Chapter 52 52. Three foreigners who participated in the Long March

Exactly how many foreigners participated in the Red Army's Long March is still a mystery.Some people say that there are four foreigners, and others say that there are six, even including foreign missionaries such as Bo Fuli and Heyman.Both statements are wrong.According to data, there were more than 30 Korean fighters who participated in the Long March of the Red Army alone.Based on this, it can be affirmed that there should be at least 30 foreigners participating in the Long March. The missionaries Bo Fuli, Heyman, and Kellner were not considered to have participated in the Long March at all, because they were not members of the Red Army, but were captured and detained by the Red Army on suspicion of being "spies".The famous American writer Harrison?Salisbury called Bo Fuli "an outsider in the Long March", and this title is more appropriate.

The foreigners who participated in the Long March have more detailed historical facts, and there are four people who can be verified: Li De from Germany, Hong Hong from Vietnam, Bi Shiti and Wu Ting from North Korea.Li De has been introduced earlier, and here we will focus on introducing the other three. Hong Hong is the only foreign general awarded honors in the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and was awarded the rank of major general in 1955.Originally named Wu Yuanbo, he was born in a wealthy family in Jialin County, Vietnam on October 1, 1908. In 1924, he was wanted by the French police for participating in the student movement against the French colonists.At the end of this year, he and some patriotic youths from Vietnam came to Guangzhou, the center of the Chinese Revolution at that time.It was at this time that Ho Chi Minh also arrived in Guangzhou to work as an interpreter for Sun Yat-sen's Soviet advisor, Borodin.Flood and others participated in the political training class and the Vietnam Youth Revolutionary Comrades Association founded by Ho Chi Minh in Guangzhou.At that time, the reactionaries regarded revolution as a "scourge", and what he yearned for was to destroy the old forces and the unreasonable social system with revolutionary means and flood-like momentum, so he changed his name to "Flood" at this time. ". In March 1926, Hong Hong was introduced by Li Fuchun, Cai Chang and others, and entered the fourth phase of Whampoa Military Academy.He was classmates with Lin Biao, Liu Zhidan and others.

In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup and carried out a bloody massacre of Communist Party members.At this time, Flood resolutely left the Kuomintang and joined the Chinese Communist Party. In December 1927, he participated in the Guangzhou Uprising together with 30 other Vietnamese youths who worked and studied at the Whampoa Military Academy. At the beginning of 1930, Hong Hong served as the director of the Political Department of the 24th Division of the 12th Army Corps of the Red Army. In 1932, he was transferred to Jiangxi Ruijin Central Military and Political School as a teacher. In January 1934, the Second National Congress of the Chinese Soviet was held in Ruijin, at which Flood was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet.However, it didn't take long for the wrong "Left" leaders to label Hong Hong as a "senior spy" and roughly expel him from the party.

In October 1934, the Red Front Army began the Long March, and the Central Military and Political School where Flood was located was incorporated into the Military Commission cadre regiment.Zhu De and Liu Bocheng took special care of Hong Shui and incorporated him into the team directly under him to be responsible for the propaganda and agitation work during the Long March. After the Zunyi Conference in January 1935, the "Left" errors in the party were gradually corrected and cleared up. The Party Committee of the Central Column revoked the punishment for Flood and restored his party membership.Flood said with great emotion: "The Zunyi meeting not only saved the fate of the Red Army, saved the fate of China, but also saved my fate."

After the first and fourth front armies of the Red Army Maogong joined forces, the soldiers were divided into two groups and passed through the grassland. Flood was assigned to the left army where Zhu De, Zhang Guotao, and Liu Bocheng were.When the Left Route Army reached the Gaqu River, Zhang Guotao, who didn't want to go north, deliberately made excuses and forced the Left and Right Route Army to go south, splitting the party and the Red Army.Flood stood firmly on the side of Zhu De and Liu Bocheng, and opposed Zhang Guotao's going south and establishing a new central government.Once, he argued face-to-face with Zhang Guotao without fear, which made Zhang Guotao very annoyed. In a rage, he branded Hong as an "international spy" out of nowhere and expelled Hong from the party again.If Zhu De, Liu Bocheng and others had not tried their best to protect him at that time, Flood would have been killed by Zhang Guotao long ago.

Soon, Flood was scattered in a battle on the way to the south of the army and lost contact with the army.He started a long march north alone.He firmly believed that as long as he insisted on going north, he would definitely find the Party Central Committee and the Red Army.Along the way, he endured hunger and hunger, slept in the wilderness, and suffered a lot.To make a living, he herds sheep and feeds camels for others.But most of the time he survived by begging along the way. At the beginning of 1936, in Yan'an, a scrawny, unkempt man with a begging bowl in his hand and wearing a tattered Tibetan robe suddenly appeared in front of the Red Army commanders and fighters. People could hardly recognize him as the flood.After the comrades were convinced that it was him, they all admired his tenacious spirit.The leaders of the central government were also very moved when they heard his story. The organization once again revoked his punishment and restored his party membership.Flood said to his comrades with great emotion: "This is the revolution. If a person is determined to participate in the revolution, he must withstand all kinds of hardships and blows, including being misunderstood by his comrades, otherwise how can he become a real revolutionist? "

In June 1936, Hong Hong became the first batch of students of the Red Army University. At the end of November, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Zhang Guotao and others arrived in Yan'an.After Zhang Guotao saw the flood, he felt very uncomfortable.Zhu De happily said to Hong Shui: "Xiao Hong, I heard that your team was broken up. I haven't seen you for so long. I didn't expect you to arrive in Yan'an earlier than me. You will be blessed if you survive."Hong Hong replied with a smile: It is a blessing for me to be able to study at the Red Army University now. Mao Zedong once said affectionately: "The splendid five-star red flag of the People's Republic of China is stained with the blood of Korean revolutionary martyrs." Bi Shiti, who died on the Long March, is an outstanding representative of these Korean revolutionary martyrs.

Bi Shiti, also known as Yang Lin, was named Kim Hoon in North Korea. Born in 1901 in North Pyongan Province, North Korea. In 1919, the "March 1st" Uprising broke out in North Korea with hundreds of thousands of people participating and fighting for national independence. Both Bi Shiti and his father participated in this patriotic movement.Due to the bloody suppression by the Japanese military and police, tens of thousands of North Koreans, including Bi Shiti's parents, were massacred.Bi Shiti was wanted and forced to go into exile in China. In June 1921, he arrived in Kunming and was admitted to the Yunnan Lecture School founded by Cai E.Zhou Baozhong, the leader of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Alliance, happened to be in the same school as him at this time. According to Zhou Baozhong’s recollection, Bi Shiti would run 10 miles with a brick on his back every morning to exercise. They are all number one.The school's superintendent called on the students to learn from this "aspiring Korean student".

In November 1924, Bi Shiti graduated from the Yunnan Lecture Martial Arts School, came to Guangzhou, and entered the Whampoa Military Academy as the captain of the student team.There, he was influenced by Zhou Enlai and others, and turned to communism.He successively led the cadets of the Whampoa Military Academy to participate in the battle to quell the rebellion of the merchant group, the crusade against Chen Jiongming, and the rebellion of warlords Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan. In November 1924, the Ye Ting Independent Regiment led by the Communist Party was established in Zhaoqing, and Bi Shiti was transferred by the party organization to serve as the commander of the third battalion. In the summer of 1925, Bi Shiti secretly joined the Communist Party of China.

In August 1927, the party organization sent Bi Shiti to the Soviet Union to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Moscow Infantry School. In the summer of 1930, he returned to China and served as Secretary of the Military Commission of the Manchuria Provincial Committee in the Northeast. In July 1932, he was transferred to the Central Soviet Area to work as the chief of staff of the Chinese Soviet Labor and War Committee, and became Zhou Enlai's right-hand man in the rear.Once, Mao Zedong met Bi Shiti, and when he learned that Bi Shiti's wife was still working in the Manchuria Provincial Party Committee, Mao Zedong immediately asked the central transportation agency to find a way to transfer his wife to the Central Soviet Area. In January 1934, at the Second National Congress of the Chinese Soviet, Bi Shiti was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic.After that, he was transferred to the Red Army University in charge of teaching affairs.

In October 1934, the Red Army University was incorporated into the cadre regiment of the Military Commission, with Chen Geng as its head and Bi Shiti as its chief of staff.The cadre regiment is composed entirely of cadres. The Party Central Committee takes it very seriously and protects this special team as much as possible, and will not use the cadre regiment as a last resort.But when crossing Chishui four times, Mao Zedong had to use this team due to the large attrition of the Red Army.Bi Shiti and others led the leading cadre regiment to participate in the battle of Tucheng and the battle of Zunyi successively, and made military exploits again and again.In every battle, Bi Shiti would charge forward.In the two decisive battles of skillfully crossing the ferry and occupying Tong'an Town, Bi Shiti showed extraordinary courage and military talent. At the end of April 1935, when rushing to cross the Jinsha River, Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng personally went to the cadre regiment to issue tasks, and they must occupy the crossing before May 1.Bi Shiti personally led the team, and marched 180 li to reach Xianpingdu in a day and night. He occupied the ferry without firing a single shot or injuring anyone.The next morning, Bi Shiti led a platoon and flew to Tong'an Town, unexpectedly defeated a Kuomintang regiment with a platoon of troops, and captured hundreds of enemy soldiers.For this, he was awarded by the Military Commission. In October 1935, after the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, the 15th Red Army led by Xu Haidong asked the central government for cadres, and Bi Shiti was sent by the central government to serve as the chief of staff of the 75th Division of the 15th Red Army. In November, Bi Shiti was ordered to lead the 75th division to participate in the battle of Zhiluo Town, and made outstanding contributions to the Party Central Committee's establishment of the revolutionary headquarters in the northwest. On February 18, 1936, the First Red Army issued an order for the Eastern Expedition. Mao Zedong led the Red Army Headquarters to follow the Red Fifteenth Army, and the 75th Division led by Bi Shiti was identified as the vanguard. On the evening of the 20th, a night without stars and moon, Bi Shiti personally selected more than 40 members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League to form an advance detachment for crossing the river (actually a death squad). He led the team and boarded 5 small wooden boats. The two large ships carrying a company of soldiers opened the prelude to the Red Army's expedition across the Yellow River.As soon as the boat rowed to the middle of the river, it was discovered by the cunning enemy, and the enemy's bullets shot over immediately.Bi Shiti decisively decided to change the smuggling to forced immigration.As soon as the boat reached the shore, Bi Shiti led the soldiers into the enemy's formation. In less than an hour, they destroyed all the enemy's fortresses on the other side of the river, forcing a company's defenders to surrender.In order to expand the results of the battle and ensure the smooth crossing of the 15th Army Corps, Bi Shiti vigorously led the troops to continue chasing and destroying the fleeing enemy.Unexpectedly, suddenly, a bullet shot into Bi Shiti's abdomen. Bi Shiti, who was seriously injured and unable to move, asked his comrades at the last moment of his life: "How is the situation ahead? Has Mao Zedong crossed the river?" He said to his comrades around: "Don't worry about me, move on quickly!" February 22, 1936 On the 1st, Bi Shiti died honorably because of his serious injuries and the rescue failed.He didn't leave a last word. After Bi Shiti's sacrifice, only Wu Ting was left among the more than 30 North Korean soldiers of the Red Army's Long March, which made Peng Dehuai very sad.Peng Dehuai was very excited when he spoke at the party committee. He said: "Too many foreign revolutionaries died for the revolutionary cause of China. If we continue to let them die in China, who will be left to fight for the revolutionary cause of their motherland What? We can’t do anything for those comrades who have died, but we should not waste the lives of foreign comrades.” After this, the Military Commission issued an order for Wu Ting to rest and let him study in the Red Army School. Wu Ting, formerly known as Kim Wu Ting, was born in North Hamgyong Province, North Korea in 1905. In 1919, at the age of 14, he participated in the "March 1" anti-Japanese patriotic movement. In 1923, in order to seek a way to restore the country, Wu Ting crossed the Yalu River and came to China. He first entered the Cultural University to study Chinese. In 1924, he entered the Northern Military Academy to study artillery.During the military academy, he participated in the Battle of Nankou between the warlords, and made great achievements in the capture of Tianjin. In 1925, he joined the Communist Party of China. In 1927, at the age of 22, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of artillery due to his outstanding military ability, and participated in the Northern Expedition.After the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation broke down, he engaged in underground work in Wuhan, but unfortunately was arrested and sentenced to death.Just at this time, tens of thousands of students in Wuhan staged a demonstration against the KMT's massacre policy and demanded the release of political prisoners including Wu Ting. The local Communist Party organized active rescue work, and Wu Ting was rescued. In 1929, he was elected as the commander-in-chief of the Shanghai workers' uprising.After the uprising failed, he was caught by British military police and sentenced to 2 months in prison. In 1930, he joined the Red Army.Soon, the Red Army captured Yueyang, Hunan, and captured the Seventh Five-Year Field Cannon and Mountain Cannon, and Wu Ting's expertise was brought into play. "Peng Dehuai's Autobiography" records: "After the occupation of Yuezhou, the British, American, and Japanese warships were still rampant like Huangshi Port, bombarding the city and the shore. We set up the artillery covertly (at that time, it was only myself and myself) A North Korean comrade Wu Ting knew how to use guns), and when the enemy ships approached, he fired back dozens of guns, and more than ten rounds hit the warships. Since then, they dare not go to the shore and shoot.” After that, the Artillery Battalion of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Red Army was Jiangxi Pitou was established, and Wu Ting was appointed as the battalion commander.Before the Long March of the Red Army, Wu Ting was also elected to the Military Commission of the Communist Party of China. In late November 1934, during the Battle of the Xiangjiang River, Wu Ting led his Artillery Battalion of the Military Commission to launch a fierce attack on the enemy's position, making great contributions to the Red Army's seizure of the Xiangjiang River ferry and breaking the bloody road.After that, Wu Ting served as the commander of the third field echelon of the Military Commission's column, commanding technical arms including the artillery battalion, engineer battalion, first transportation brigade and affiliated hospital.After the Liping Conference, the troops were reorganized, and Wu Ting was transferred to the commander of the Artillery Battalion of the Red Army. Peng Dehuai attaches great importance to Wu Ting.On the eve when Zhang Guotao was about to split the Red Army, Peng Dehuai had already noticed that Zhang Guotao had ambitions.At that time, Zhang Guotao, who was the general political commissar of the Red Army, had collected all the code books of the Red Front Army, which made it impossible for the various legions of the Red Front Army to communicate with each other.When the Right Route Army with Mao Zedong and others arrived in Brazil after crossing the grassland, Peng Dehuai secretly sent the 11th Regiment to hide not far from where Mao Zedong and others lived, just in case. The newly edited telegram codebook went to the Red First Army to restore the telecommunications connection between the Red First and the Third Army and prevent unexpected incidents.Wu Ting found the First Red Army Corps in the Russian border, and the connection between the First Red Army Corps and the Third Army Corps was restored.Just at this time, Zhang Guotao sent a secret message to Chen Changhao, forcing the Party Central Committee and the Red Army to go south.Wu Ting's move at a critical moment will undoubtedly help the Party Central Committee and the Central Red Army get rid of Zhang Guotao's control. In 1945, after Japan's defeat, Wu Ting returned to North Korea. In February 1948, the Korean People's Army was established. Wu Ting served as the commander-in-chief of the artillery and was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.