Chapter 61 Lecture 63 Summer Resort

Mulan Paddock (Mulan Paddock now includes: forests, grasslands, wetlands, paozi, etc. Among them, Saihanba National Forest Park has a total area of ​​410,000 mu, with 1.06 million mu of inner forest landscape and 200,000 mu of grassland landscape. There are 81 families and 312 genera of higher plants. There are 659 species, including 11 families and 25 species of mammals such as roe deer, and 27 families and 88 species of birds. Yudaokou Scenic Area covers an area of ​​1,000 square kilometers, with an altitude of 1,230 to 1,820 meters. There are 700,000 mu of primitive grassland and 200,000 mu of wetland. There are 500,000 mu of secondary forest, 21 natural freshwater lakes, 47 springs, and 13 rivers. There are 659 species of plants in 50 families, more than 100 species of wild animals, and dozens of mountain treasures. Hongsongwa Scenic Area covers an area of ​​7,300 hectares. The area is the highest The temperature generally does not exceed 25°C. The area of ​​Hongsong depression is 1.1 million mu, and the grassland area is 200,000 mu. Rivers and lakes are dotted with forests and grasslands, which are beautiful and spectacular. There are 317 species of terrestrial wild animals and 970 species of insects in the scenic area. Among them, the national level I There are 5 species of protected animals, namely black stork, golden eagle, hooded crane, great bustard, and leopard; 40 species of national second-class protected animals.), located in the upper reaches of the Luan River in the northeastern part of Hebei Province, now Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County of Chengde City The territory borders on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia.As early as the Liao Dynasty, this was the hunting ground of the Liao Emperor.Taizu of the later Qing Dynasty created the Eight Banners based on the Niu Lu recorded during hunting: "When the Manchurians go hunting and opening the siege, each shoots an arrow, and ten people are neutral to one leader. Nine people walk, and each direction is not allowed to be confused. The commander-in-chief was called Niulu Ezhen, so he took Niu Lu Ezhen as the official name." (Volume 3 of "Manchurian Veritable Records") Later, it continued to evolve and improve, and it became the Eight Banners system.

In the 16th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1677), Emperor Kangxi made his first northern tour outside the Great Wall, and he fell in love with this place where "thousands of miles of mountains and rivers lead far away, and the nine-sided shape is better than Baoshenjing".In April of the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), Emperor Kangxi came here for the second time and delineated more than 200 miles from north to south and 3 miles from east to west in the name of "the pastures offered by the banners of Harqin, Aohan, and Wengniute". It is a hunting ground with an area of ​​more than 14,000 square kilometers, with a circumference of more than 1,300 miles. (Volume 45 of "Kingding Rehe Chronicles") This is the largest royal hunting garden in the world so far.In the middle and early Qing Dynasty, the emperor led the princes and ministers, officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners to practice martial arts shooting and hunting in the Mulan paddock every year, which is called "Mulan Qiuxi".

Why choose here?because: Its location is close to the capital in the south of Mulan Paddock, bordering Mongolia in the north, Karaqin on the left, and Chahar on the right.A paddock is set up here, where the emperor can meet, entertain, ennoble, and reward princes and nobles of ethnic minorities nearby, and form a squad to surround them.The princes and ministers also drove to the paddock to handle government affairs. The emperor "stationed in the camp to attend to the government and received his ministers, just like in the palace." Its geography includes high mountains, plateaus, hills, forests, grasslands, canyons, rivers, and paozi. The forests are lush, the water and grass are abundant, and there are many animals, wild deer in groups, and other wild animals, countless.So far, there are more than 100 kinds of animals and birds, including black grouse, swan and other rare animals.

Its culture here provides a suitable place for soldiers of the Eight Banners and princes and grandsons to practice martial arts.At that time, going hunting was equivalent to the current "camping training" for the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners. Its climate is warmer than that of the Northeast and cooler than that of the capital, making it suitable for escaping the summer heat. What does "Mulan Paddock" mean? "Mulan" is the transliteration of Muran in Manchu, which means "whistle deer". , to lure courtship doe out for hunting; "autumn" is for hunting in autumn; "paddock" is the place for hunting together. The "paddock" is the place where sentry deer encircle and hunt.Therefore, "Mulan Qiuxi (xian, hunting)" means going to Mulan paddock to hunt deer in autumn.There are 72 enclosures (hunting areas) in Mulan Paddock.Regulations: Only select more than ten paddocks each autumn, and the paddocks are used in turn so that the animals can live; no hunting, no excessive hunting, "all doe cubs are released", and gaps are left when setting up the paddocks, which is convenient for young and strong animals was able to escape.

How does the hunt work?It is roughly divided into six steps: One is Buwei.Before dawn, first use hundreds of people to divide hunting paddocks and forests, select a large circle with a radius of tens of miles, and set up spots. The second is to scatter around.Use 1,250 Mongolian soldiers as hunters, led by princes and ministers, use yellow banners (dao, big banner) as the central army, divide the left and right wings, and spread them into a circle of animals.The deer whistler, wearing an antler mask, hides in the depths of the dense forest, blows a long wooden whistle, and makes a sound imitating the courtship of a male deer. The female deer come to find a mate after hearing the sound, and other wild animals gather to eat the deer.

The third is encirclement.The hunters are gradually approaching and shrinking, and the herds of beasts are dense, and the range is moderate, forming an encirclement. The fourth is to surround.The imperial tent is a yellow mantle city, plus a yellow net city, tied with yellow ropes, six feet high.The emperor was shortlisted, wearing bows and arrows, riding horses and driving together, and personally visited the encirclement. The fifth is hunting.The emperor rides the first shot, followed by the princes, grandsons, princes, ministers, guards and soldiers; the enclosure is reduced to the minimum, the emperor shoots the first shot, and the others follow - the princes and grandsons follow the shot, and then other princes and nobles ride and shoot, Finally, there is the mass shooting.For example, when Emperor Qianlong shot a tiger, he first fired his gun to startle the tiger, and lured it out of the cave.

The sixth is to stop the siege, finish the hunting, end the game, return to the camp, and have a feast.A day's work is like a day's battle.In the evening, thousands of bonfires are lit, the prey is grilled, singing and dancing, drinking and singing. "Magnolia in Autumn in Qianlong" depicts the spectacular scene of hunting in the Qing Dynasty. Each round of hunting usually takes twenty days.After the hunt is over, there will be drinking, singing and dancing, wrestling competitions, and banquets for Mongolian and other princes, who will be rewarded according to their military achievements.Apparently, in summer and autumn, leaving the hot Beijing to the cool Great Wall outside the Great Wall, where you can escape from the summer heat, the air is fresh, the water and grass are lush, it’s cool without heat, the clouds and mountains are resorts, and the deer and birds are singing, how pleasant it is.This is not only combat, but also sports, entertainment, and friendship, integrating martial arts, sports, entertainment, and friendship into one.The musicians play music and sing, accompany the food and drink, and perform sports and entertainment activities with Mongolian grassland cultural characteristics such as horse racing (horse racing), Shibang (playing music), sumo (wrestling) and teaching 駣 (tao, set horses).

During the 140 years from the 20th year of Kangxi (1681) to the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), Emperors Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing held "Mulan Autumn Festival" a total of 105 times.Emperor Yongzheng visited the Mulan paddock when he was the prince. He had not been to the paddock during his 13 years of reign, but he said in his will: "The descendants of future generations should follow the emperor's test, practice Mulan, and never Don't forget the family law." Mulan paddock The founder, Emperor Kangxi, went to the Mulan paddock every year except for the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when he was preparing to launch a self-defense counterattack against Russia in Yaksa, and the 35th year of Kangxi (1696), when he personally conquered Galdan. 48 times, each time in the summer resort for about four months.In his later years, Emperor Kangxi once said to his close ministers: "Since I was young, I have won 135 tigers, 20 bears, 25 leopards, 10 lynx cats, 14 elks, and 90 wolves with shotguns and bows. Sixth, there were one hundred and thirty-two wild boars, and hundreds of deer were caught by sentry. In the rest of the paddock, all animals were shot casually, which is hard to remember. I once shot three hundred and eighteen rabbits in one day." ("Qing Sheng") From the above figures, it can be seen that Emperor Kangxi was good at riding and shooting from childhood to old age, and kept exercising.At that time, there was no concept of protecting wild animals, and they were proud of hunting more.According to today's point of view, wild animals should be protected.

The current paddock still retains cultural relics and historic sites such as the East Temple Palace, Qianlong Tiger Fighting Cave and stone carvings. If Mulan prospers, the Qing Dynasty prospers; if Mulan falls, the Qing Dynasty declines.After Emperor Daoguang succeeded to the throne, the qiuxi system was abolished.Three years later, the Mulan paddock was opened and the common people were allowed to participate in the land reclamation.In the late Qing Dynasty, the court ordered that the original forest in Mulan Paddock be cut down, and the original forest was completely cut down. When the Qing emperor went hunting in the Mulan paddock, he needed a foothold, which is the origin of the Summer Resort.