Chapter 10 〇9. Daqing: thirst for energy

The discovery of Daqing Oilfield in 1959 ended China's oil shortage history and made Daqing one of the most famous places in China's industrial history. Daqing Oilfield is the largest oilfield in China from the 1960s to the 1980s, located in the central part of the Songliao Plain.A railway, the Binzhou Railway, runs across the middle of the oil field.Daqing Oilfield was put into development and construction in 1960. It consists of 48 oil and gas fields of various sizes, including Sartu, Xingshugang, Lamadian, and Chaoyanggou, covering an area of ​​about 6,000 square kilometers.The scope of exploration mainly includes two major exploration areas in the northeast and northwest, with a total of 14 basins and a registered exploration license area of ​​230,000 square kilometers.The oilfield has been put into development and construction since 1960, and has produced more than 50 million tons of high and stable production for 25 consecutive years, creating a miracle in the history of similar oilfield development in the world.The results of oilfield exploration and development and major projects such as "two bombs and one star" have been recorded in the history of China's scientific and technological development.A statistic as of the end of 2000 shows that Daqing Oilfield has produced 1.624 billion tons of crude oil in total, accounting for more than 40% of the country's total output in the same period; exported 355 million tons of crude oil, earned 49.48 billion US dollars in foreign exchange, and handed over 324.208 billion yuan in various funds to bear the price difference of crude oil 419 billion yuan.The Daqing Oilfield was of great significance to the People's Republic of China, which had just celebrated its 10th anniversary at that time, because it would provide continuous energy support for socialist construction, and it was also a booster for Chinese people to boost their self-confidence.

This day is no different from any other day they have spent in their lives. "They" is vague, and most people don't know their names, but they must have been running around on the Songnen Plain for a long time.In the "Memorabilia of Daqing Oilfield" compiled by Daqing Oilfield, they were recorded as the "32118" drilling team.They have come to this small town called Datong 5 months ago to start drilling wells in search of oil. This is not the United States in the 19th century. Driven by wealth, people went to the vast hinterland to explore the black gold surging underground.This is China in 1959, a country that is also unique, and everyone's hard work is driven by a kind of ideological fanaticism and yearning for the future of a temporary new country.Leaving their hometowns and working day and night did not bring them wealth. Instead, they were replaced by the honors bestowed on them layer by layer by a huge institution.It's just that no one can remember their faces, their glory and hard work after 40 years.However, the oil came out, and it subsequently led to a bigger discovery. Under the small town on this plain is a world-class super-large sandstone oil field.

Discovery brings great joy throughout the country.In a photo allegedly taken at the scene of the oil discovery on September 26, 1959, about 20 people pose for a group photo standing on the black earth of the plain.They may be the personnel and family members of the drilling team numbered "32118".There was an undisguised smile on everyone's face.Men wear thick "locomotive" hats with the brim down to reach their necks. They are made of army green cloth and down inside, which protect their heads, ears and necks from the severe cold of Northeast China.All of them are wearing heavy winter clothes.Among them were old people and children, the youngest being a little girl in her mother's arms.Someone raised their gloved hands above their heads and clapped. The black earth under their feet was covered with clumps of grass that hadn't been completely trampled.

This is not the first attempt by China's new regime to find oil. "Memorabilia of Daqing Oilfield" began to be recorded in 1958, and it started with a comment from Deng Xiaoping. On February 28, 1958, after listening to the report of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, Deng Xiaoping said: "For the five regions of Songliao, North China, East China, Sichuan, and Ordos, we must spend a lot of energy, study and consider... there is really hope For example, if the Northeast, Subei and Sichuan are developed, it will be very good.” China has been in the longing for oil and self-doubt before.This big country has already started its own industrial construction, and this kind of industrial construction started in the way of the Soviet Union has undoubtedly a large demand for energy.And the country, despite its abundance of coal, is considered relatively poor in oil.The popular geological theory before the 1950s believed that, “Since oil and gas were formed by chemical changes in the corpses of marine organisms in ancient times under high temperature and pressure, large oil and gas fields can only be found in marine strata that were once oceans in ancient times.” Continental strata have no or poor oil.” However, China’s Northeast, North China, and Northwest regions are precisely continental strata, so most scholars hold pessimistic views on China’s oil and gas reserves. Before 1949, China's annual oil production was only 140,000 tons.The leaders of the new regime expressed their worries about oil more than once. Mao Zedong said, "To carry out construction, oil is indispensable. Things that fly in the sky and run underground can't turn without oil!" Zhu De said bluntly , Without oil, tanks and cannons are not as good as dog sticks.

It is Li Siguang and Huang Jiqing who theoretically support everyone's confidence.Li Siguang was the first Minister of Geology of the new regime.Li Siguang always likes to say that he "has some special views on tectonics." He has delineated a large area for China's oil exploration based on tectonic conditions and depositional conditions, which are also two elements of oil generation.When Mao Zedong invited Li Siguang to express his views on the prospect of China's oil resources at the end of 1953, Li Siguang told Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De present that China had abundant oil and gas reserves.When Premier Zhou Enlai later talked about the oil issue, he always said, "The Minister of Geology is very optimistic and told us that the underground reserves of oil are huge and promising." Huang Jiqing is the famous proponent of the theory of "continental oil generation".

Getting closer to oil is exciting.On February 11, 1959 (the fourth day of the first lunar month in the lunar calendar), at a meeting held at the home of He Changgong, the vice minister of the Ministry of Geology, the Ministry of Geology and the Ministry of Petroleum discussed the exploration and exploitation of oil on the Songliao Plain.The meeting started with He Changgong’s 10-year-old daughter speaking on the piano and singing, and then Mrs. He sent a telegram. Yu Qiuli, Minister of the Ministry of Petroleum, knelt on the map spread out on the ground, and pointed to the map with his intact right arm to explain. The sleeve in the neutral arm was hanging down to one side (Yu Qiuli's left arm was amputated).

By March 22, 1959, it was confirmed that no oil had flowed from the Songji 1 well that had been delineated before.But the next Songji 3 well brought good luck, "From the beginning of July to the 20th, Songji Mitsui took a core and saw a sandy oil layer, full of oil and strong smell"... "On September 26, Songji 3 The industrial oil flow came out from the well, and the Daqing Oilfield was discovered.” 1959 was the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the new regime, and the date of the discovery of the oil field was also approaching the National Day. Therefore, Ouyang Qin, the first secretary of the Heilongjiang Provincial Party Committee, proposed to change the name of Datong Town, where the oil field is located, to Daqing Town to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. anniversary.Next, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry named this newly discovered oil field "Daqing Oilfield".

Unlike the unknown member of the 32118 drilling team who drilled oil in Datong Town, Wang Jinxi is famous.In China in the 1960s and 1970s, people may not know the geologist Huang Jiqing who put forward the theory of "continental oil generation" and thus theoretically supported the discovery of the Daqing Oilfield, and even Yu Qiuli, the minister of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. Will know Wang Jinxi. On February 5, 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Notice on Communicating the Report of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry on the Daqing Oil Battle", which made Daqing and Wang Jinxi famous all over China. "The experience of Daqing Oilfield is not only applicable to the industrial sector, but also to other sectors. It is also applicable, or can be used as a reference", Wang Jinxi is an outstanding representative of Daqing Oilfield. Five days later, the "People's Daily" published a long report on Shanxi Dazhai and Chen Yonggui "The Road to Dazhai", introducing how Dazhai and Chen Yonggui developed agriculture unyieldingly under the harsh natural environment, and at the same time published an editorial " A good example of building mountainous areas with revolutionary spirit".Daqing and Dazhai began to be juxtaposed as samples of industry and agriculture in socialism.Industry learns from Daqing, agriculture learns from Dazhai.And Wang Jinxi and Chen Yonggui became well-known labor models and people's stars throughout the country.

Before going to Daqing, Wang Jinxi was already a respected model worker.Later, when describing the iron man's revered experience, most writers will write that when Wang Jinxi was in Beijing to attend the National Heroes Meeting (a meeting attended by model workers), he saw a bus on the street with He was very curious about the majestic package - this was also the first time worker Wang Jinxi came to Beijing.Therefore, Wang Jinxi asked people why there was a large airbag on the bus, and the answer he got was: "Because there is no gasoline, the car burns gas." "After hearing this, he didn't ask any more questions. He thought to himself: 'How can a country as big as ours do without gasoline? I'm an oil worker. Seeing that the country is making such troubles, how can I have the nerve to ask?' The more he Thinking about his heart getting heavier, he went to the Great Hall of the People for a meeting, and his mood has not been calm. During the break, he quietly hid aside alone, smoking a cigarette with his head stuffed." A character newsletter called "Iron Man Wang Jinxi" wrote—— Like most journalistic works of the era, this newsletter was rife with exaggeration and speculation in order to create a real hero rather than a questionable "person."

Among the three famous photos of Wang Jinxi, one shows the middle-aged man staring at the camera worriedly, with wrinkles carefully carved by a time sculptor with a knife; the other shows Wang Jinxi jumping In the cement, mixing the cement with the body, subduing the shot of the blowout - this photo must also face the simplest question: why is there a photographer taking pictures beside Wang Jinxi when he jumps in and mixes; just like a foreign reporter Ask his Chinese friends: I can understand Lei Feng's lofty spirit, but what I can't understand is why is there always someone taking pictures of Lei Feng when he is doing good deeds?In another photo, the iron man is holding the microphone with one hand, clenched a fist with the other, frowning, with an agitated expression, and his body is tilted, as if he is about to rush out at any time.The photographs, like the newsletters, show an exaggerated man with excess energy, agitated nerves and unreal emotions.

The worker’s emotion about poetry is unconstrained and practical (exaggeratedly practical), “The north wind is an electric fan, the heavy snow is fried noodles, and the south and the sea are coming to fight, vowing to win the number one big oil field. Do it! Do it! Do it!”; “There is Conditions must be improved, and conditions must be created if there are no conditions."; "Oil workers roar, and the earth will tremble three times";In the newsletter of "Iron Man Wang Jinxi", he wrote: "Where is Wang Jinxi digging a well? He is simply exchanging his own blood and life for oil! During the most intense days of the battle, he fought day and night in the well. On the field, when I was hungry, I ate a few bites of frozen corn buns. When I was sleepy, I fell on the drill pipes that had been lined up, covered with an old sheepskin jacket, and rested my head on the drill bit; A grand goal, and he put everything on his own." The price he paid was a smashed leg, severe arthritis and stomach cancer, and, indeed, as he says in that poem, twenty years of his life were cut short by his work, when he died of illness in 1970 Iron Man was only 47 years old when he died.But this simple worker still enjoys the respect of Daqing until today.Daqing built a beautiful memorial hall "Iron Man Wang Jinxi Memorial Hall" for him, and the most noble title for Daqing's labor model is "New Iron Man". It is precisely because of the discovery of super-large oil fields such as Daqing that the Xinhua News Agency announced in the "Press Communiqué of the Fourth Session of the Second National People's Congress" broadcast on December 4, 1963, "Most of the oil my country needs in the past Relying on imports, it is now basically self-sufficient." At the end of 1999, Daqing Oilfield was reorganized and restructured. In 2000, Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd. was established, and, as a subsidiary of China National Petroleum Corporation, was included in the assets of the listed company PetroChina. However, since 1993, China has once again become an importer of crude oil. The import volume in that year was 9.3 million tons, accounting for 6% of the total demand; by 2004, the proportion of imported crude oil in the total demand increased to 45.7%, and this The proportion is still increasing.A set of figures shows that by 2020, China's oil demand will reach more than 450 million tons, and domestic crude oil may be produced from 180 to 200 million tons, with an estimated shortfall of 252 million tons.It is this hunger for oil that has driven China to befriend countries like Iran and to show more aggressiveness on the African continent.And this creates a delicate chess game in new international relations.The rest of the world is discovering that they are facing a hungry power.Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the Daqing Oilfield, we suddenly discovered that we are still in a state of great hunger for energy. The First Automobile Factory, which began construction in 1953, is the well-deserved eldest son of the Republic's industry.China FAW Group Corporation, formerly known as Changchun First Automobile Manufacturing Plant, is located southwest of Changchun City, Jilin Province, in northeast China.The site was chosen in Changchun in Northeast China, on the one hand because it has a certain heavy industry foundation, and on the other hand because it is close to the "big brother" Soviet Union, which is convenient for receiving technical and personnel assistance; another automobile city, Hubei Shiyan, is located in In the deep mountains with inconvenient transportation.This kind of site selection is also a measure of the temperature of international relations. FAW is "good friends", but Shiyan is wary.The FAW Industrial Park appeared as a landmark for 60 years because it reflected the great industrial desire of the People's Republic of China in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.The factory, which started construction in 1953, produced China's first domestically produced Jiefang truck three years later. In 1958, it trial-produced my country's first "Dongfeng" brand car and "Hongqi" brand limousine.