之意，是“维持外蒙古现状”一事可以让步。针对蒋介石的要求，斯大林也亮出了底线：旅顺不用租借名义，但要将外蒙古“维持现状”解释为完全独立（郑会欣《“忍气吞声，负重致远”：从蒋介石日记看他对雅尔塔协议的态度》）——蒋介石你答应不答应？不答应我就不出兵。 看来斯大林似乎打算牺牲中共和扶持多年的盛世才换取实际的利益。 蒋介石开始犹豫了，外蒙古从北洋政府那会儿就已经在事实上独立了，用它来交换实际的利益也未尝不可，但是怎样才能在名声上好听点？最后他的参谋团队苦思冥想出来一个名目——战后投票公决外蒙古前途，也就是由外蒙古人自己决定自己的前途。话说得好听，实际上蒋介石他们都明白——只要同意全民公决，就等于同意了外蒙古独立，因为外蒙古的政权实际是由苏联把持的。 就在蒋介石和斯大林讨价还价的时候，8月6日，美国在日本广岛扔下了四吨重的“小男孩”——一颗原子弹，一下子一座城市就没了。 杜鲁门威胁日本：再不投降，就接着扔。 日本军方拒绝投降：我们凑一凑还有几百万军队（疯狂扩编而来，质量非常差），你们都还没打到大日本帝国的本土，怎么可能投降？况且这么厉害的玩意儿你也不好制造吧。 斯大林也震惊了：这原子弹太厉害了，只要再继续扔几颗，日本必将投降。到那时我就没机会出兵了，没有机会出兵就没有便宜可占！ Time is running out! 两天后，苏联对日宣战。 8月9日，一百五十余万苏联红军杀入中国东北。 同一天，斯大林警告赴苏谈判的外交部部长宋子文：不答应条件，我就把东北让给共产党！ 同一天，美国又在日本长崎扔了一颗原子弹。 同一天，毛泽东发表题为《对日寇的最后一战》的文章，预测小日本就要玩完了，号召大家痛打落水狗。 基于对小日本即将投降的预判，共产党在接下来的两天里做了两件事情。 一是中共中央指示各中央局和中央分局立即布置动员一切力量，向敌、伪进行广泛的进攻，迅速扩大解放区，壮大我军……迅速占领所有被我包围和力所能及的大小城市、交通要道，以正规部队占领大城及要道，以游击队民兵占小城……不怕爆发内战，而要以胜利的内战来制止内战和消灭内战。 二是八路军总司令朱德向八路军、新四军、华南游击队连续发布反攻命令，并限令敌伪向中共武装缴械投降。 不得不说，共产党对形势的预判十分准确。 几天之内，苏联红军如摧枯拉朽一般，将精锐师团早已耗尽（大都为新组建的新兵师团）、士气低迷、今非昔比的日本关东军斩于马下——苏联红军以约四万伤亡的代价，毙伤日军八万余（日本人认为只有四万），俘虏日军约六十万，报了四十年前“日俄战争”败于日本的大仇！ 国民政府在东北并无一兵一卒，而斯大林说把东北“让给共产党”也不是说着玩玩的。蒋介石不能再等了——如果苏联占据东北全境，借势南下，和西北华北的中共武装会合，整个北方就“赤化”了。 Without further ado. 14日，国民政府新任外交部部长王世杰（宋子文撂挑子了，怕挨骂）和苏联仓促签订了《中苏友好同盟条约》以及相关协定，如《中苏关于长春铁路之协定》、《中苏关于旅顺口之协定》、《中苏关于大连之协定》等。上述条约和协定归纳起来主要有如下内容： 一、日本战败后，如外蒙古公民投票证实其独立的愿望，中国政府承认外蒙古之独立。 二、旅顺为共享海军基地三十年，大连为自由港。 三、长春铁路在资产各占一半的基础上由中苏共同经营与管理，而经常管理权归苏方所有，期限三十年。 简单说来就是外蒙古独立，旅顺、大连自由使用，只不过不叫租借了而已。 但有一点要注意：斯大林并没有在条款中注明曾经承诺过的“不支持中共，不支持盛世才分裂新疆”！因为斯大林明白，一旦他的军队踏上中国领土，蒋介石就再没有回旋余地。正所谓实力之水一到，霸权之渠即成。 玩心计也是需要有实力做靠山的，这时候的国民政府和共产党绑一块儿也斗不过斯大林。 8月15日，日本绝望了——不知道美国人还有多少颗原子弹——终于无条件投降。 当天，蒋介石说：正义终必战胜强权！We are victorious!狂欢吧，全国即日起放假三天！ 不止中国，从亚洲到欧洲，全世界都在为战胜法西斯而欢呼，无数男男女女走上街头，相拥而泣。据说，这一天是人类历史上接吻最多的一天。 两天后，“满洲国皇帝”溥仪退位，又两天后，被捕。 9月2日，盟国正式受降这一天，蒋介石在日记中记下了如下语句——“旧耻虽雪，而新耻又染……今后之雪耻，乃雪新耻也”。从“济南惨案”，到“九·一八事变”，再到苏联觊觎中国的领土，老蒋的耻真是永无尽头…… 八年全面抗战的故事结束了。 故事的开始，中国军人以血肉之躯对垒钢铁洪流，惨败，但是他们不退缩，不投降，悲壮激烈。 故事的结束依旧是轰轰烈烈，只不过与喧嚣交错的是国人落寞悲壮的身影，他们眼睁睁地看着耀武扬威、不可一世的日本轰然倒塌，却无力参与最后一击。 尘埃散尽，美苏两强站在了中国人的面前，他们伸出援手，将中国人从日寇的铁蹄下拉了起来，在两大巨人的阴影下，中国人终于得以俯视日本这个昔日的对手。 中国人真的胜利了吗？当然是胜利了，中国人的目标不就是要战胜日寇吗？现在日寇投降了！小日本帝国投降了！ 有人说，中国获胜是因为有苏联红军参战，有美国对日本作战和扔原子弹。说这话的人大错特错了。人必先自助而后天助！若是中国人民没有在极端困苦的情况下坚持八年的勇气与忍耐力，苏联和美国早已抽身远去！ 又有人说了，中国不算获胜，毕竟还跟苏联签订了如此屈辱的《中苏友好同盟条约》！ 其实大可不必如此耿耿于怀。两军对阵，只要完成预先确定的目标就可以算作胜利，就像下棋一样，只要达到可以取胜的形势，就是胜利了，不是把对手的棋子全部吃光才叫胜利。以此类推，领土的问题属于局部的残留问题，不能和大局一并而论。 抗日战争的胜利，是中国人依靠屡败屡战的勇气、长达八年的坚持，付出高昂代价换来的。正因为中国人素来弱小，正因为中国人素来不团结，才使得抗战最后的胜利显得那么弥足珍贵！ 确立持久消耗的打法，是战略的胜利！ 正面抗战与敌后游击结合，是战术的胜利！ 得到美、苏、英的援助，是外交的胜利！ 一败再败，却顽强抗争，战无可战，却绝不言降，是极高的民族气节和顽强的拼搏精神的胜利！ 民族的自强与自立是无数英烈用自由与生命换来的，中国人享受胜利当之无愧，没有理由自怨自艾！日本投降与退出中国领土是客观存在的事实，中国人有理由骄傲自豪！