Chapter 51 Appendix Chronology of Major Events in the Republic of China

On October 10, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. On November 30, representatives of independent provinces decided to form a provisional government in Wuchang. On December 2, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Allied Forces conquered Nanjing. On December 13, representatives of independent provinces prepared for the interim presidential election in Nanjing. On January 1, Sun Yat-sen took office as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing. On January 25, Duan Qirui and other Beiyang generals sent a telegram in favor of the republic. On February 12, the Qing emperor abdicated. On February 18, Cai Yuanpei, Wang Jingwei and others went to Beijing to welcome Yuan Shikai to take office in the south.

On March 10, Yuan Shikai took office as interim president in Beijing. On June 15, Tang Shaoyi left Tianjin, and the first cabinet of the Republic of China collapsed. On August 16, Zhang Zhenwu, the founder of the First Uprising in Hubei, was killed in Beijing. On February 22, Empress Dowager Longyu died of phlegm attack. On March 20, Song Jiaoren was assassinated and died on the morning of the 22nd. On July 12, Li Liejun declared independence in Hukou, Jiangxi Province and sent a telegram to attack Yuan Shikai. The "Second Revolution" broke out. On September 1, Zhang Xun and other Beiyang troops captured Nanjing, the "Battle of Ganning" ended, and the "Second Revolution" failed completely.

On September 11, Xiong Xiling of the Progressive Party formed a cabinet. The cabinet members included Liang Qichao, Zhang Jian and others. They were known as the "first-rate" talent cabinet. On October 6, under the coercion of the "citizen group", the Congress elected Yuan Shikai as the official president. On November 4, Yuan Shikai ordered the dissolution of the KMT. On January 10, Yuan Shikai ordered the dissolution of the National Assembly. On May 1, the "Republic of China Constitution" was announced, and the "Temporary Constitution" was abolished.

On May 20, Yuan Shikai established the Senate to act as the Legislative Yuan, with Vice President Li Yuanhong also serving as president. On June 30, Yuan Shikai abolished the governors of all provinces, and appointed generals and patrol envoys to take charge of military and civil affairs in various regions. On September 2, the Japanese army declared war on Germany under the pretext of landing on the Shandong Peninsula and capturing Qingdao. On December 29, Yuan Shikai promulgated the "Presidential Election Law", which stipulates that the term of the president is ten years and he can be re-elected.

On January 18, the Japanese envoy to China proposed "Twenty-One" to Yuan Shikai's government. On August 3, Goodnow published "Republican Monarchy", which triggered the harbinger of the monarchy. On December 11, the Senate issued a "Letter of Persuasion", recommending Yuan Shikai as the emperor of the "Empire of China". On December 12, Yuan Shikai announced his acceptance of the throne. On December 13, Yuan Shikai held a congratulatory ceremony for hundreds of officials in Ju Ren Tang, Zhongnanhai. On December 25, Cai E and others declared independence in Yunnan, and the War to Protect the Country broke out.

On March 22, Yuan Shikai was forced to abolish the imperial system. On June 6, Yuan Shikai died of illness at the age of fifty-seven. On June 7, Li Yuanhong took over the presidency. On June 29, Li Yuanhong announced that he would abide by the "Temporary Constitution", restore the National Assembly, and Duan Qirui became the Prime Minister of the cabinet. On October 30, Feng Guozhang was by-elected as vice president. On October 31, Huang Xing passed away in Shanghai at the age of forty-three. On November 8, Cai E died in Fukuoka, Japan at the age of thirty-five. On March 14, the government of the Republic of China announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Germany.

On May 23, President Li Yuanhong ordered the dismissal of Duan Qirui as Prime Minister, and Duan Qirui left Beijing angrily. On June 7, under the banner of "mediating state affairs", Zhang Xun led 5,000 braided troops to the north. On July 1, Zhang Xun was restored, and President Li Yuanhong took refuge in the Japanese embassy the next day. On July 3, Duan Qirui announced his rebellion in Machang and re-elected as the Prime Minister of the cabinet. On July 12, the "rebel army" invaded Beijing, and Zhang Xun fled to the Dutch embassy. On August 1, Feng Guozhang took office as acting president.

On August 14, the government of the Republic of China declared war on Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On September 1st, Sun Yat-sen initiated the "Extraordinary Congress" in Guangzhou and was elected as "Grand Marshal". On March 1, Duan Qirui established the War Participation Supervision Office. On May 20, Sun Yat-sen was squeezed out by the Southwest Warlords and resigned from the position of "Generalissimo". On June 15, Xu Shuzheng killed Lu Jianzhang without authorization. On September 4, the Anfu Congress elected Xu Shichang as the president.

On November 16, Xu Shichang issued a truce order, and the North and the South began peace talks. On January 21, the Paris Peace Conference was held, and the government of the Republic of China sent Lu Zhengxiang, Tang Shaoyi, and Wang Zhengting as representatives to attend the conference. On February 20, the North-South talks opened in Shanghai, with Tang Shaoyi and Zhu Qiqian as the general representatives of the North and the South. On May 4, the May Fourth Movement broke out. On May 8, the North-South peace talks broke down. On June 5, Shanghai workers went on strike, merchants went on strike, and students went on strike, and all localities responded immediately.

On June 10, the Beijing government dismissed Zhang Zongxiang, Cao Rulin, and Lu Zongyu from their posts. On June 28, the Chinese representative refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty. On December 29, Feng Guozhang died of illness in Beijing. On January 17, Wu Peifu, who was stationed in southern Hunan, sent a telegram requesting to withdraw his defense and return to the north. On May 20, Wu Peifu led his army to retreat northward. On July 14, the Zhiwan War broke out. On July 19, Duan Qirui announced his resignation after the defeat. In July, the Communist Party of China was established.In the same month, the Hunan-Hubei War broke out again.

On August 22, Shaanxi governor Yan Xiangwen swallowed opium and committed suicide in the governor's office. On September 1, Wu Peifu and Zhao Hengti reached a peace agreement, and the Hunan-Hubei War ended. On November 12, the Washington Conference was held. On December 24, Liang Shiyi's cabinet was established. On April 29, the first Zhifeng war broke out. In May, Zhang Zuolin was defeated and returned to the customs. On June 2, Xu Shichang resigned from the post of President. On June 11, Li Yuanhong returned to the presidency. On February 7, there was a general strike on the Beijing-Hanzhou Railway, and Wu Peifu ordered to suppress it, leading to the "February 7th" tragedy. On October 5, Cao Kun succeeded in bribing the election of the president. On October 10, Cao Kun became president and promulgated the "Constitution of the Republic of China". In January, the "National Congress" of the Kuomintang was held, and the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party began. In June, the Whampoa Military Academy was established. On September 3, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War broke out. On September 15, the Feng army marched into the pass, and the second Zhifeng war broke out. On October 23, Feng Yuxiang launched a coup in Beijing and imprisoned Cao Kun. On November 2, Cao Kun announced his resignation, and the second Zhifeng war ended. On November 5, Feng Yuxiang expelled Qingxun Emperor Puyi from the palace. On November 24, Duan Qirui took office as interim ruler. On March 12, Sun Yat-sen died of illness. On May 30th, the "May 30th" tragedy. In October, Sun Chuanfang organized the "Five-province Allied Forces of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi" and ordered a crusade against the Feng army, and the Zhejiang-Feng war broke out. On November 22, the Luanzhou Mutiny of Fengjun Guo Songling's Department, Fengjun retreated to the pass. On December 25, Guo Songling was defeated and killed. On December 29, Xu Shuzheng was assassinated and died. On January 4, Feng Yuxiang announced his resignation, and transferred from Kulun to the Soviet Union to travel. On March 18, Duan Qirui's interim government guards created the "March 18" tragedy. On March 20, the "Zhongshan Ship Incident" broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek first took power. On April 20, Duan Qirui's interim ruling government collapsed, and Duan Qirui stepped down for the last time and retired to Tianjin. On July 9, the Southern National Revolutionary Army swore to the Northern Expedition and marched into Hunan. On August 13, the Fengzhi coalition forces of Zhang Zuolin, Zhang Zongchang and Wu Peifu fought fiercely with the national army in Nankou, and the national army was defeated and dispersed. On September 17, Feng Yuxiang swore an oath in Wuyuan, formed the National Army coalition, and announced the Northern Expedition. In January, Wuhan and Jiujiang took back the British Concession. In March, Shanghai workers held their third armed uprising. On April 12, Chiang Kai-shek staged a coup in Shanghai. On April 28, Li Dazhao was killed by Zhang Zuolin in Beijing. On July 15th, Wang Jingwei announced the "Qing Communist Party" and merged with Chiang Kai-shek. On August 1, the Communists launched the "Nanchang Uprising". On August 7, the Communist Party of China held the "August 7th" meeting in Hankou. In September, Mao Zedong and others launched the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi. On December 11, Zhang Tailei and others launched the Guangzhou Uprising. In January, Chiang Kai-shek was electrified and reinstated. Three months later, the Northern Expedition resumed. In April, the Red Army of Zhu De, Mao Zedong and others joined forces in Jinggangshan to form the "Fourth Army of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants". On May 30, under the attack of the Northern Expeditionary Army, Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat to the pass, and the remnants of Zhang Zongchang and Sun Chuanfang collapsed. On June 4, Zhang Zuolin was killed by the Japanese in Huanggutun, and Zhang Xueliang became the commander-in-chief of security in the three eastern provinces. In October, the Kuomintang announced the "political training" and the establishment of the "Five Courts". On December 29, Zhang Xueliang announced the "change of banners in the Northeast", and the period of the Beiyang warlords ended. In January, Chiang Kai-shek held a dispatch meeting. On March 27, the "Jianggui War" broke out, and Li Zongren was defeated. In May, Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yuxiang went to war, and Han Fuju and Shi Yousan rebelled against Feng and Chiang. In June, Sun Yat-sen moved his spirit to the Zhongshan Mausoleum. In July, Feng Yuxiang entered Jin and was placed under house arrest by Yan Xishan. On July 10, Zhang Xueliang forcibly took over the "Middle East Railway", and the "Middle East Road" incident broke out. On March 6, Wang Jingwei was expelled from the party at the Third Plenary Session of the Third Central Committee of the Kuomintang. On August 7, Wang Jingwei and others held an enlarged meeting in Beiping to oppose Chiang. In November, Jiang, Yan, and Feng fought in Zhongyuan. Chiang Kai-shek won, and Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang went to the field. In December, the Central Soviet Area broke through the "first encirclement and suppression". On February 28, Chiang Kai-shek imprisoned Hu Hanmin, the veteran of the Kuomintang and the president of the Legislative Yuan. In April, the Kuomintang launched the "Second Encirclement and Suppression" against the Central Soviet Area. In May, the Wang faction of the Kuomintang and other forces established an anti-Chiang government in Guangzhou. On June 1, the Kuomintang promulgated the "Policy Training Law". In early September, the Red Army smashed the Kuomintang's "third encirclement and suppression campaign". On September 18, the Japanese invaders launched the "September 18th" Incident, and the Northeast Army implemented the "non-resistance policy" and withdrew to the pass. On November 7, the "Chinese Soviet Republic" was established in Ruijin. On December 15, Chiang Kai-shek went to the field for the second time. On January 28, Japan provoked the "January 28th" Incident in Shanghai, and the 19th Route Army rose up to fight against Japan. On March 6, Chiang Kai-shek returned, forming a pattern in which Chiang Kai-shek was in charge of the army and Wang Jingwei was in power within the Kuomintang. On March 9, the "Puppet Manchukuo" manipulated by Japan was established, and the former Qing Xun Emperor Pu Yi served as the ruling. On May 5, China and Japan signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement". On June 9, Chiang Kai-shek announced the policy of "to fight against the outside world, we must first settle the inside" in Lushan. On December 30, the China Civil Rights Protection League was established in Shanghai, with Soong Ching Ling as the chairman. In February, the Japanese army attacked the front line of the Rehe Great Wall, and Song Zheyuan led the 29th Army to fight against it. In March, the Kuomintang's "fourth encirclement and suppression campaign" failed. On May 26, the "Chahar Allied Army" was established, with Feng Yuxiang as the commander-in-chief. On May 30, China and Japan signed the Tanggu Agreement. On July 18, Chiang Kai-shek established the "Lushan Officer Training Corps" and appointed himself the head of the regiment. In September, Chiang Kai-shek launched the "Fifth Encirclement and Suppression". On November 19, Li Jishen, generals of the 19th Route Army Cai Tingkai, Jiang Guangnai and others established an anti-Chiang anti-Japanese government in Fujian. On January 19, the "Puppet Manchukuo" resumed the monarchy, and Puyi turned into "Emperor Kant". On January 21, the Fujian anti-Chiang government failed. In February, the Nanjing National Government launched the "New Life Movement". In October, the Central Red Army began the Long March after failing its fifth anti-encirclement campaign. On January 15, the Zunyi Conference was held. On June 12, the Red Front Army and the Red Fourth Front Army Maogong joined forces. On June 27, the Sino-Japanese "Qin-Tu Agreement" was signed. On August 1, the CCP issued the "August 1 Declaration", calling for unity to resist Japan. On November 4, the Nanjing National Government implemented currency reform. On December 9, the "129 Movement" broke out in Beiping. On January 28, the "Northeast Anti-Japanese Alliance" was established. On May 5, the Kuomintang government promulgated the "May 5th Constitution"; in the same month, the National Salvation Federation from all walks of life was established. On October 9, the Red First, Second, and Fourth Front Army joined forces in Huining, Gansu. On December 12, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the "Xi'an Incident". In June, Zhou Enlai and Chiang Kai-shek held the second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation negotiation in Mount Lushan. On July 7, the Japanese army provoked the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident", and the Anti-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way. On July 17, Chiang Kai-shek delivered a Lushan speech and decided to resist the war. On August 13, the "August 13 Incident" broke out, and the Songhu Battle, which lasted for three months, began. On August 22, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was reorganized into the "Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army". In September, the Kuomintang announced the Kuomintang-Communist Cooperation Declaration on Anti-Japanese War, and the Anti-Japanese National United Front was established. On October 13, the "New Fourth Army" was established. On November 20, the Kuomintang government moved to Chongqing, the accompanying capital. On December 13, Nanjing fell, and the Japanese army created the "Nanjing Massacre" that shocked China and the world. From February to April, Li Zongren commanded the battle of Xuzhou and won the victory in Taierzhuang. In May, Xiamen, Xuzhou, and Hefei fell successively. On June 11, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the excavation of the Yellow River embankment at Huayuankou to block the advance of the Japanese army with the water of the Yellow River. In August, Guangzhou and Wuhan fell one after another, and the War of Resistance entered a stalemate. On December 29, Wang Jingwei committed treason to Japan. On February 7, the Kuomintang "Supreme National Defense Committee" was established, with Chiang Kai-shek as its chairman. On July 9, Wang Jingwei publicly cooperated with Japan. In October, the first "Battle of Changsha", the Japanese army was wounded, killing and injuring more than 10,000 people. On November 7, Lieutenant General Norihide Abe was killed during the Japanese army's raid in Jinchaji. On December 1, Yan Xishan instigated the "West Shanxi Incident", setting off a small anti-communist upsurge that undermined the unity and anti-Japanese situation. On March 30, the "Wang Puppet Regime" was established in Nanjing. In May, Zaoyi will fight. From August to November, Peng Dehuai commanded the Eighth Route Army to launch the Hundred Regiments Campaign. On November 30, Japan signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and China with the Wang puppet regime. In December, the Japanese army launched a large-scale "mopping up" in North China and implemented the "Three Alls Policy". On January 6, the Kuomintang created the "Southern Anhui Incident". On January 20, the headquarters of the New Fourth Army was rebuilt. On June 22, German troops attacked the Soviet Union. On December 7, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. On December 8, the Japanese army attacked Hong Kong. The next day, the government of the Republic of China officially declared war on Japan. On December 25, Hong Kong fell. On January 1, representatives of 26 countries including China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the "United Nations Declaration" to jointly oppose fascism. In June, at the Battle of Midway Island, the U.S. military reversed the situation in the Pacific War. On July 4, the U.S. Air Force Volunteer Squad (the "Flying Tigers") was reorganized into the U.S. Air Force Task Force in China, with Chennault as its commander. In December, the 359th Brigade of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army marched into Nanniwan, and the "mass production movement" began. On December 20, Wang Jingwei visited Japan. On January 11, the United States and Britain gave up their privileges in the Chinese concessions and consular jurisdiction. On February 2, the Battle of Stalingrad ended, and the Soviet Union reversed the situation on the Soviet-German battlefield. On May 15, the Communist International announced its dissolution. On November 22, China, the United States and Britain held the Cairo Conference. From November 28 to December 1, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union held the Tehran Conference. On January 3, the Chinese army launched a counter-offensive in Burma. On June 6, the Allied forces landed in Normandy and counterattacked the European continent. On July 22, the US military went to Yan'an to inspect Yan'an with an observation team. In October, Stilwell, chief of staff of the Chinese theater, was dismissed and recalled to the United States. In November, the Japanese army launched the Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, and the Kuomintang army was defeated. In April, the "Seventh National Congress" of the Communist Party of China was held. On April 30, the Soviet army captured Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and the European War ended. On July 26, the "Potsdam Proclamation" was issued. On August 6, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. On August 9, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. On August 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender. On September 2, Japan officially signed the instrument of surrender. On October 10, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party negotiated in Chongqing and signed the "Double Ten Agreement". On January 10, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party signed an armistice agreement, and the (old) CPPCC meeting opened. In June, full-scale civil war broke out again. On July 11 and 15, Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo were assassinated by Kuomintang agents. On November 4, the Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation was signed. In December, students in Peking launched a campaign to protest the atrocities committed by the US military (the "Shen Chong case"). On February 28, Taiwan's "228" uprising. In May, the 74th Division reorganized by the Kuomintang was wiped out in the Battle of Menglianggu. In May, students across the country launched the "Anti-Hunger, Anti-Civil War, and Anti-Persecution" campaign. On June 30, Liu Deng's army advanced into the Dabie Mountains, kicking off the prelude to the counterattack. On October 10, the People's Liberation Army put forward the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and liberate the whole of China". In December, the Northeast Field Army and the Kuomintang Army fought in Siping. In August, the Kuomintang government issued gold round notes, and the financial system fell into a state of collapse. From September to November, the Liaoshen Campaign. In November, the Battle of Huaihai began. In December, the Battle of Pingjin began. In January, the Battle of Huaihai ended; in the same month, the Battle of Pingjin ended, and Peiping was liberated peacefully. In March, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. On April 21, the People's Liberation Army launched the Battle of Crossing the River, and captured Nanjing on the 23rd; on the 24th, Taiyuan was liberated. On May 3, Hangzhou was liberated; on May 16, Wuhan was liberated; on May 20, Xi’an was liberated; on May 27, Shanghai was liberated. On August 8, the United States published a white paper on China policy, and the Kuomintang government was abandoned. In September, the (new) Political Consultative Conference opens. On October 1, the People's Republic of China was established and the period of the Republic of China ended.