Chapter 66 3. The Three Treasures of the Qing Palace

The Shenyang Imperial Palace has a large collection of cultural relics. There are more than 20,000 important cultural relics. There are ten cultural relics known as "treasures of the town hall" (Shenyang Imperial Palace "Top Ten Treasures of the Town Hall", the information comes from the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum, by Yang Xiaodong Deputy Thank you very much for the dean’s offer.).These ten national treasures are: the Tianming cloud plate in the later Jin Dynasty, the Huangtaiji waist knife, the big bell of the Jiaolong button in the Jin Dynasty, the "Bamboo Yin Xiyu Picture Axis" painted by Lang Shining of the Qing Dynasty, and the "Kangxi Southern Tour Scroll" painted by Wang Hui (hui) of the Qing Dynasty. ", Qing Yongzheng blue and white red dragon platter, Qing Qianlong style inlaid enamel wrapped branch flower bowl, and the three national treasures to be introduced below.

The first one is the Nurhachi sword.The royal sword used by Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty is an extremely precious Nurhachi handed down object, unique and precious in the world.The blade of this sword is made of steel, with a total length of 80.5 cm, a blade length of 58.3 cm, a blade width of 3.1 cm, a handle length of 19 cm, and a width of 8.3 cm at the head of the handle. The protruding parts on both sides are also called sword nose and sword ear.3.2 cm long and 9.9 cm wide.Steel blade, double edged.The hilt is made of copper, and the head of the hilt is made of copper and is in the shape of a begonia. The inside of the consecration is engraved with patterns of heavenly officials, deer, and cranes, and the handle is wrapped with black horns. Both ends of the tan are decorated with dragon head and fish body.The scabbard is covered with copper skin and shark skin, with 7 copper hoops, and the two sides in the middle are additionally wrapped with shark skin, and inlaid with gilt copper pieces with chi tiger and flower patterns.Judging from the patterns of the hilt and sword tan, there are meanings such as "adding officials and promoting salary", "Jade Rabbit brings good luck" and so on.The surface of the sheath is also inlaid with gold-plated copper chi tiger patterns and diamond-shaped flower patterns.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, a leather strip was worn for this sword, on which were written in Chinese and Manchu characters "a sword used by Emperor Taizu Gao, originally in Shengjing's respected collection" and other words.The sword is exquisite in workmanship, rich in decoration, and has a strong cultural atmosphere of the Han nationality.The origin of this sword is related to General Dragon and Tiger.

"General Dragon and Tiger" has a story.Nurhachi, from the sixth ancestor Mengge Timur, served as a border official of the Ming Dynasty for generations and guarded the border for the Ming Dynasty.At that time, the leaders of the Jurchen ministries had different attitudes towards the Ming court: some caused troubles, some were both right and left, and some were loyal to the Ming Dynasty.The three generations of Nurhachi's ancestors, father, and Ji have always been loyal to the Ming Dynasty.There was a small Jurchen leader named Ke Fifty, who repeatedly harassed, murdered and plundered, and Nurhachi led his troops to "kill the leader of the Muzahe tribe, Ke Fifty, as an offering." (Mao Ruizheng's "Dongyi Research") Nurhachi "faithful and obedient learns well, and works at the edge". In the 23rd year of Ming Wanli (1595), Nurhachi went to Beijing to pay tribute, and Emperor Wanli promoted him to General Dragon and Tiger. ("Ming Shenzong Veritable Records", the cabinet library, the third and sixth volumes) The official system of the Ming Dynasty, the minister of the Ministry of Military Affairs and Military Affairs was the second-rank official, and the minister was the third-rank official.This General Dragon and Tiger is the second-rank Sanjie. ("Ming History·Zhiguan Zhiyi" Volume 72) In the entire Ming Dynasty, only Wang Tai, the leader of the Hada tribe of Jurchen, and Nurhachi, the leader of the Jianzhou tribe, received this honor.Jurchen and Houjin couldn't make this sword.Therefore, according to the fact that Nurhachi was granted the title of General Dragon and Tiger by the Ming court in the 23rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1595), relevant experts and scholars infer that the sword is the "General Dragon and Tiger Sword" that Nurhachi was granted by the Ming Dynasty, or that Nurhachi went to Beijing to give Wanli a sword. It was awarded when the emperor paid tribute.This is a good story of national cultural exchange.

The second piece is the antler chair used by Huang Taiji.The antler chair used by Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty is one of the very few handed down cultural relics in the early Qing Dynasty.After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the emperors of various generations often made the antler chairs of this dynasty based on this chair, to show that they followed the ancestors and respected the martial arts system.This antler chair is antler, wood structure.The upper part of the chair is made of antlers in the shape of the backrest. The antlers have 12 prongs in total, 4 prongs are used as the pillars intersecting with the chair, and the 8 prongs are separated from the center of the backrest, with 4 prongs on the left and right sides. The lower part of the chair is made of wood, the seat surface is rectangular, and the center of the chair is woven with brown rope; the four legs under the chair are covered with guard plates and embossed with flower patterns, painted with golden red lacquer, and the lower parts of the chair legs are four-legged mud; the front of the chair The lower part has wooden pedals.The overall height of the chair is 119.2 cm, the length of the backrest is 63.2 cm, the circumference of the antlers is 184.5 cm, the length of the left corner is 93.5 cm, and the length of the right corner is 91 cm.In the middle of the back of the chair is engraved with a poem made by Emperor Qianlong in the 19th year of Qianlong (1754): "The bow used to compete for the deer, and the utensils were made to ride the dragon. Why should the seven treasures be envied, and the eight prongs are good enough to offer. The treasures are always ancient, and the mountains are better than the new." Velvet. If you dare to sit upright, Qianqiu shows thrift and respect.” The post-title is “Respect for all the antler chairs made by Emperor Taizong Wen, Qianlong Jiaxu Autumn and September Royal Brush”, and the words “Qian” and “Long” are engraved on the bottom of the circle and square Lianzhu printing.The chair was made by Qing Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji, and later embellished and engraved with imperial poems for Emperor Gaozong Qianlong, adding to the historical information and imperial atmosphere of this chair.

Huang Taiji has a story about hunting.Manchuria is a hunting nation and regards hunting as the soul of the country.Once, a big deer came from the east, rushed into the imperial camp, and captured it. (Volume 9 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Once again, when Huang Taiji was hunting, there were two gazelles running side by side, and Huang Taiji hit them with one shot. (Volume 11 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Another time, when Huang Taiji went hunting for more than 20 days, he shot four (yi, dead or servant) tigers, eight deer and one hundred and twenty-eight wild hogs. (Volume 26 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Once again, Huang Taiji went hunting for 23 days, killed four tigers, and shot wild boars, deer, roe deer, and gazelle nine out of one hundred and fifty. (Volume 39 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Huang Taiji used the antlers of the big deer shot by himself or the princes to make antler chairs to show the imperial prestige.

The third piece is a plaque written by Emperor Qianlong "Purple Qi Comes from the East".This is a wooden carving and a palace-style hanging plaque with copper characters, inscribed by the imperial pen of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.The plaque is a wooden rectangle surrounded by embossed golden lacquer cloud dragon patterns with wide edges. There are nine carved dragons in total - a positive dragon in the middle of the upper edge, a walking dragon on each side, and a pattern of two dragons playing with pearls in the middle of the lower edge. Each has a walking dragon, and a rising dragon on the left and right frames. The heads of the dragons are made of round carvings, and are fitted with wire whiskers.The inner edge of the plaque is dark red, and the center of the plaque is an ocean blue plane. In the center are inlaid four characters of "Ziqi Donglai" made of copper Qianlong Emperor's imperial pen script. On the upper center of the inscription, there is a seal seal of "Qianlong Imperial Pen's Treasure" in Yangwen seal script.The plaque is 217 centimeters long, 87 centimeters high and 16 centimeters thick. It is now hanging above the gate of the Phoenix Tower of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang.

"Purple Qi Comes from the East" also has a story. "Historical Records Biography of Laozi and Han Fei" "Suo Yin" quoted "Biography of Liexian" and said: "When Laozi traveled to the west, Guan Lingyin was happy to see that there was a purple air floating pass, and Laozi passed by on a green ox." Here we only say " Ziqi", did not say "coming from the east".The "pass" above is said to refer to Sanguan, while others refer to Hangu Pass.Song Jing's "Welcome Poems": "Luo is sent by the yellow clouds, and the purple air in Guanzhong welcomes." Luoyang is in the east of Hangu Pass, which implies that the purple air comes from the east, but it is not specified.Du Fu's "Qiu Xing Poetry" said, "Looking at Yaochi in the west, the Queen Mother descended, and in the east, the purple air is full of Hanguan", which points out that when Laozi left the pass, the purple air came from the east.Purple air is the air of auspiciousness, the air of prosperity, the air of Kangning, and the air of peace.Emperor Qianlong's allusion to "Purple Qi Coming from the East" also contains political elements.Manchuria rises from the east, advances west to the capital, ultimately establishes the Central Plains, and unifies China, so the purple energy comes from the east.Today people exaggerate its political shell, take its cultural core, and look forward to auspiciousness, prosperity, Kangning, and peace!

Here it is reminiscent of Emperor Qianlong's "Shengjing Fu", which is full of four thousand words, overflowing with literary talent and extensive content.The family with four hooves and two feathers, the people with long forests and abundant grasses, the genus of a hundred fishes from the sea, the rare ginseng and mushrooms, etc., are all mentioned, and there are few omissions. This is an encyclopedia of animals and plants in Shenyang.Emperor Qianlong's fu was intended to respect the ancestors, but also to think about the new: "The fortune of the reformation of the emperor will be blessed by the spirit." He only proposed it, but did not practice it.

The "Three Tombs Outside the Guan" related to the Shengjing Palace are Nurhachi's Fuling Mausoleum in Shenyang (commonly known as Dongling), Huang Taiji's Zhaoling Mausoleum in Shenyang (commonly known as Beiling) and his ancestor's Yongling Mausoleum in Xinbin (now Xinbin Yongling Town). Emperor Qianlong said in "Shengjing Fu": "Those who take the heart of parents as their heart, there will be no brothers who are not friends in the world; those who take the heart of their ancestors as their heart, there will be no clansmen who are not in harmony; Things." This means "thinking about the difficulties of creating, knowing that it is not easy to achieve, working hard, fearing the sky and loving people." This was the case in the Qing Dynasty, and it was also the case in previous dynasties.Respect the ancestors and love the people, and maintain the new state.