Chapter 72 3. Zhaomin Sharing

The palace cultural relics have gone through vicissitudes, scattered and gathered, and have been handed down to this day.The establishment of the Palace Museum symbolizes the epoch-making transformation of palace cultural relics from belonging to the people, from being loved by the king to being loved by the people, and from being enjoyed by the king to being enjoyed by the people. From king to people.Originally a secret treasure of the palace, it has become a national treasure for the people. How much do you know about the cultural relics of the "Great Forbidden City"?Over the past hundred years, Tibet has been divided into various places, and it has been constantly checked and changed. The rough statistics are as follows:

(1) There are 1,807,758 pieces (sets) in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing, including cultural relics that were previously collected in the palace, later allocated by the government, purchased by the society, and donated by private individuals; (2) The National Palace Museum in Taipei has about 650,000 pieces (sets) of utensils, paintings, classics and archives; (3) More than 10 million Ming and Qing historical archives and more than 2 million Manchu archives were collected by the former Palace Museum and now owned by the First Historical Archives of China; (4) 2,176 boxes of 104,735 pieces (sets) of cultural relics moved to the south in Nanjing Museum;

(5) More than 20,000 pieces (sets) in the collection of Shenyang Palace Museum; (6) Other units such as the National Museum, the National Library, and the Library of the Institute of History and Philology also collect some treasures, archives and classics of the Forbidden City; (7) The Ming and Qing cultural relics collections of about 20 units including the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Summer Resort, Lama Temple, and Xiannongtan (Beijing Ancient Architecture Museum); (8) Collections of other units, etc. The above items generally reflect the general appearance of the cultural relics of the Great Palace Museum in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Great Forbidden City integrates history, architecture, people, cultural relics, and events. The combination of ancient buildings and museums and other modern management models means that the "palace" and "courtyard" are integrated and cannot be separated, serving the society and the public. On October 17, 2002, the largest-scale renovation of the Forbidden City began in the past century, which will make the Forbidden City reappear its solemn, grand and splendid original appearance in the heyday. From king's love to people's love.Over the past hundred years, several generations of Chinese have made their own significant contributions to the protection, utilization and research of the ancient buildings and cultural relics of the Forbidden City.

New discoveries in the collection of cultural relics in the courtyard.Since 1949, the Palace Museum has carried out four cleanings of cultural relics. Since 1949, there have been four important cleanings of cultural relics in the Palace Museum. .The second time, from 1978 to the end of the 1980s, was mainly to further clean up and check.The third time, from 1991 to 2001, was mainly when most of the cultural relics were moved from the ground to the basement, and they were reviewed and adjusted at the same time.The fourth time, from 2004 to 2010, was mainly to thoroughly investigate and clarify the "family property" of the collection, including checking, sorting, identification, and rating, and completed the "three checks" of accounts, cards, and objects for more than 900,000 cultural relics. The collection of rare books is listed as cultural relics, etc., and the total number of cultural relics has reached as many as 1.8 million. (Zheng Xinmiao's "Tianfu Yongzang"), there are many important discoveries.Just like Song Huizong Zhao Ji's "Listening to the Qin", the Shang Dynasty Sanyangzun was considered to be a fake in the past, but after identification, it is actually an authentic work.Another example is porcelain. Among the items in the Hongde Palace, it was found that many of the porcelains without numbers on the account were treasures of Song Ge Kiln, Guan Kiln, and Longquan Kiln, such as the Ge Kiln Kiln Washer, Longquan Kiln Celadon String Pattern Furnace, etc.Three such as gold and silver wares, there are a batch of printing boxes in the east veranda of Baohe Hall, among which 10 gold printing boxes were found, the heavy one was more than 8 catties, the light one was more than 4 catties, and the total weight was 73 catties. (Zheng Xinmiao's "Tianfu Yongzang", page 74) Some of these were hidden in ceilings, corners, chair cushions or pillows by the cleaning personnel before Puyi left the palace, waiting for an opportunity to steal them out but failed.These new discoveries reflect the love of the Forbidden City people for cultural relics, and undoubtedly bring people great surprises and sighs.

New gains in the collection of lost cultural relics.Take the recovery of cultural relics from Puyi's palace as an example.After Qingxun Emperor Puyi abdicated, he stayed in the Forbidden City for thirteen years. Through rewards, theft, carrying and other means, a large number of cultural relics from the Forbidden City flowed out of the palace, and some of these cultural relics were mortgaged to banks.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese Customs detained 31 boxes of 1,136 pieces of Chinese cultural relics illegally collected by Defu Matheson and Dewa Bank of Germany, and confiscated 19 boxes of 21,749 pieces of cultural relics illegally collected by the former American Chinese School. There are a total of 50 boxes and 22885 items.These cultural relics were transferred to the Palace Museum.

In August 1945, Pu Yi and others fled with a large amount of jewelry, calligraphy and paintings, which were later confiscated.This batch of cultural relics has more than 100 volumes of famous paintings, including famous works of Jin, Tang, Five Dynasties, and Song Dynasties. Most of them are famous items appreciated by Emperor Qianlong recorded in "Shiqu Baoji". They are all high-quality treasures in the palace, such as the "Mid-Autumn Poster" presented by the King of Jin, the "Bucharian Picture" written by Tang Yanli, the "Running Script" by Ouyang Xun of the Tang Dynasty, and the "Surfing the River During the Qingming Festival" by Zhang Zeduan of the Song Dynasty.There is also a triptych of yellow agate chapters used by Emperor Qianlong, the chain is agate, and the chapter is Tianhuang—two squares and one oval. They are ingeniously conceived, exquisitely carved, unique in the world, and extremely precious.This group of idle chapters of Emperor Qianlong was first stolen from the palace, and was presented to Pu Yi when he celebrated his birthday in Manchukuo.The gold jewelry watch box of Emperor Qianlong was originally a gift from foreigners to Emperor Qianlong. It later belonged to Empress Dowager Cixi, then to Empress Dowager Longyu, and then to Concubine Ronghui. Puyi brought it out when he left the palace.All these precious cultural relics were handed over to the state, and later many returned to the Palace Museum, and some were collected by other museums.

The new return of scattered folk relics.Many social virtuous people, out of love for cultural relics and the country, bought cultural relics with a lot of money from the cultural relics market and donated them to the country. Zhang Boju (1898-1982) used a lot of money to buy and collect the Western Jin Lu Ji's "Ping Fu Tie", Sui Zhan Ziqian's "Outing Spring Picture" and Zhao Mengfu's cursive script "Thousand Character Wen Juan" which were taken out of the palace by Puyi. "Ping Fu Tie" is the earliest ink writing of a celebrity handed down in our country. He loves his family and life.Sui Zhan Ziqian's "Spring Tour" is the oldest scroll landscape painting in my country. Zhang Boju sold his real estate and put on his wife's jewelry to keep it.Afterwards, Mr. Zhang donated masterpieces of calligraphy and painting such as "Pingfu Tie", "Youchun Picture" and "Thousand-Character Wenjuan" to the country free of charge, and became the collection of the Palace Museum.

Ma Heng (1881-1955), who served as the director of the Palace Museum for 19 years, has donated a Tang Dynasty stone statue to the Palace Museum, 13 pieces of porcelain unearthed in Sichuan, and the collection of Yan Zhenqing's "Magu Fairy Altar" volume and There are more than 400 pieces of oracle bones and inscriptions.After his death, his children complied with his last wish and donated more than 14,000 pieces (volumes) of cultural relics to the Palace Museum, including seals, oracle bones, inscriptions, books, calligraphy and paintings, and ceramics. In addition, Chen Shutong (1876-1966) donated "Hundreds of Painted Plums" in 1953, including 102 masters and 109 pieces, including masterpieces of Ming and Qing Dynasties such as Tang Yin and Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics.Sun Yingzhou (1893-1966) donated more than 3,000 various cultural relics in his family collection to the Palace Museum, 25 of which were designated as national first-class cultural relics.Han Huaizhun (1892-1970), who lived in Singapore as an overseas Chinese, donated 276 pieces of porcelain in his collection, including blue and white, multicolored and pastel porcelains from the Jiajing and Wanli periods of the Ming Dynasty, Kangxi and Yongzheng periods of the Qing Dynasty, to the Palace Museum.Ye Yi (1921-1984), a famous doctor, collector and connoisseur in Hong Kong, donated 81 rhino horn sculptures he had collected throughout his life to the Palace Museum.There are no more than a hundred pieces of rhino horn carvings in the old collection of the Qing Palace.By the end of 2007, the Palace Museum had received about 33,900 pieces (sets) of donated cultural relics and classics, with 728 donors.The Palace Museum has set up a Jingren List in the Jingren Palace, engraved the names of the donors on the wall, and published "Donation Remembrance" as a permanent commemoration.

From King to People.The Royal Forbidden City, which was inaccessible to the public in the past, has become the Palace Museum that the public can visit today. The Palace Museum and the Palace Museum have received unprecedented attention and love from the people of China and the world.The phenomenon of visiting the Forbidden City and sharing the Forbidden City is becoming more and more obvious. Taking the Louvre in Paris and the Palace Museum in Beijing as examples in 2011, the Louvre received a total of 8.6 million tourists throughout the year, and the Palace Museum received 14,112,384 visitors throughout the year, nearly twice the number of visitors to the Louvre. On October 2, 2012, the number of visitors to the Palace Museum reached 182,123, setting a record for the highest number of visitors to the Palace Museum in a single day.It is estimated that there will be more than 15 million visitors to the Forbidden City in 2012.The single-day and annual passenger flow statistics show that the Palace Museum in Beijing is the most visited museum in Beijing, China, Asia, and the world. "Beijing Times" commented: "The Forbidden City has become the most visited museum in the world so far."

The Palace Museum was listed as a world cultural heritage in 1987.The World Heritage Organization evaluates the historical and cultural value of the Forbidden City as follows: "The Forbidden City has been the highest center of power in China for more than five centuries. A priceless historical witness of civilization.” The Great Forbidden City is not only a priceless historical witness of Chinese civilization in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also a priceless historical witness of Chinese civilization that has lasted for five thousand years and integrated multi-ethnic and multi-cultural forms. The public created the Great Forbidden City, and the Great Forbidden City is shared by the public.For creation, the Forbidden City is a collection of 5,000-year-old cultures of various ethnic groups in China, passed down from generation to generation, and never extinguished; for sharing, the public at home and abroad can enjoy the beauty of the Forbidden City, enjoy art, and love China.