Chapter 68 2. From North to South

During the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, the Japanese invaded and occupied the northeast of China, and Pingjin was in crisis.In order to protect the national treasure, it was decided to move the cultural relics to the south.It took fifteen years (1933-1947) for the national treasure to move south to avoid bandits, and it was divided into three stages: southward migration, westward migration and eastward return. Moved south.The Japanese invaders are rampant, and Peiping is in a hurry.The selection and relocation of cultural relics has been roughly completed. They will be moved to Shanghai in the south and rented for storage.The prescribed time limit was divided into five batches, and moved to Shanghai via railways - Pinghan, Longhai, Jinpu, Jinghu, etc., with a total of 18,970 boxes.

On the night of February 5, 1933, with the assistance of the municipal authorities, the Palace Museum loaded the first batch of 2,118 boxes of antiquities transported to the south on a trolley overnight and gathered them in front of Taihe Gate.After dark, transport them out of the Meridian Gate to the west station of Qianmen Railway Station. Martial law is imposed on all the places passing by. On the morning of the 6th, this batch of antiquities was transported out of Peiping in 18 wagons.Before departure, the Executive Yuan secretly ordered military and police officers to protect it along the route, and the Ministry of Communications ordered all railway bureaus along the route to make way for the Forbidden City Antiquities Train.

Soon, Shanghai was in crisis, and these cultural relics were transferred to Nanjing, where they were hidden in the warehouses of Chaotian Palace and other places, and changed to the Nanjing Branch of the Palace Museum. move west.The Japanese invaded the south and shocked Shanghai and Nanjing. The cultural relics stored in the Nanjing branch were in danger of being burned and plundered by the Japanese invaders.After research, decided to move west.The first batch of cultural relics moved to the west was held on August 14, 1937, during the "Songhu Anti-Japanese War", also known as the "August 13th Incident". After the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident" on July 7, 1937, the Japanese army occupied Pingjin.On August 13, it attacked Shanghai in a large scale.Under the leadership of Zhang Zhizhong, the Chinese Ninth Army rose up to resist.The Chinese side successively mobilized more than 700,000 people from six group armies to participate in the battle, and the Japanese army gradually increased to a total strength of more than 220,000 people in nine divisions. On November 5, the Japanese army landed from Hangzhou Bay, rounded the defenders, and encircled Shanghai.The defenders were forced to retreat. On the 12th, Songhu fell. (See "Ci Hai" "Songhu Anti-Japanese War") On the second day, it left Nanjing and transported to Changsha, Hunan, and then transferred from Changsha to Guiyang, Anshun, Guizhou, and Baxian, Sichuan.The second and third batches were first transported back to Hankou, Hubei, then transferred to Yichang, Hubei, Chongqing and Yibin, Sichuan, and finally moved to Angu Township, Leshan, Sichuan.The fourth batch of cross-river land transportation, via Jinpu, turned to Longhai Road in Xuzhou, passed through Zhengzhou, Xi'an, and went directly to Baoji; then moved to Nanzheng, Chengdu, and finally moved to Emei, Sichuan.In terms of boxes and sacks, the total number of four batches of cultural relics moved to the west is 16,697 boxes; in terms of time, the one who moved to Hunan was the earliest, but on December 18, 1944, it began to move to Ba County, Sichuan, Bileshan, Emei for the last.The westward migration of all cultural relics was determined by departure, which actually took seven years and four months.The process of moving the national treasure to the west was long and complicated. It lasted ten years and covered thousands of miles. It was divided into three routes—South Road, Middle Road, and North Road.

First of all, the South Road starts from Qianxiang, passes through Guiyang, Anshun, Guizhou, and finally Baxian, Sichuan. On August 14, 1937, the ship left Nanjing; went up the river and arrived in Hankou on the 16th.Water transportation was first planned, but due to the tense situation and slow shipping, or accidents, it was changed to land transportation. On the 18th, it was loaded and drove from Wuchang; on the 19th, it arrived in Changsha; on the 21st, it was transported to the library of Hunan University.It is a relocation for South Road. During the storage period in Hunan, in consideration of air raids, grottoes were excavated according to the situation of Yuelu Mountain, and stone chambers were opened to ensure safety and prevent moisture.The fortification of the stone chamber was completed on schedule.It was about to be stored in a cave, but because of the Japanese invasion and threat to the two lakes, it was decided to move to Guizhou.At that time, all the transportation vehicles in Xiangjing had been requisitioned.After more than a month of appealing, a consensus was reached: transfer in batches and sections—each batch is divided into two sections: Changsha to Guilin section, three long-distance buses will be allocated by Hunan Highway Bureau, and one heavy truck will be allocated by Hunan Post ; From Guilin to Guiyang, Guangxi Highway Bureau allocates or rents five vehicles.The first batch of 36 boxes of cultural relics left Hunan on January 12, 1938, arrived in Guilin on the 15th, moved forward on the 27th, and arrived in Guiyang on the 31st; the second batch of 44 boxes of cultural relics left Hunan on January 24th, Arrived in Guilin on February 5th, moved forward on February 5th, and arrived in Guiyang on February 10th.All cultural relics have been transported and temporarily stored in the official residence in the north of the city.Previously, the Guizhou provincial government had designated two places outside the city, the Immortal Cave and the Guanyin Cave.It was found through the reconnaissance that the Guanyin Cave is small, the box cannot be entered, and it drips water all the year round, and it is extremely humid;Finally, more than ten private houses were found and rented temporarily.So on April 2, the cultural relics were moved into storage.It is the second relocation of South Road.

Not long after moving to Guizhou, there was a secret discussion to move again.At that time, enemy planes were raging, and it was proposed to move to Yunnan.The proposal to move to Yunnan was dropped for some reason.Then discuss moving to Anshun County.After several investigations, the Huayan Cave outside the south gate of Anshun County is particularly safe.The cave is about 1 kilometer away from the county seat and 95 kilometers away from the provincial capital.After the cave is selected, a plank house is built in the cave, and the tile roof is used for dripping water, and the floor is used to separate the steam from the tide, and the code is carefully kept.After completion, move to storage.Completed from January 18th to 23rd, 1939.It is the three relocations for South Road.

In the autumn of 1944, the Japanese invaders were rampant and occupied Guilin, making Guiyang tense. On December 15th, 80 boxes of cultural relics from Anshun departed on the 18th, and then transferred to Nanxiang, Ba County, Sichuan, about 50 kilometers away from Chongqing, only eight months after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.It is for the four relocations of South Road. The second time I talked about the middle road. In early November 1937, the Songhu front line suffered a sudden defeat.The Nanjing Branch of the Palace Museum prepared to relocate cultural relics, which were transported away from Nanjing by separate routes.Two batches of water transportation on the middle road: the first batch, on November 19, shipped 4,081 boxes from China Merchants Jiangan Shipping, and arrived in Hankou on the 22nd; the second batch, continued to ship 5,250 boxes on December 3 It departed on the first day, and arrived in Hankou on the fifth day: two batches of Han cultural relics totaled 9331 boxes.In addition, there are other 47 boxes and so on.It is stored in the warehouse of the British Merchant Peace and the Central Bank.The cultural relics that moved to the west were not stored in Hankou for a long time, and they were transported to Yichang successively.From December 24th to January 6th, 1938, they were cleared successively, with a total of 9386 boxes.It was for a move to Yichang.

The cultural relics were moved from the Han Dynasty to Chongqing, and Yichang was used as a transfer station.However, to the west of Yichang and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the water is shallow and the boats are small, so it is not easy to move.The first batch was shipped on January 9, 1938, and after nineteen batches, it took four months. On May 22, the last batch of cultural relics was shipped to Chongqing.The cultural relics moved to Chongqing are divided into seven warehouses: the first and second warehouses are the warehouses of the French merchant Geely Matheson; the third, fourth, fifth and sixth warehouses are the warehouses of the Swedish merchant Andersen;It was moved to Chongqing for the second time.

The cultural relics were moved to Chongqing, and then moved to Angu Township, Leshan.From Chongqing to Leshan, the waterway is 576 kilometers.Angu Township is in the southwest of the county, about 10 kilometers away from the city.After repeated surveys, one temple and six temples were selected as storage warehouses.This batch of cultural relics was transferred to Yibin, traveled westward along the river, and moved to Leshan.In order to avoid the bombing of enemy planes, time is extremely tight.Ships were hired for shipment, and civilian wooden boats were hired concurrently. Ships were loaded on starry nights and moved westward one after another.

In Angu, the climate is humid, and rats and ants gnaw and eat.Choose the stage, backstage, and hatchback where the ancestral hall is high above the ground and not afraid of the tide, to store calligraphy, paintings, ancient books, and archives.In order to prevent moisture, moth, and fire, install lattice windows to facilitate ventilation; if it is a mud floor, lay charcoal and lime to reduce moisture and kill insects; Water tanks, pull hooks, alarm gongs, and sand baskets are all available.The guardians guard day and night, check the tide and dry it in the sun. On sunny days, there is no interruption.The cultural relics moved to the west were not damaged by moisture. One is that the mothballs in the box are adequately stored, and the kraft paper liner is carefully covered; the other is that the calligraphy, painting and ancient books do not have the opportunity to accumulate moisture and evaporate due to frequent inspection and drying.It was for the three relocations to Angu.

Besides, in November 1937, the North Road started from Nanjing and traveled northward along Jinpu Road to Xuzhou, turned to Longhai Road and moved westward, passed through Zhengzhou, Henan, to Baoji, Shaanxi, and then moved southward, stored in Chengdu, and finally settled in Emei.At Baoji Station, when they crossed the rails, two cars collided, resulting in a carton of No. 653 (No. 1060 Ning) yellow porcelain bowls, No. 2540 (and No. 135) clocks, and a box of glass covers, which were broken by the earthquake. .This is one of the unfortunate encounters during the cultural relics avoiding bandits.There is also the Meishan fire. In 1943, an opium den in the county town accidentally caught fire.The fire spread, and a small temple Taoist was burned to death, endangering the warehouse.After demolishing the adjacent houses to prevent fire and storehouses of cultural relics, they were fortunately preserved.

The national treasure moved to the south, in addition to frequent guarding, inspection, drying, and fire prevention. During the period, exhibitions were held in Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Rong, Ying, and Jiangsu.In Leshan, local literati suffered from the lack of books and sent people to copy rare books, such as Jibu's "Mei'an Collection", "Yishan Poetry Talk", "Jingchuan Collection", "Li Wengong Collection" and so on.He also copied (part of) Siku Quanshu from Wenyuan Pavilion. The national treasure moved to the south, and the patriotic spirit is touching.Choose the third and make an introduction. Zhu Xuekan (1907-1939), a native of Jingxian County, Anhui Province, was a staff member of the Archives of the Palace Museum. In November 1937, it moved westward with the cultural relics on the middle road and moved to Chongqing. In the spring of 1939, he was ordered to escort cultural relics to Leshan. When loading cultural relics in Xuantan Temple, he inspected the shipping space and arranged for the transportation. It was too late, the cabin was dark, and he arranged it carefully. He was the first person to sacrifice his life to escort the national treasure, and he was only 32 years old.Buried in Lion Mountain on the south bank of the river, a monument was erected to commemorate it. Ouyang Daoda (1893-1976), born in Yuting Town, Yi (yi) County, Anhui Province, graduated from the Philosophy Department of Peking University in 1919 and stayed on to teach there.After that, he participated in the inventory of cultural relics in the Forbidden City and worked in the Forbidden City for forty-six years.Participate in the whole process of moving the cultural relics of the Forbidden City to the south.He was unable to take care of his wife during the war and turmoil.When his wife returned to her hometown in Anhui, she gave birth to her son in a ruined temple.Later, with the cultural relics moved to the south, he moved to Angu, Leshan, Sichuan, where he lived for eight years before reuniting with his wife.There was no doctor when his wife gave birth. He used scissors to disinfect at home and cut the newborn's umbilical cord to deliver the baby.He has ten children, living a hard life, guarding cultural relics alone, homesick for a long time, bombed by Japanese planes, and turbulent.He was on his way when a Japanese plane bombed and a bomb exploded near him.Another time, when the building where he lived was bombed, he hid under the table in the house.Mr. was lucky enough to escape two catastrophes in his life.Mr. Dao Da embodies the spirit of the Forbidden City people: "Where the national treasure is, the Forbidden City people go, and the Forbidden City people's home will be there." Until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the whole family returned to Nanjing with the cultural relics moved westward.He won the "Anti-Japanese War Victory Medal" issued by the National Government, but he never told his family.He successively served as the director of the Office of the Nanjing Branch of the Palace Museum and the director of the Archives of the Palace Museum. In 1950, he wrote "Relics of the Forbidden City to Avoid Bandits", written in lower case brush, neatly written, and clearly narrated, with more than 80,000 words, reflecting the feelings of the Forbidden City people who " regard cultural relics and national treasures as their lives".Mr. Zheng Xinmiao's manuscript has been kept in dust for nearly 60 years. After seeing this volume of archives in 2009, Dean Zheng Xinmiao was "surprised and delighted", and immediately decided to publish it. He wrote a preface and praised: Mr. Ouyang Daoda's work can fill the gap in the history of national treasure migration , is one of the best historical works on the migration of cultural relics to the south. Na Zhiliang (1908-1998), Manchu, native of Beijing, entered the Forbidden City to work in 1925, escorted the national treasure to the south in 1933, moved to Taiwan with cultural relics and settled in Taiwan, diligently studied, and wrote many books.Yu's research and appreciation of ancient artifacts (23 volumes) and jade wares (14 volumes) is a recognized authority at home and abroad, but there is no collection of cultural relics at home.He is the author of "Guarding the National Treasures of the Palace Museum for Seventy Years". In 2005, the children donated more than 150 precious historical materials such as documents, seals, and photos about the southward migration of the Forbidden City cultural relics preserved during their lifetime to the Palace Museum in Beijing, which made up for the gap in the history of the National Palace Museum related to the southward relocation of cultural relics.The husband once comforted himself with the words "Nanxiangzi" written by Cao Boqi from the Yuan Dynasty: The road to Shu has been difficult since ancient times. After several days of driving, it has been exhausted. The stone ladder is three hundred feet high, and the fence is dangerous.It should be seen in the paintings of others. I didn't do it twice, overlooking Feiliu passing the rocky beach, and I didn't know it was me at night, safe.When the lights are clear in the solitary hall, the night is even colder. This is a poetic metaphor and a true portrayal of the hard experience and sincere character of the cultural relics experts and staff who moved the national treasure to the south.Local villagers have also made valuable contributions to the transfer and protection of national treasures.However, the National Treasures of the Forbidden City are united but divided, divided but united.