Chapter 54 3. Palace treasure

In the Ming Dynasty, the Jingyang Palace was the residence of the concubines, but in the Qing Dynasty, it was not used as the concubine's bedroom, but as a place for storing books and paintings.The apse of Jingyang Palace was the Royal Study Room in the Qing Dynasty.Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty once received Yu Chenglong, the "No. 1 honest official in the world", and gave food and gifts (one thousand taels of silver and one horse), as well as imperial poems and imperial scrolls.Emperor Qianlong's imperial plaque "Xuepoetry Hall" is hung in the hall, and the imperial plaque couplets: the ancient fragrance permeates the book, and the vitality blends with the image.The chief eunuch of Jingyang Palace is also in charge of the collection and storage of paintings and calligraphy in the imperial study. The "Poetry Learning Hall" has become an important hall for the treasures of the Qing Palace.

Why is it called "Poetry Learning Hall"?This was triggered by the treasure of painting and calligraphy "Mao Shi Tu".The "Mao" here refers to Mao Heng (big Mao) and Mao Chang (little Mao) who were taught. The "Thirteen Classics" is mainly based on Mao's biography, which is called "Mao Shi".The "Mao Poems" written by Gaozong Zhao Gou and Xiaozong Zhao Shen (shen, the ancient "Shen" character) in the Southern Song Dynasty and the accompanying paintings by Ma Hezhi are collectively called "Mao Poetry Picture", because of its "three names" - the name He is famous all over the world for his poems, names and paintings.During the Qianlong period, the "Mao Poems" collected by the Neifu was appraised. Because of the long history and many lost, they were combined into one box and stored in the back hall of Jingyang Palace. ("Xueshitang Ji" by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty) This is the origin of the name "Xueshitang".

Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, was good at calligraphy and loved Ma Hezhi's paintings.Ma Hezhi, whose date of birth and death is unknown, was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). He was a court painter in the Southern Song Dynasty and ranked first among the ten imperial painters.Therefore, Zhao Gou and Zhao Shen wrote 300 articles, and ordered Ma Hezhi to match each article with a painting, which was compiled into a huge book. Unfortunately, only more than 50 pieces were completed, and Ma Hezhi passed away.Ma Hezhi's paintings are composed with calm brush and ink, rigorous structure, elegant artistic conception, and unique.Huang Gongwang praised his works: "The brushwork is clear and smooth, and the scenery is deep." Among them, Ma Hezhi's "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Lu Mingzhi Shitu" volume, Southern Song Dynasty, silk, ink and color, 28 cm long and 864 cm wide.There are 10 paragraphs in the whole volume of books and paintings. Each paragraph is preceded by the original text in small regular script, followed by pictures.At the beginning of the first paragraph, there are four characters "The Shishi of Lu Ming", the titles and small prefaces of three poems are written in the last paragraph, and "Shi Shi Pian of Lu Ming" is written at the end. "Ancient Paintings" records: "Ma Hezhi's painting method is simple and elegant, with more than enough interest, and the figure's clothes are folded using the method of willow leaves." "Shiqu Essays" records: "Ma Shilang's painting method is unique among the Southern Song Dynasty masters. The pleats of the clothes of the characters are really as if the scorpion belts follow the wind. The assorted volumes of "Zheng Feng", "Tang Feng", "Chen Feng", "Bin (bin) Feng" and "Singing Wild Goose" are especially rare."

Song Ma Hezhi's "Mao Poems", 14 volumes in the collection of Poetry Academy: "Bei Feng", a supplementary book by the imperial pen; "Zheng Feng", a regular script of Song Gaozong; "Qi Feng", a Song Xiaozong book; One volume of "Tang Feng Tu", one volume of "Chen Feng Tu", one volume of "Bin Feng Tu", one volume of "Xiaoya Deer Crying" volume, "Nanyou Jia Yu Zhi Tu" volume, "Swan Goose's Shi Tu" volume Volume, "Assorted Pictures of Jienan Mountain", 1 volume of "Assorted Pictures of Zhou Songqing Temple", 1 volume of "Assorted Pictures of Min Yu Boy", 1 volume of "Lu Song Tu", 1 volume of "Shang Song Tu", from So far, "Tang Feng" has been written by Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty. ("Shiqu Essay") has been collected for decades and is stored in the Poetry School of Jingyang Palace.

"Five Bulls" by Tang Hanhuang (huang) in the Jingyang Palace Academy of Poetry is known as one of the top ten famous paintings handed down from generation to generation in China, and it is the earliest existing national treasure painted on paper in my country.Some people believe that the top ten famous paintings handed down in China are: (1) [Eastern Jin Dynasty] Gu Kaizhi's "Luo Shen Fu Tu", (2) [Tang] Yan Liben's "Buying Chariot", (3) [Tang] Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang's "Tang Palace Lady's Picture", (4) [Tang] Han Huang's "Five Bulls Picture", (5) [Five Dynasties] Gu Hongzhong's "Han Xizai Night Banquet Picture", (6) [Northern Song Dynasty] Zhang Zeduan's "Qingming Shanghe Picture", (7) [ Northern Song Dynasty] Wang Ximeng's "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains", (8) [Yuan] Huang Gongwang's "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains", (9) [Ming] Qiu Ying's "Han Palace Spring Dawn", (10) [Qing] Lang Shining's "Hundred Horses" .

Han Huang (723-787), a native of Chang'an (now Xi'an), was the son of Han Xiu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty.When he was young, he was well-known, talented and intelligent, good at "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn", good at drums and piano, and good at calligraphy and painting.After becoming an official, from the official to the minister, for forty years, "the nature is frugal, the ambition is to serve the public, the clothes are shabby, change once every ten years, and the residence is humble to avoid the wind and rain." (Volume 129 of "Old Tang Book Han Fu Biography") In his spare time, he loves Danqing and is especially good at painting cattle.Han Huang's personality, official quality, and painting quality are all excellent. Among them, "Five Bulls" is the most precious and is known as the god of painting.

"Five Cows" is a white linen paper, 139.8 cm wide and 20.8 cm long. It is painted in color and is a long scroll. There are 14 inscriptions including Zhao Mengfu, Xiang Yuanbian, and Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlong regarded "Five Bulls" as a "divine product".The five cows in the painting are lined up from left to right, each independent, each with a posture - the middle one is frontal, and the other four are walking postures. The five cows are not only connected as a whole, but also have different shapes - — One bows her head to eat grass, one leans her head forward, one is as quiet as a lady, one looks back and licks her tongue, and one walks slowly forward, with a lively and lovely demeanor.The layout of the whole picture is only a clump of thorns, without any background, which makes it more difficult to draw a cow.The different temperaments of cattle are shown in the painting: lively, quiet, noisy, timid, leisurely, vivid and vivid.Or walk, or stand, or stop, or bow, or hold high, the pen and ink are thick, the colors are different, the lines are simple, and the muscles and bones are in place.The fluffy nose, meticulous attention to detail, piercing eyes, and natural body posture, depict Wu Niu's docile but stubborn character.

"Five Niu Tu" was collected in the inner government in the Northern Song Dynasty, and later in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were official seals of the Southern Song Dynasty such as "Ruisi Dongge" and "Shaoxing".After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu, a great calligrapher and painter, obtained this famous painting and left an inscription and postscript of "high and aboveboard, rare and famous brushwork".Li Rihua, a man of the Ming Dynasty, praised this volume in "Notes of Liuyanzhai": "The air is overflowing like life, so it has disappeared through the ages."Emperor Qianlong was very fond of "Five Bulls", and ordered his ministers to write postscripts at the back of the scroll many times. In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded the capital, and "Five Bulls" was robbed abroad. At the beginning of 1950, I learned that "Five Bulls" was in Hong Kong.The Ministry of Culture sent experts to Hong Kong to verify that "Five Bulls" was indeed an authentic work. After many negotiations, it was finally sold for HK$60,000.It is now in the Palace Museum.

There are also bronzes, porcelains, books and so on collected in Jingyang Palace Poetry Hall. There are twelve bells on the bronze 镈 (bo, an ancient musical instrument), and Jingyang Palace is set up. ("Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records") At first, eleven Zhou Dynasty Bo clocks were collected, and then another one was obtained, and twelve were synthesized. They were first collected in the Ancient Yun Hall of Yingtai, Xiyuan, and then moved to the Xueshi Hall for treasure. Porcelain Jingyang Palace collects porcelains from Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the early days of the Republic of China, it was the porcelain showroom of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Jingyang Palace of Books houses the collection of imperial poems and essays from Emperor Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Dynasty to Emperor Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian.For example, the Ming regular script manuscript of "Taizu Emperor Qinlu", which was folded and bound, and the sentences were cut with a Zhu pen, mostly recorded Zhu Yuanzhang's oral instructions and secret decrees.Emperor Qianlong had the most exquisite appreciation of calligraphy and painting. He tasted the Song engravings of "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" and "Jiujia Ji Annotated Du Poems".

However, in the Jingyang Palace in the late Qing Dynasty, the management was chaotic, the account books were recorded in name only, and there were many losses.In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Weng Tonghe was ordered to go to Jingyang Palace with Sun Jianai to inspect books. ("Weng Wengong Gong Diary") During the 20th and 21st years of Guangxu, the cabinets in Zhajingyang Palace were filled with paintings and calligraphy by Wang Yuanqi, Dong Bangda, Dong Gao and his son, Liu Yong, Yinghe and others.In the two walls is a treasure cabinet.A certain vessel from a certain kiln in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.After inspection, none of them are originals, and none of the certificates and signatures match.Only three or two cabinets are opened, and I will not read them again.After checking the partitions of the hall, large shelves were arranged to store the collections of poems and essays of Ming people. From Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty to Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty, they were arranged in generations and filled with shelves.Those not listed in the bibliography of Jibuduo Siku.It is not only played, but also cataloged according to the order.It is all collected and checked by assets.Biejia is the Song and Yuan engraved editions, and Ming anthology. ("Jingfu Class Draft") There are also a number of cultural relics outside the palace.During the reign of Ruzhi, Ding Baozhen, governor of Shandong Province, checked the treasury of the feudal clan and found four or five huge boxes that were tightly sealed.Ask the storekeeper and answer: the storage box has been in existence for more than a hundred years, and it has never been opened, so I don't know what is in it.According to the order to check the archives, it was known that it was Emperor Qianlong's sixth southern tour, and there was an edict in the middle, ordering the ministers of the King of Beijing to seize and transport several kinds of calligraphy and painting from the inner palace.When it was shipped to Shandong, it was ordered not to be delivered, because it was ordered to be handed over to the Shandong Chief Envoy Treasury for collection.After that, there was no decree to inquire, and the successive governors never opened their eyes.Among this batch of calligraphy, paintings and cultural relics of the inner palace, there are many seals of "Shiqu Baoji" and "Qianlong Yulan Zhibao", all of which are fine works of Song, Yuan and Ming people. First, there are dozens of kinds. After Xuantong Emperor Puyi was expelled from the palace, the Qing Dynasty Rehabilitation Committee sent Yu Pingbo and others to the Jingyang Palace of the Forbidden City to check cultural relics. On April 13, 1925, he wrote an article on checking cultural relics. In short, in the Qing Dynasty, the Poetry Hall in the Qing Dynasty treasured and stored cultural relics and became a treasure house of cultural relics, which is only a small part of the collection of the Forbidden City.Among the collections of the Palace Museum, there are 1.8 million pieces in the Palace Museum in Beijing, 650,000 pieces of cultural relics moved southward in the Palace Museum in Taipei, 10 million pieces of archives in the First Historical Archives of China, and 2 million pieces of Manchu archives.There is a tradition in our country, the treasures of cultural relics collected by the royal family are both appreciated and collected by the emperors.With the change of dynasties and the change of ownership of cultural relics, it has become a tradition to continue to collect them.Therefore, the cultural relics collected by the Palace Museum are not only fine cultural relics in the palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but also national treasures of all Chinese dynasties.Therefore, the Palace Museum on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is the temple of Chinese culture and art for 5,000 years.Since the Republic of China, the royal collection has become the national collection, and it has truly become the wealth of the people. Finally, Jingyang Palace and Xianfu Palace have something in common. Jingyang Palace has already been emphasized, while Xianfu Palace has been briefly mentioned.Jingyang Palace has "Picture of Horse Empress Practicing Clothes", while Xianfu Palace has "Picture of Jieyu as a Bear".The story in the picture below is: One day, Feng Jieyu was traveling with Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty to Xing Yuyuan. Suddenly, the bear in the animal pen came out and walked towards the emperor. She and her concubines all fled in fright. Only Feng Jieyu stepped forward to guard the imperial court. Save the day.Afterwards, Emperor Han Yuan respected Feng Jieyu even more, and her story was passed down to later generations like "Horse Empress Practicing Clothes".The allusion of "Jieyu as a bear" in Xianfu Palace comes from "Hanshu Biography of Foreign Relatives" (Volume 97). Empress Ma, Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was later honored as the empress dowager. Although she did not leave her name behind her 23-year reign, she left behind a valuable spirit—study, frugality, self-discipline, and politeness.Her life can be learned from all over the world: when she was young, but Mu Zhubo, even though she was old, she could learn from it.Vigilant day and night, often introspection.Don't live in peace, don't eat too much.On the day of resting my eyes, I have no regrets.