Chapter 15 Chapter Fourteen: The Creation of Mao Zedong's Red Regime Theory

Mao Zedong, the former secretary of the Fourth Red Army, led the soldiers and civilians on the Hunan and Jiangxi frontiers to consolidate and build base areas, and at the same time devoted great energy to theoretical creation, summed up the experience of the Jinggangshan struggle, and put forward the theory about the red regime. The theory of the red regime was derived and developed from the idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants".Mao Zedong's idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" has a process of formation, not overnight.As early as the eve of the failure of the Great Revolution, Mao Zedong put forward the idea of ​​"going up the mountain", believing that "going up the mountain can form the basis of military power", which is the germination of the idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants".After the failure of the Great Revolution, Mao Zedong put forward the concept of "separatist regime in southern Hunan" based on the "separatist regime" advocated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Hunan Provincial Party Committee's opinion of "creating a peasant riot and separatist regime". counties, form a political base, and develop the agrarian revolution in the whole province."After the autumn harvest riots were frustrated, Mao Zedong thought about and summed up the experience and lessons of peasant uprisings, green forest kings and warlord separatism in history, and pointed out: "Why did Li Zicheng fail? One of the important reasons is that he did not have a solid base." "Warlords can separatist regimes." , why can’t we separate ourselves?” “Historically, the ‘King of the Mountain’ has never been wiped out. We want to be the ‘King of the Mountain’ and the ‘King of the Revolution’ of the red separatist regime in the high mountains.” , Mao Zedong's "separatist regime" thought has been continuously deepened and sublimated, and gradually formed the idea of ​​"workers and peasants' armed separatist regime" on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi with Ninggang as the center.He clearly pointed out: "The idea of ​​'armed separatism of workers and peasants' is an important idea that the Communist Party and the masses of workers and peasants in separatist areas must fully possess.". "The existence and development of the 'armed separatism of workers and peasants' must meet the following conditions: (1) have a good mass; (2) have a good party; (3) have a Red Army of considerable strength; (4) have a convenient The terrain of the battle; (5) the economic power with sufficient supplies. Mao Zedong traveled all over the Luoxiao Mountains and believed that comparing all parts, the middle section of the Luoxiao Mountains with Ninggang as the center is the most conducive to our military separatism."Therefore, he asserted: "The significance of the workers' and peasants' armed separatism on the border between Hunan and Jiangxi with Ningkang as the center is by no means limited to the counties on the border. These expositions of Mao Zedong clearly and concretely expounded the great significance, conditions of existence, center of the separatist regime and its development prospects.

Mao Zedong's thought of "armed separatism of workers and peasants" has its scientific connotation, which is "a line based on the ground, building political power in a planned way, deepening the agrarian revolution, and expanding the people's armed forces."In other words, the idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" is the general concept and generalization of the trinity of armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and base area construction.Among them, armed struggle is the basic form of "armed separatism of workers and peasants", agrarian revolution is the main content of "armed separatism of workers and peasants", and the revolutionary base area is the goal of "armed separatism of workers and peasants".These three are interdependent and indispensable.Without armed struggle, the agrarian revolution cannot be carried out, and the revolutionary base areas will lose their support; without the agrarian revolution, the armed struggle will have no mass foundation, and the revolutionary base areas cannot be established; without the revolutionary base areas, the armed struggle will have no foothold, and the achievements of the agrarian revolution It is difficult to consolidate.Under the guidance of Mao Zedong's great thought of "armed separatism of workers and peasants", the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area was continuously developed and developed in the process of properly handling the relationship between the armed struggle, the agrarian revolution and the construction of the base area.

Mao Zedong's idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" was gradually accepted by the army and the people in the practice of the struggle in Jinggangshan, and a consensus was formed.However, the development of things and people's understanding is not straight and straight. "Some comrades often doubt the existence of such a red regime in times of difficulty and crisis, and become pessimistic." Mao Zedong: "Why can China's red regime exist?" ".The prominent manifestation of this pessimism is to raise the question of "how long will the red flag be fought".

After the "August Failure" in 1928, the border situation was very severe, and the Red Army and the base areas suffered heavy losses.At this time, some comrades in the party and the Red Army (including Lin Biao, head of the 28th regiment of the Fourth Red Army) were confused by temporary setbacks, pessimistic and disappointed about the future of the revolution, hesitated in thought, and raised the question of "Will the red flag be fought in the end?" How long?" question.Later, in the winter of 1928 and early 1929, "when the enemy's third 'suppression' came to Jinggangshan, some comrades raised the question of 'how long will the red flag be fought'."The emergence and raising of such doubts twice is certainly not an isolated phenomenon, but is essentially a reflection of a right-leaning pessimistic trend of thought within the party and the Red Army.The seriousness of the problem is not limited to this. "At that time, not only the Red Army and the local Party had a kind of pessimistic thinking, even the Central Committee could not help but be confused by the superficial situation at that time, and a pessimistic argument took place."It can be seen that the question of "how long the red flag will be raised" exists within the party and outside the party; both local and central.The reason, as Mao Zedong pointed out, "is that they did not scientifically analyze the essence of the general situation".So, how to "analyze scientifically"?How to "see its essence" theoretically through the phenomenon?This is the origin of the theory of red regime.

In order to theoretically answer the question of "how long the red flag has been fought" within the Party and the Red Army, and scientifically analyze the objective basis for the long-term existence and development of China's small red regime, Mao Zedong used the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and combined the Jinggangshan armed separatism Actually, creatively put forward the theory about the red regime.The symbol of the formation of this theory is Mao Zedong's "Why Can China's Red Regime Exist?" written and published in Jinggangshan. " and "The Struggle in Jinggangshan" two brilliant works."A single spark can start a prairie fire" written after that is the deepening and development of the brilliant thoughts of these two works.

The basic idea of ​​Mao Zedong's theory of red regime is: 1. Scientifically analyzed the domestic political situation after the failure of the Great Revolution, and put forward the general task and general goal of establishing the Chinese red regime. Mao Zedong pointed out: "Now the rule of the new Kuomintang warlords is still the rule of the urban comprador class and the rural gentry class, surrendering to imperialism externally, and replacing the old warlords with new warlords at home." Underneath, there was no political or economic emancipation."This situation shows that the main contradictions between the Chinese people in modern Chinese society and imperialism, feudal compradors and the rural gentry class are still the same and have not been resolved.

Because of this, "China urgently needs a bourgeois democratic revolution, and this revolution must be led by the proletariat to complete."Here, Mao Zedong clarified the nature of the Chinese revolution and its revolutionary leadership class, and profoundly summarized the main lesson of the failure of the first great revolution, which was that "the proletariat did not resolutely exercise its leadership", so that "the comprador gentry The class seized the leadership, and the revolution was replaced by a counter-revolution".In this defeat, the Chinese proletariat and peasants have been hit hard.However, the revolution is "developing day by day." Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the organized "rural riots" of the workers and peasants are "developing in various places in the north and south." "The development of the movement is a new fact", the pessimistic argument of Chen Duxiu and others to cancel the revolution is groundless.

After scientifically analyzing the domestic political situation after the failure of the Great Revolution, Mao Zedong clearly pointed out: "The content of China's democratic revolution, in accordance with the instructions of the international and the central government, includes overthrowing the rule of imperialism and its instrumental warlords in China, completing the national revolution, and Carry out the agrarian revolution and eliminate the feudal exploitation of the peasants by the gentry class." Mao Zedong: "Why can China's red regime exist?" ".This scientific thesis of Mao Zedong clarified the central content of the Chinese democratic revolution, which is to carry out the agrarian revolution, eliminate the gentry class, overthrow the white regime, and establish a red regime.This is actually the general task and general goal of establishing the Chinese red regime.

2. Incisively discusses the conditions for the existence and development of China's red political power, and clearly puts forward the great idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants". Mao Zedong pointed out with great interest: "Within a country, surrounded by the white regime, there is a small or several small areas of the red regime that have existed for a long time. This is something that has never happened in any country in the world. Such a miracle happened , has its own unique reasons.” Mao Zedong: “Why Can China’s Red Regime Exist? ".Immediately afterwards, Mao Zedong analyzed the unique reason for the occurrence of this "miraculous event", which lies in the "considerable conditions" for its existence and development.According to the law of unbalanced political and economic development in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, Mao Zedong thoroughly demonstrated and pointed out that the conditions for the emergence, existence and development of the Chinese red regime in the surrounding white regime are:

(1) China's local agricultural economy and the imperialist policy of splitting and exploiting the division of spheres of influence have created gaps in reactionary rule, giving opportunities for the revolution to take advantage of.This is the fundamental reason why a small or several small red areas led by the Communist Party can exist and develop in the surrounding white regime.The separatist regime on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi is one of these many small pieces.Because the local warlords were busy fighting with each other, they had no time to take care of the "junction" area of ​​the border, and they were beyond their reach. The "junction" became the "no matter department" of the warlords.The Communist Party can take advantage of the contradictions and gaps of the enemy to develop revolutionary forces and establish a red regime.Just because the divisions and wars of the white regime in China continued, "the emergence, existence, and development of the red regime are beyond doubt."

(2) Have a good mass base.The places where China's red regime first emerged and can exist for a long time are mainly places where the masses of workers, peasants and soldiers rose greatly during the two years of the Great Revolution in 1926 and 1927, such as Hunan, Guangdong, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces.In these places "there were extensive trade unions and peasant associations, many economic and political struggles between the workers and peasants against the landlord and gentry class and the bourgeoisie" and "peasant separatist regimes", all of which provided the basis for the establishment of revolutionary base areas. It has laid a good mass foundation with the red regime. (3) The national revolutionary situation continued to develop.Whether the small red regime can survive for a long time has a lot to do with the national revolutionary situation.The national revolutionary situation is moving forward, so the long-term existence of small red areas "is not only unquestionable, but also must be one of the many forces that will take over the national power."If the revolutionary situation in the whole country does not continue to develop, it is impossible for the small red areas to exist for a long time. (4) The existence of a formal Red Army of considerable strength.This is another necessary condition for the existence of the red regime.If there are only local Red Guards and other mass armed forces, but no official Red Army, they can only deal with the door-to-door regiments, but not the official White Army, "let alone create a long-term and growing situation of separatism." (5) The strength of the Communist Party organization and the correctness of its policies.This is another "important condition"; if the Party's Special Committee and Military Commission have no strength, or if there are mistakes in policy, it will bring losses to the Red Army and the Red Area. The "March defeat" and "August Failure" fully illustrates this point. Mao Zedong discussed the subjective and objective conditions for the existence and development of the Chinese red regime from the five aspects of the split and war of the white regime, the mass base, the revolutionary situation, the existence of the Red Army, and the strength of the party, so that the red regime in China can be surrounded by the white regime. Surrounded in an invincible position, with credible scientific theoretical basis. On the basis of demonstrating the conditions for the existence and development of China's red regime, Mao Zedong put forward "an important thought" - the new concept of "armed separatism of workers and peasants".This is the first new concept and new idea that appeared and used in Mao Zedong’s writings and our party’s literature, and it is a major creation of Mao Zedong in opening up the situation of separate regimes on the Hunan-Jiangxi border and establishing the Soviet red regime. We have analyzed the connotation of the concept of "armed separatism between workers and peasants". In a nutshell, it is the unity of armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and base area construction.Mao Zedong himself attached great importance to this new concept and new thinking, and believed that: "The idea of ​​'armed separatism of workers and peasants' is an important idea that the Communist Party and the masses of workers and peasants in separatist areas must fully possess." From a theoretical point of view, it can be considered that " The idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" is the core idea of ​​Mao Zedong's theory of red regime, and it is "a profound concept that promotes the upsurge of the national revolution." 3. Briefly summed up the important experience of the armed separatist regime of workers and peasants on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi, and pointed out the status and role of the armed separatist regime on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi in the Chinese revolution. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong's thought of "armed separatism of workers and peasants", the soldiers and civilians on the Hunan-Kiangsi border implemented the "advancement strategy" so that the "separatist areas expanded day by day, the agrarian revolution deepened day by day, the organization of popular power was promoted day by day, and the Red Army and Red Guards grow".The Party and the Red Army have implemented correct policies and created rich experience in the border struggle.This is: resolutely fight against the enemy, form a political power in the middle of the Luo Xiao Mountains, and oppose flightism; go deep into the land revolution in the separatist areas; the party in the army helps the development of the local party, and the armed forces of the army help the development of the local armed forces; The strong Hunan is on the defensive, and Jiangxi, where the ruling power is relatively weak, is on the offensive; use great efforts to manage Yongxin, create a separatist regime for the masses, and arrange long-term struggles; concentrate the Red Army's cameras to meet the current enemy, oppose the division of troops, and avoid being defeated by the enemy one by one; separate the area The expansion of the country adopts a wave-like advance policy, opposes the aggressive policy, and so on.Because of the appropriateness of these strategies, coupled with the favorable terrain on the border, although the enemy "invaded and suppressed" the base areas several times with "several times our strength", not only failed to destroy this separatist regime, but also "this separatist regime has a great impact on the two sides of Hunan and Jiangxi." The influence of the province has the tendency to expand day by day.” The "August failure" in 1928 was the result of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and its representatives, Du Xiujing and others, violating the strategy of "taking a defensive position against Hunan, which has relatively strong ruling power", and rushing into southern Hunan by rashly dividing troops.Summarizing the lessons of the "August failure", Mao Zedong emphasized that "we must pay attention to establishing a solid foundation in the central area, so that we can have something to rely on when the white terror comes"; "our strategy must be gradually advanced", In the military, "the most taboo is to divide the troops and advance aggressively", and in the local work "the most taboo is to distribute the manpower, and pay no attention to the establishment of a solid foundation in the central area"; Advocating a solid foundation in the central region denounced the erroneous views of "conservatism" as "the root cause of the Red Army's failure in southern Hunan." "This painful experience is worth remembering at all times"; During the trip to southern Hunan, there is no doubt that the Red Army will expand in August"; "In our experience, there is almost no division of troops without failure." After summing up the positive and negative experiences of the Hunan-Jiangxi separatist struggle, Mao Zedong believed that "the red flag on the border has been raised for a year." As long as the correct strategy is used, the future and hope are great.The workers' and peasants' armed separatist regime in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Jiangxi with Ningkang as the center was "of great significance" in the process of workers' and peasants' uprisings in the three provinces of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi to seize power. Not only that, Mao Zedong also linked the victory of the Hunan-Jiangxi border separatist regime with the grand plan of seizing national power, and pointed out brilliantly: "These red areas will continue to develop, and they are getting closer to the acquisition of national power." Mao Zedong: "China's Red Why can the regime exist? ". (emphasis added by the citer) It can be seen that Mao Zedong was in Jinggangshan, looking at the whole of China, he had already regarded the red area of ​​Jinggangshan as an important base and starting point of victory for "the acquisition of national power".Although the enemy's "invasion" and blockade caused great difficulties in the border separatist struggle, Mao Zedong believed that "such difficulties are of course unavoidable before the general power of the country is obtained." "The long-term existence of a small red area on the border of Jiangxi is not only unquestionable, but must also be used as one of the many forces that have gained national power." (The emphasis mark is added by the quoter.) It is worth noting that in the same article, Mao Zedong used the words "obtaining national power" three times. This kind of profound thought and scientific foresight fully explained the armed separatism of workers and peasants on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi. Its important position and role in the victory of the Chinese revolution in seizing national power also fully demonstrates that Mao Zedong's theory of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing national power by armed forces has already begun to take shape during the Jinggangshan period. Because of such vision and tolerance, Mao Zedong pointed out with confidence: "The red flag on the border has never fallen. It not only shows the strength of the Communist Party, but also shows the bankruptcy of the ruling class. It is of great significance in national politics. Therefore We always believe that the creation and expansion of political power in the middle Luoxiao Mountains is very necessary and very correct." Mao Zedong: "The Struggle at Jinggangshan". Mao Zedong's theory of the red regime is a new development of Marxism-Leninism in China, a new breakthrough in the Chinese Soviet movement, and a new creation in the international communist movement.The establishment of this ideological theory has taken a solid and decisive step for our party to explore the theory of the road of encircling cities from rural areas in China's revolution. During the Jinggangshan period, Mao Zedong put forward the idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" and created the theory of the red regime, but it does not mean that he formed a complete theory of the road to encircle the city from the countryside.The process formed in this process has generally gone through three historical stages: 1. The theory about the red regime established on the basis of the idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants" during the Jinggangshan period was the embryonic stage of Mao Zedong's theory of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing power by armed forces. The symbol of the theoretical formation at this stage is "Why Can China's Red Regime Exist?" written by Mao Zedong. " and "The Struggle in Jinggangshan" came out. 2. During the period of the Central Soviet Area, Mao Zedong's thought of "armed separatism of workers and peasants" was developed in a wider field, and the basic formation stage of China's revolutionary road theory. During this period, Mao Zedong criticized Lin Biao and others in the party for "not using the consolidation and expansion of these red regimes to promote the profound concept of the national revolutionary upsurge", and clearly pointed out: "The establishment and development of the Red Army, guerrillas and red areas, It is the highest form of peasant struggle under the leadership of the proletariat in semi-colonial China" and "the most important factor in promoting the national revolutionary upsurge".In this way, a conclusion opposite to the "city center theory" was proposed, that is, to establish the Red Army and revolutionary base areas in the countryside, continuously expand the red areas, promote the arrival of the national climax, and finally encircle the cities with the countryside and seize the national power by force. The Chinese Soviet Republic established in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province in the autumn of 1931 was a successful attempt of Mao Zedong's thought and the embryonic form of New China.The symbol of the formation of China's revolutionary road theory at this stage was the publication of Mao Zedong's "A Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire". 3. The Yan'an period after 1936 was the mature development stage of Mao Zedong's Chinese revolutionary road theory of encircling the city from the countryside and seizing power by armed forces. During this period, Mao Zedong systematically summarized the laws and experiences of China's revolutionary war, and profoundly discussed the strategic position of revolutionary base areas in the Chinese revolution.He pointed out: "The backward countryside must be turned into an advanced and solid base, a great military, political, economic, and cultural revolutionary front, so as to oppose the vicious enemy who uses the city to attack the rural areas, so as to fight against the enemy in the long-term battle. Gradually strive for all victories of the revolution." Mao Zedong also clearly pointed out that the Chinese revolution cannot "occupy the cities first and then the villages" like the Russian revolution, but take the opposite road, that is, take the road of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing national power by force .The sign of the maturity and development of this road theory of the Chinese revolution is the result of Mao Zedong's two works "Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936) and "War and Strategic Problems" (November 1938). published. In March 1949, at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party, Mao Zedong made a complete statement of the road theory of the Chinese revolution: "From 1927 to the present, the focus of our work has been on the countryside, gathering people in the countryside. power, encircle the city with the countryside, and take the city." From the above three historical stages, it can be seen that Mao Zedong’s theory of red political power and the theory of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing political power by armed forces are both related and different. They belong to two different theoretical concepts and cannot be confused or confused. split apart. The connection between the two is: (1) The road to encircle the cities from the countryside and seize political power with armed forces must first go through the armed separatist regime of workers and peasants and establish a small red political power.The implementation of the armed separatism of workers and peasants and the establishment of small red regimes are the premise and foundation for the rural areas to encircle cities and seize national power with armed forces, while the rural areas to encircle cities and seize national power with armed forces is the ultimate goal of implementing workers' and peasants' armed separatist regimes and establishing small red regimes and destination. (2) The idea of ​​"armed separatism of workers and peasants", that is, the theory of red regime, is consistent with the basic connotation of the theory of encircling cities in the countryside and seizing power by armed forces. general concept. (3) The theory of the red regime and the theory of roads encircling the cities from the countryside were created by the Party and Mao Zedong in the great practice of the Chinese revolution, and were continuously deepened, developed and perfected day by day. The former is the cornerstone, while the latter is the building. The difference between the two is: (1) The theory of the red regime mainly answers the question of the conditions for the existence and development of the red regime in China, and the theory of the road encircling the cities from the countryside answers the question of the fundamental path of the Chinese revolution. (2) The theory that rural areas encircle urban roads is "centered on the rural areas." This idea was only clarified in Mao Zedong's letter to Lin Biao in western Fujian in January 1930.However, the theory of the red regime was formed in Jinggangshan. At that time, Mao Zedong "had not yet and could not have the idea that the whole party should focus its work on the countryside." (3) "Armed separatism of workers and peasants" and small red regimes are regional concepts, while encircling cities from the countryside and seizing power by armed forces is a national concept. The former is local and the latter is global.