Chapter 42 42. Chiang Ching-kuo's negotiations with the Soviet Union hit a wall

In the summer of 1945, Chiang Ching-kuo and Premier Song Ziwen went to the Soviet Union to negotiate the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance." After meeting with Stalin, Stalin's secretary sent him out and asked casually, "You haven't been to Moscow for a few years. Do you have any new discoveries?" Jiang Jingguo said: "I just arrived in Moscow this afternoon and came to see you this evening, so I haven't discovered anything yet. But I have one thing to ask you: In 1931, I was also here I have seen Stalin before, and now everything in the office is the same as before, with only one difference. In the past, behind Stalin’s desk, there was an oil painting of Lenin standing on top of a tank calling for people to riot, but this time it was gone. Another portrait of Peter the Great. This is something new I discovered today." The secretary smiled after hearing this: "Of course it's new, it's new from time to time."

The detail that Chiang Ching-kuo discovered was quite bizarre: How could Stalin, who followed Lenin to overthrow the tsarist rule, take down Lenin's oil painting and hang the tsar's ancestor Peter the Great on his back instead?The truth of history often lies in the scrutiny of details, and this slight change may indicate the difficulty of this negotiation. Since the 16th century, Tsarist Russia has continuously infiltrated into Siberia, and thus inevitably had contacts with Outer Mongolia. As early as the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Mongolia had been split into three parts. One was Monan Mongolia, which is today’s Inner Mongolia; the second is Mobei Mongolia, which is now the Mongolian People's Republic, also known as Khalkha Mongolia; the third is Moxi Mongolia, also known as Erut Mongolia.When the Qing army entered the customs, the Mongols in northern Saibei were organized into the "Eight Banners of Mongolia" and made great contributions to the Qing court's victory over the country. Therefore, they also enjoyed the same privileges as the Manchus (such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, etc., the highest of the Han people. You can only be named a prince; while the Mongols can be named kings and dukes, such as Seng Gelinqin was named a prince).

During the Kangxi period, under the leadership of the leader Galdan, the Junggar tribe of Moxi Mongolia took control of the other three tribes of Moxi Mongolia (Heshuote, Durbert, and Turghut) and attempted to annex Khalkha Mongolia. The three tribes (namely Zhasaktu, Chechen and Tuxietu) attempted to dominate Mongolia and aspire to the Central Plains, and became a serious problem for the Qing court for a while.Fortunately, Kangxi was in the prime of life at that time. After leading the Qing army to conquer the west several times, the Galdan tribe was completely defeated, and Khalkha Mongolia was also attached to it, and the Inner Mongolia system was implemented (it had already been attached to the Qing court).Since Outer Mongolia was divided into Tuxietu, Chechen and Zhasaktu at that time, the Qing court was also divided into three administrative centers, namely Kulun (now Ulaanbaatar), Khobdo and Ulia Sutai, respectively, set up two ministers and General Ulia Sutai to govern.

When the Kangxi army was fighting fiercely with the Galdan tribe, Tsarist Russia was also watching, but because Galdan failed too quickly, the plan failed. In 1727, the third year after the death of Peter the Great, China and Russia signed the "Treaty of Brensky" to stipulate the border between the two countries in the northwest region (the "Treaty of Nerchinsk" in 1689 delineated the border in the northeast), That is to say, with the Shapinay Ridge (Shabinda Baha, now part of Russia) and the Ergun River line as the boundary, the north belongs to Russia and the south belongs to China. From this, it is determined that Outer Mongolia belongs to China, while Tsarist Russia has obtained Obtained the right to trade in Kyakhta and Outer Mongolia.

However, as the power of Tsarist Russia continued to expand and the Qing court continued to decline, the Tsar's ambitions for Outer Mongolia became more and more obvious.Due to the intermarriage between the Mongolian tribe and the Qing royal family for generations, most of the upper Mongolian people lived in the capital. After Jiaqing Daoguang, Tsarist Russia began to collude with the living Buddhas of the Mongolian tribe in an attempt to split Mongolia from China. After the Gengzi year, the Qing court implemented a new policy across the country. At that time, Kulun Minister of Affairs Sanduo (this person was from Zhengbai Banner of Mongolia, with a Han surname of Zhang and a character of Liuqiao) also vigorously promoted the popularization of education in Mongolia, immigrating to border areas, The new policies such as opening up reclamation and training the new army, because they acted too aggressively, aroused the resentment of monks and secular feudal lords such as Jebtsundamba VIII, the living Buddha of Kulun, and prompted them to have the idea of ​​defecting to Tsarist Russia.

After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Russia immediately intervened in the affairs of Outer Mongolia and instigated the lamas and princes to "independence". On November 28, 1911, Jebtsundamba established the "Great Mongol State" under the instigation of the Tsarist Russian consul in Kulun, and then with the help of the Tsarist Russian Cossack cavalry, Sanduo, the Qing court minister in Kulun, and other civil and military officials Drive out Cullen.At that time, Sanduo had only 200 soldiers, and Russia stationed heavy troops on the border and had sent more than a thousand troops into Outer Mongolia. Under such circumstances, Sanduo and his entourage were disarmed and escorted out of the country.

Since the Xinhai War was in progress, the Qing court had neither the intention nor the power to deal with Jebtsundamba's "independence". It could only send the Mongolian county king and Khovduo's minister of affairs to Kulun to appease him, but Jebtsundamba did not respond to this. He didn't pay attention to it at all, but later established himself as emperor, with the reign title "Gongdai".With the support of Russia, Jebtsundamba's forces expelled Qing officials and soldiers from Uliasutai and Khovduo. The Russians expressed strong support for Jebtsundamba's "independence". At that time, the "Mongolian Army" was provided with weapons by Russia and trained by Russian instructors. The Russians also gave Jebtsundamba a loan of 2 million rubles. Signing the "Russia-Mongolia Agreement" and the "Russia-Mongolia Business Treaty" can be described as sparing no effort.However, the support of the Russians is conditional, that is, to turn Outer Mongolia into their sphere of influence. For example, in the above agreement, it is stipulated that Chinese troops are not allowed to enter Mongolia, and Han people are not allowed to emigrate to Mongolia. Enjoying privileges in Mongolia, without the consent of Russia, Mongolia is not allowed to sign treaties with other countries, etc.To sum it up in one sentence, China was kicked out of Outer Mongolia, and the original ruling power was completely replaced by Tsarist Russia. The wolf's ambition is clear at a glance.Of course, the Qing court and subsequent governments declared that they would not recognize Jebtsundamba's independence and these agreements between Russia and Mongolia.

In November 1913, Yuan Shikai’s government signed the Sino-Russian Declaration Document with Russia. Russia recognized China’s suzerainty over Outer Mongolia and recognized Outer Mongolia as part of China’s territory, while China recognized that Outer Mongolia enjoyed autonomy and agreed to send only ministers, The subordinates and guards were stationed in Kulun, and the army did not enter Outer Mongolia.As a condition, the privileges that Russia seized in the "Russian-Mongolian Commercial Treaty" were recognized. In June 1915, after nearly a year of negotiations, China, Mongolia, and Russia signed the "Sino-Mongolian-Russian Agreement." Jebtsundamba abolished the emperor's title and year title, and Russia confirmed China's suzerainty over Outer Mongolia. Mongolia's various privileges have also been reaffirmed.

Until the "October Revolution" broke out in Russia in 1917, the Kulun authorities saw that the tsarist regime had fallen, and then announced the cancellation of independence. The government of the Republic of China then sent troops to Kulun to regain all sovereignty.It is a pity that the later Republic of China government has been caught in civil war and failed to consolidate its sovereignty in Mongolia in time, so that Outer Mongolia declared its independence again with the support of the Soviet Union and fell into the arms of the Soviet Union. The chaotic state continued until the The War of Resistance ended.

In the latter part of World War II, in order to end the war against Japan as soon as possible, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the "Yalta Agreement" with the Soviet Union without China behind their backs, in which they agreed to maintain the status quo in Outer Mongolia and restore Russia's presence in the Northeast before the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. rights and interests, as a condition for the Soviet Union to send troops to the Northeast. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. After the news reached the Soviet Union, Stalin immediately ordered the million-dollar Red Army on the Sino-Soviet border to march into Northeast China on the 8th, and defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army that had been entrenched for many years in one fell swoop.Although the Soviet Union's move cannot be completely compared to the occupation of Northeast China under the pretext of annihilating the Boxers in the Gengzi Year, it has in fact formed a situation of stationing troops in Northeast China.

At this time, Jiang Jingguo and Song Ziwen were negotiating with the Soviet Union in Moscow. According to Jiang Jingguo’s recollection, when they met Stalin for the first time, Stalin’s attitude was very polite; but when it came to formal negotiations, his attitude began to change. Be tyrannical.According to Jiang Jingguo's description, "At that time, Stalin threw a piece of paper in front of Dean Song with an arrogant attitude, and then said: 'Have you seen this thing?' Dean Song looked at it and knew it was the "Yalta Agreement." Said: "I only know the general content." Stalin especially emphasized: "You can talk about the problem, but you can only use this thing as the basis; it was signed by Roosevelt.'" Stalin’s attitude at the time was that he could make concessions on issues such as the Middle East Railway, Lushun, and Dalian; but he would never give in on the issue of the independence of Outer Mongolia, which was also an obstacle that could not be circumvented in the negotiations at that time (Mao Zedong’s visit to the Soviet Union was also encountered later. to the same problem).In the absence of progress in the negotiations, Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram instructing Chiang Ching-kuo to visit Stalin in a personal capacity in order to turn things around. After Jiang Jingguo went to see Stalin, Stalin immediately asked: "Why do you insist on not allowing Outer Mongolia to become 'independent'?" Jiang Jingguo said: "You should understand that our seven-year war of resistance in China is to regain the lost land. They have not been driven away, the Northeast and Taiwan have not been recovered, and all the lost land is in the hands of the enemy; instead, ceding such a large piece of land will not lose the original intention of the War of Resistance? Our people will definitely not forgive us, they will say that we 'Sell out the country'; under such circumstances, the people will definitely rise up against the government, then we cannot support the war of resistance, so we cannot agree to the annexation of Outer Mongolia to Russia." Stalin said: "Your words are very reasonable, I don't know. But, you have to know that today I don't ask you to help, but you want me to help; if your country has strength, you can fight Japan. , I will naturally not make a request. Today, you don't have the strength, and you still say these words, it is tantamount to nonsense!" Although Stalin's words are extremely explicit, it has to be admitted that this is indeed the essence of international relations.There are no eternal friends or enemies between countries, only eternal interests. In an international society where the weak prey on the strong, whoever has a thicker and harder fist will have more say in international affairs. The so-called "weak country" No diplomacy", that's roughly what it means.A weak country, even if you broke your throat, what can you do? When it came to later, Stalin did not go around in circles anymore. He pointed out bluntly that the reason why the Soviet Union wanted Outer Mongolia was entirely from a military strategic point of view, because they needed such a buffer zone to ensure the security of Siberia.Chiang Ching-kuo argued that we came here to sign a "treaty of friendship" with the Soviet Union, and China would not attack the Soviet Union; even if China wanted to attack, it would not have the strength.Stalin said disdainfully: "I can tell you: the treaty is unreliable. Besides, you have another mistake; you said that China has no strength to invade Russia, and you can say this today; but as long as you can unify China, it will be better than anyone else." The progress of the country must be fast." Stalin's tone was completely realistic. He didn't want another powerful country to appear on his border, and he was also worried that China would get too close to the United States, which would affect the national interests and security of the Soviet Union.After repeated debates without any results, Chiang Kai-shek decided to give in, as recorded in his diary: "Received Zi Wen Donghai's telegram, knowing that Stalin insisted on the independence of Outer Mongolia, otherwise the agreement would not be established. Thinking again and again, Russia’s demands for Outer Mongolia are determined to be obtained, and it must not satisfy its desires with any high degree of autonomy or the way of allowing it to garrison troops. If it does not grant its demands, there will be no way to negotiate the integrity of various administrations in Northeast China and Xinjiang,... Moreover, Outer Mongolia is in fact already occupied by Russia. To suffer disasters for the sake of a false name is to harm the country; if you sacrifice the barren land of Outer Mongolia in exchange for the unification of the Northeast, Xinjiang, and the whole country, and the unification strategy must be this way and also." In the end, the Kuomintang government agreed to make concessions, allowing Outer Mongolia to resolve its international status issue through a "referendum" "under the guidance of the principles of the Three People's Principles".After the agreement was reached on the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Song Ziwen resigned, and the agreement was signed by Foreign Minister Wang Shijie. On October 20, 1945, a referendum was held in Outer Mongolia. Under the operation of the Mongolian People's Party, 97.8% of the citizens were in favor of independence, but the observers sent by the United Nations did not recognize the vote. On January 5, 1946, the Kuomintang government recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia, and even lost its nominal suzerainty. Just as intractable as the Mongolian issue is the northeast issue.During the more than half a century from the Sino-Japanese War to the end of the Anti-Japanese War, the Northeast has always been the sphere of influence that Japan and Russia fought fiercely.Although Russia and Japan regard each other as mortal enemies, the venue of their conflict is in China. It is a pity that the owner of the land can only hang up the card of avoiding the war and use the guise of "outside neutrality" to cover himself . In fact, since the victory of the Northern Expedition and Zhang Xueliang's change of banner, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang forces have never reached the Northeast.For them, the Northeast is a completely unfamiliar area, which shows how complicated and difficult it is to accept the Northeast.Xiong Shihui, who was appointed as the director of Northeast Xingyuan at that time, said to Chiang Kai-shek before his trip: "Without difficult negotiations, the Soviet Union will never withdraw its troops on time; if it does not withdraw troops, the sovereignty of Northeast China cannot be recovered, and Xingyuan's establishment in Changchun is also a fiction and will not work." At that time. The problem is that even with hard negotiations, the withdrawal of troops may not go smoothly.Stalin said it well, treaties are useless!Historically, that's not the case. According to the agreement, the Soviet Red Army was supposed to withdraw from the Northeast within three months, but due to various complicated factors at home and abroad, the progress of the withdrawal and reception process was extremely difficult. At the end of December 1946, Chiang Ching-kuo was again ordered to go to Moscow to conduct secret negotiations with Stalin, but in front of the powerful Stalin, Chiang Ching-kuo "completely became a listener."According to the memory of the party involved in the talks, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Lozovsky, in the two talks, Jiang Jingguo was like a student facing a teacher in front of Stalin, unconfident, cautious, and sometimes servile.The impression of the participants was that Chiang Ching-kuo had an abnormal mentality, which may be because he had personally experienced the "Great Purge" campaign initiated by Stalin when he lived in the Soviet Union.The negotiators present believed that the young Chiang Ching-kuo was not as good at bargaining as Song Ziwen in the previous negotiations with the Soviet Union; they also believed that it might not be a good idea for Chiang Kai-shek to send his son to see Stalin. In fact, the Soviet Union's attitude towards the Northeast was very complicated at that time, because if it wanted to seize the privileges granted by the "Yalta Agreement" and the Sino-Soviet Treaty, it should abide by its promise with the Nationalist Government and let the Kuomintang take over the Northeast administratively; but it It is also worried that the power of the United States will extend into the Northeast from this, so before the completion of various preparations, the Kuomintang forces cannot be allowed to control the Northeast.At that time, the U.S. policy toward China was also contradictory. On the one hand, it wanted to maintain and expand the rule of the Kuomintang government in China, but on the other hand, it did not want to openly get involved in China’s civil war, especially the conflict with the Soviet Union. Before the issue of troop withdrawal and acceptance was resolved, the Soviet Union dismantled all the heavy industries in Northeast China, including Fushun Coal Mine, etc. The problem, because the final result of the Kuomintang government's negotiations with the Soviet Union at that time was that it would inevitably evolve from a diplomatic confrontation with the Soviet Union to a military conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which was also unavoidable.