Chapter 42 3. Imperial Physician of the Qing Dynasty

There are new characteristics in seeing a doctor for the empresses of the Qing palace: first, the emperor knew more about medicine; second, Western medicine was introduced; third, Chinese medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Western medicine were communicating.Here are some stories about famous doctors. Chuoerji, Moergen's family, Mongolian nationality.Destined for man, good at healing wounds.At that time, E Shuo, the pioneer of the White Banner, was about to fight, and the arrow was dying. Chuoerji pulled out the arrowhead, and applied good medicine to heal the injury.Du Tong Wu worshiped more than 30 arrows on his body and passed out. Chuoerji ordered the white hunchback to be cut open, placed in Wu worship, and soon regained consciousness.For those who are unable to stretch their arms, let them fumigate them with a hot wok first, then rub their bones with an axe, rub them with sound, and they will heal immediately. (Volume 520 of "Qing History Manuscript Chuoerji Biography") Mongolian doctors are good at surgery, and they are unique in traumatic injuries.

Yisang'a, in the mid-Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, started his career by setting bones.The method taught by Isang'a to his apprentices is to cut the barrel of the pen into several sections, wrap them in paper, and rub them randomly so that all the sections are connected.He used this method to set bones, and it has been miraculously effective.According to the story, those who know the bone law among the soldiers of the Three Banners were selected, and ten people from each banner were attached to the Siyuan, named "Mongolian doctors".They are usually not in the Tai Hospital, but distributed in various banners.Anyone in the inner court who suffers from a bruise shall be ordered to receive medical treatment within a limited day, and if the time limit expires, he shall be punished.The Minister of Rites, Qi Zhaonan, fell off his horse, injured his head, and lost his brain.The Mongolian doctor covered his head with cow stalks (pao, bladder), and he was cured after his establishment.Sometimes there is a secret recipe that can work immediately.Among the Mongolian doctors, Isang'a is the most famous. (Volume 520 of "Drafts of Qing History: The Biography of Jueluo Yisang'a")

Another example.Ma Guoxian, a Jesuit, fell from his horse on the way to Rehe and suffered serious head injuries.Emperor Kangxi sent Mongolian doctors to treat him.The Mongolian doctor healed the wound on his head with stuffed burnt cotton.Suddenly pour ice water on the injured ribs to make the ribs reset.For severely injured skulls, tie the head with a belt and vibrate to reset the dislocation of the head.As a result, Ma Guoxian's disease was cured. (Quoted from Guan Xueling's Qing Dynasty Court Medicine and Medical Relics) Wu Jian, from Anhui.Yongzheng, Guantai Hospital sentenced.Emperor Yongzheng suffered from a headache, and the imperial physicians were helpless, but Wu Jian recovered with a single dose of medicine.Reward him, do not accept.Ask him what he wants, may his children and grandchildren take it as a career, and allow it. (Surgery Department 1 of "The Golden Mirror of Medicine")

Xu Dachun, a native of Wujiang (now Suzhou), Jiangsu, is intelligent, tall and broad, and has extraordinary wisdom.When I was a student, I explored and studied Yi Li, and I was fond of reading Huang Lao and Yin Fu's family letters. I studied everything, especially medicine.The story of him curing people is widely circulated among the people.In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong's reign (1759), Jiang Pu, a senior scholar, fell ill. Emperor Qianlong ordered to recruit famous doctors from all over the country, and Dachun was recommended to the capital.Xu Dachun played that Jiang Pu's disease was incurable, and Emperor Qianlong praised his simplicity and ordered him to be admitted to the imperial hospital.Request to return home soon.In the next twenty years, he was called to Beijing again. He was seventy-nine years old and died in the capital. (Volume 520 of "Manuscripts of Qing History Biography of Xu Dachun")

The emperor is the most difficult patient in the world.This difficulty is reflected in three aspects: strict confidentiality, high curative effect, and high risk. First, confidentiality is strict.Take an example.Shang Jingyu, a native of Chun'an, Zhejiang, is the tenth grandson of Shang Lu (lu), a scholar of Ming University.Shang Ren ranked first in the provincial examination, general examination, and palace examination. "In the end of the Ming Dynasty, the first person in the three tests is only one person." ("Ming History·Shang Ren Biography" Volume 176) Jing's fine medicine, served as a judge in the Taiyuan Hospital, has high medical skills and many miraculous effects.Prince Zhao Lian of the Qing Dynasty said: "I tasted epistaxis (nu, epistaxis), and the bleeding was several liters. The public said: 'The Governor Vessel is not cut off, but it can still be cured.' Cook two parameters, drink it and it will heal immediately. He caresses the weak brothers and loves them very much. All the medical funds he saved are stolen by his younger brothers. It is no comparison. He has been enshrined in Da Nei for decades, and he does not reveal the forbidden affairs. If anyone asks, he only says 'Saint Bow Wan'an' There is a certain imperial doctor who is a sycophant, good at handing over to Yi and Cheng Fan's mansion, and he will be impeached by the public, saying: "It's because people's minds are not pure, so you can't serve them around." ("Xiaoting Continued Records" Volume 4) Emperor Jiaqing rewarded him Five ranks to show honor and favor.

Second, the curative effect is high.The curative effect is the first priority in the treatment of diseases in the palace.If the curative effect is not good, they are often reprimanded and even severely punished.For example, on November 24th in the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), Sun Zhiding, the envoy of the Taiyuan Hospital, was ordered to treat the recurrent hemorrhoids of Pall's basin, the minister of the guards. Bowl, foul-smelling, seriously ill.The imperial doctor was helpless, so he had to report the truth.Emperor Kangxi was dissatisfied with this, and Zhu commented in Sun Zhiding's memorial: "Quack doctors often misunderstand people."In the 20th year of Qianlong's reign (1755), Liu Yuduo, the envoy of the Taiyuan Hospital, led the decree to treat the typhoid rash of Boyle Shen, the minister of the guards. After treatment, his condition worsened, and Liu Yuduo hurriedly presented it to the emperor.Emperor Qianlong was dissatisfied with the news, and ordered the minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: You go and guard them and see how they cure their illnesses.Another example is the year before the death of Emperor Guangxu, because of the complicated illness, the imperial physician could not cure him for a long time, and Emperor Guangxu was irritable and often vented his dissatisfaction with the imperial physician.In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), he decreed: "Recently, the ear plugs are ringing, and it is getting worse day by day. Hey!" The medical treatment didn't work well, and he was severely reprimanded. ("Secrets of Qing Palace Archives")

Third, the risks are high.A wrong dose of medicine is a matter of life and death, and accidents will happen.The imperial doctor's admission is regarded as a dangerous journey.Conflicts between doctors and patients occur, and sometimes lives are in danger.For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Liu Wentai was in charge of the right administration and was in charge of the affairs of the imperial hospital. He was impeached and demoted to court for the death of Emperor Chenghua due to improper medicine.In the summer of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi (1505), Emperor Hongzhi was originally suffering from a fever, but Wen Tai accidentally injected a large amount of hot medicine, which made Emperor Hongzhi's illness worse, irritated, and even died of illness.Emperor Zhengde succeeded to the throne, and the courtiers used "Wen Tai and a quack doctor to promote the longevity of the two dynasties" (Vol.Please beheaded, and then sent to garrison.

The emperor of the Qing Dynasty prided himself on being a doctor.For example, on July 13th in the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703), Emperor Kangxi wrote in Zhu Zhu’s memorial to imperial doctor Zhang Xian and others on the treatment of diseases of the imperial clan He Shiheng: “The pills for regulating qi and invigorating the spleen have the effect of invigorating the spleen and helping digestion. It must be beneficial to take a qian of medicine with millet soup every morning. The imperial pharmacy will take the medicine for trial use. In addition, it is forbidden to take other tonics and ginseng." The emperor prescribes the prescription, dare not follow it!For example, in the nineteenth year of Qianlong (1754), on the ninth day of the fifth lunar month, Emperor Qianlong learned that the minister Liang Jiugong had a soybean-sized sore on his forehead.Another example is one day in August in the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), Emperor Guangxu wrote in the prescription given to him by the imperial doctor: "If you use hot medicines and blindly supplement them, you are afraid that the ailments that occurred before will reappear today. It is advisable to consider the cube, such as raw land, root ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, chrysanthemum, mulberry leaves, bamboo rut and other cool and nourishing products, and add two or three flavors every day to prevent floating heat from overflowing from time to time." Regardless of whether the medicine is suitable for the symptoms, the imperial physician It also needs to be followed. ("Secrets of Qing Palace Archives")

The emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties also treated the imperial physicians favorably.On March 23, the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Liu Yuduo, an envoy of the Imperial Hospital, cured Hou Chentai of typhoid fever.Xue Fuchen, who treated Empress Dowager Cixi, is another case.Xue Fuchen was originally a famous doctor in Jiangsu. Cixi fell ill and was called to Beijing.After careful treatment, the effect is quite good.After Cixi recovered from illness, she gave Xue Fuchen a plaque of "professional cultivation".He was done and he should have returned to his hometown, but the "Lafayette" forbade him to leave Beijing, and he had to be free from old ailments before he promised to report his safety.Unexpectedly, during this period, the little girl fell ill and died at home. Xue Fuchen was sad and hard to express. ("Secrets of Qing Palace Archives")

"History of Ming Dynasty Fang Ji Zhuan" contains nineteen doctors, including six imperial doctors. "Manuscripts of Qing History·Art Biography" contains forty-five doctors, including three imperial doctors.Most of the famous doctors are not imperial doctors, and most of the imperial doctors are not famous doctors.In the Qing Dynasty, medicine was more important than textual research, and there was no anatomy.Emperor Kangxi's works on human anatomy cannot be published yet, let alone others?Wang Qingren, a famous doctor, dissected the corpses of executed people at night, and participated in the examination of animals and animals. He wrote "Yilin Gaicuo", which is the pioneering work of Chinese human anatomy.Later Tang Zonghai popularized it and wrote "The Essence of Chinese and Western Medical Classics". "The enlightenment of the two is enough to enlighten the latter." (Volume 520 of "Drafts of Qing History")