Chapter 57 Memorabilia

On October 10, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. On December 2, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Allied Forces conquered Nanjing. On December 13, representatives of independent provinces gathered in Nanjing to prepare for the provisional presidential election. On January 1, Sun Yat-sen took office as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing. On January 25, Duan Qirui and other Beiyang generals sent a telegram in favor of the republic. On January 26, the Manchu general Liang Bi was killed. On February 12, the Qing emperor abdicated. On March 10, Yuan Shikai took office as interim president in Beijing.

On June 15, Tang Shaoyi left Tianjin, and the first cabinet of the Republic of China collapsed. Around December, the provinces hold parliamentary elections. On March 20, Song Jiaoren was assassinated and died on the morning of the 22nd. On April 8, the first Congress opened. On April 26, Zhao Bingjun's cabinet signed a large-scale loan agreement with the five-nation bank consortium. On July 12, Li Liejun sent a telegram to attack Yuan Shikai, and the "Second Revolution" broke out. On September 1, Zhang Xun and other Beiyang troops captured Nanjing, and the "Battle of Ganning" ended.

On October 6, under the coercion of the "citizen group", the Congress elected Yuan Shikai as the official president. On January 10th, Yuan Shikai ordered the dissolution of the National Assembly, and subsequently ordered the dissolution of the provincial councils. On May 1, the "Republic of China Constitution" was announced, and the "Temporary Constitution" was abolished. On May 20, Yuan Shikai established the Senate to act as the Legislative Yuan, with Vice President Li Yuanhong also serving as president. On September 2, the Japanese army declared war on Germany under the pretext of landing on the Shandong Peninsula and capturing Qingdao.

On December 29, Yuan Shikai promulgated the "President Election Law", which stipulates that the term of office of the president is ten years, and he can be re-elected. On January 18, the Japanese envoy to China proposed "Twenty-One" to Yuan Shikai's government. On August 3, Goodnow published "Republican Monarchy", which triggered the harbinger of the monarchy. On August 23, Yang Du and others established the Chou An Association to encourage Yuan Shikai to proclaim himself emperor. On December 11, the Senate issued a "Letter of Persuasion", recommending Yuan Shikai as the emperor of the "Empire of China".

On December 12, Yuan Shikai announced his acceptance of the throne. On December 25, Cai E and others declared independence in Yunnan, and the War to Protect the Country broke out. On December 31, Yuan Shikai announced that the following year would be changed to "the first year of Hong Xian". On January 5, Yuan Shikai issued a crusade order to divide his troops into three groups and use troops against Yunnan. On March 15, under the plan of Liang Qichao, Lu Rongting declared independence in Guangxi. On March 19, Feng Guozhang and other "five generals" sent a secret message requesting Yuan Shikai to abolish the imperial system and punish the culprit.

On March 22, Yuan Shikai was forced to abolish the imperial system. On June 6, Yuan Shikai died of illness at the age of fifty-seven. On June 7, Vice President Li Yuanhong took over as President. On March 14, the government of the Republic of China announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Germany. On May 10, the "Citizens' Petition Group" besieged the House of Representatives, demanding the passage of a declaration of war on Germany. On May 23, President Li Yuanhong ordered Duan Qirui to be removed from the position of Prime Minister. On June 7, under the banner of "mediating state affairs", Zhang Xun led 5,000 braided troops to the north.

On July 1, Zhang Xun was restored, and President Li Yuanhong took refuge in the Japanese embassy the next day. On July 12, the "rebel army" invaded Beijing, and Zhang Xun fled to the Dutch embassy. On July 14, Li Yuanhong announced his resignation as President. On August 1, Feng Guozhang took office as acting president. On August 14, the government of the Republic of China declared war on Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On October 6, the Hunan-Hubei War broke out. On December 18, Feng Guozhang appointed Duan Qirui as the supervisor of the war. On March 1, Duan Qirui established the War Participation Supervision Office to expand troops and buy horses; Xu Shuzheng established the Anfu Club to manipulate the parliamentary elections.

On March 29, Duan Qirui became the prime minister again, and decided to use troops to unify the south. On September 4, the Anfu Congress elected Xu Shichang as the president. On October 10, Xu Shichang became president, and Feng Guozhang and Duan Qirui resigned at the same time. On November 11, Germany surrendered and World War I ended. On November 16, Xu Shichang issued a truce order, and the North and the South began peace talks. On January 21, the Paris Peace Conference was held, and the government of the Republic of China sent Lu Zhengxiang, Tang Shaoyi, and Wang Zhengting as representatives to attend the conference.

On February 20, the North-South talks opened in Shanghai, with Tang Shaoyi and Zhu Qiqian as the general representatives of the North and the South. On May 4, the May Fourth Movement broke out. On May 8, the North-South peace talks broke down. On June 10, the Beijing government dismissed Zhang Zongxiang, Cao Rulin, and Lu Zongyu from their posts. On June 28, the Chinese representative refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty. On May 20, Wu Peifu led his army to retreat northward. On July 14, the Zhiwan War broke out. On July 19, Duan Qirui announced his resignation after the defeat.

In July, the Hunan-Hubei War broke out again. On August 27, Wu Peifu led his army into Yuezhou, and Zhao Hengti of the Hunan Army was defeated. On September 1, Wu Peifu and Zhao Hengti reached a peace agreement, and the Hunan-Hubei War ended. On November 12, the Washington Conference was held. On December 24, Liang Shiyi's cabinet was established. In January, Wu Peifu continuously energized to attack Liang Shiyi's cabinet. On April 29, the first Zhifeng war broke out. In May, Zhang Zuolin was defeated and returned to the customs. On June 2, Xu Shichang resigned from the presidency.

On June 4, the autonomous security command of the three northeastern provinces was established, with Zhang Zuolin as the commander-in-chief, announcing inter-provincial autonomy. On June 11, Li Yuanhong returned to the presidency. On June 13, Li Yuanhong left Beijing under the persecution of Zhili. On October 5, Cao Kun succeeded in bribing the election of the president. On October 10, Cao Kun became president and promulgated the "Constitution of the Republic of China". On September 3, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War broke out. On September 15, the Feng army marched into the pass, and the second Zhifeng war broke out. On October 12, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War ended, Lu Yongxiang went to the field with electricity, and went east to Japan. On October 23, Feng Yuxiang launched a coup in Beijing and imprisoned Cao Kun. On November 2, Cao Kun announced his resignation, and the second Zhifeng war ended. On November 5, Feng Yuxiang expelled Qingxun Emperor Puyi from the palace. On November 24, Duan Qirui took office as interim ruler. On March 12, Sun Yat-sen died of illness. In June, the Feng army went south to Songhu and had conflicts with the Zhijun Sun Chuanfang. On October 7, Sun Chuanfang organized the "Five-Province Allied Forces of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi". On October 15, Sun Chuanfang ordered a crusade against the Feng army, and the Zhejiang-Feng war broke out. On October 21, Wu Peifu organized the "Fourteen Provinces' Allied Forces Against Thieves" and issued a telegram to discuss the thieves. On November 8, Sun Chuanfang invaded Xuzhou, and the Zhefeng War ended. On November 22, the Luanzhou Mutiny of Fengjun Guo Songling's Department, Fengjun retreated to the pass. On December 25, Guo Songling was defeated and killed. On December 29, Xu Shuzheng was assassinated and died. On January 4, Feng Yuxiang announced his resignation. In mid-January, the Guofeng War broke out. On March 18, Duan Qirui's interim government guards created the "March 18" tragedy. On April 20, Duan Qirui's interim ruling government collapsed, and Duan Qirui stepped down for the last time and retired to Tianjin. On July 9, the Southern National Revolutionary Army swore to the Northern Expedition and marched into Hunan. On August 13, the Fengzhi coalition forces of Zhang Zuolin, Zhang Zongchang and Wu Peifu fought fiercely with the national army in Nankou, and the national army was defeated and dispersed. On September 17, Feng Yuxiang swore an oath in Wuyuan, formed the National Army coalition, and announced the Northern Expedition. In February, the Feng faction warlords reinforced Sun Chuanfang. On April 23, the Northern Expedition entered Nanjing. On May 30, Zhang Zuolin decided to return to the pass, and Sun Chuanfang's remnants collapsed. On June 4, Zhang Zuolin was killed by the Japanese in Huanggutun, and Zhang Xueliang became the commander-in-chief of security in the three eastern provinces. On December 29, Zhang Xueliang announced the "change of banners in the Northeast", and the period of the Beiyang warlords ended.