Chapter 15 Chapter 14 A Rare Tragedy in History—Nanjing Massacre (1937.12.13-1938.1)

On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing. Under the command of General Matsui Ishida, commander of the Central China Dispatch Army, and Hisao Tani, head of the Sixth Division, a six-week-long bloody massacre was carried out in Nanjing. After the war, the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo made the following description of this barbaric massacre, which was rare in human history. The court found out: "The Chinese army retreated before the fall of Nanjing, so the Japanese army occupied a non-resistance city. "However, the Japanese troops who entered Nanjing carried out massacres, rapes, burnings, and robberies of our unarmed compatriots, which shocked the world. More than 190,000 people were massacred, and more than 150,000 people were massacred sporadically.The total number of my compatriots killed is more than 300,000.This number is the conclusion made by the court after investigation with solid evidence.

Japanese historians Izu Kiko and Haren Goro also described the Nanjing Massacre in their books "A Short History of Japan" and "History of the Japanese People": "The Japanese army took control of North China, landed in Shanghai and captured Nanjing, and executed the massacre in Nanjing. The unprecedented massacre has aroused the resentment of people all over the world." "After the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, they committed crimes that ignored humanity, were cruel, and could never be forgiven." "On the right side of page 528, there is an illustration of the Japanese army invading Nanjing. The small text on the illustration says: "Because of the Japanese army's continuous looting and atrocities, a massacre rarely seen in history occurred." Even the representative of Hitler's fascist Germany at that time, The report of the Japanese army's atrocities to his government also stated, "This is a brutal criminal act by the entire (Japanese) army itself, and they are a group of beasts."

Originally, the historical tragedy of the Nanjing Massacre was already well-documented and ironclad. However, after several decades, some fascist remnants and a few militarists suddenly proposed to reverse the case. They claimed that the Nanjing Massacre was a Chinese crime. The "fiction" of the "Nanjing Massacre" is "nonsense", and even took out the book "Fiction of the Nanjing Massacre" as proof of falsification of history. What is the historical truth of the brutal tragedy of the Nanjing Massacre? On July 7, 1937, after the full-scale Japanese invasion of China, the Japanese army first occupied North China, and then landed in Shanghai, and besieged Nanjing in three ways on December 12. The Kuomintang army defending Nanjing retreated in a hurry. In fact, in December On the 13th, there was no organized resistance in Nanjing, and the Japanese army entered Nanjing without fighting.However, the Japanese army still carried out a planned and organized massacre in Nanjing.On the eve of the siege, the commander of the Japanese army, Matsui Iwane, ordered the commanders of the four divisions Tani Hisao, Ushishima, Nakajima, and Misatsu to say: "Nanjing is the capital of China, and the occupation of Nanjing is an international event, so careful research must be done. In order to promote Japan's mighty power and make China fearful." This is how the enemy uses massacres of civilians to promote "martial power" in an attempt to subdue the Chinese people.

On the morning of December 13, the Japanese army Tani Hisao's troops first entered Nanjing through the Zhonghua Gate, and gathered blood in the refugee areas of Zhongshan North Road and Zhongyang Road. From then on, a horrific massacre began. On the 14th, Nakajima, Ushijima, Suematsu and other troops successively entered the urban areas in the north and south and carried out large-scale massacres. "Since the afternoon of the 13th, the Japanese army buried 3,000 refugees alive in Zijin Mountain, and Yuhuatai searched and killed more than 20,000 soldiers, stragglers, and refugees."According to the investigation by the Chinese military court, there are 28 cases of this kind of collective massacre, some tens of thousands of people, some thousands of people, and some hundreds of people, all of which have solid evidence.In all the testimonies, the number of victims, their locations, and the facts of the crimes were stated.Here are a dozen examples:

On the 13th, about 100,000 refugees and disarmed soldiers fled to the Yanziji River. Unexpectedly, when they were seeking refuge in the north of the river through Baguazhou, the enemy army swarmed the city and surrounded the refugees on the beach. Then set up dozens of machine guns and fired wildly.Immediately, the corpses covered the river, the water flow was blocked, and at least 50,000 innocent compatriots were killed.Witness Chen Wanlu said in his testimony: "More than 50,000 innocent civilians and disarmed soldiers were massacred at Yanziji Beach." The Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East also clearly stated: "Many Chinese soldiers put down their weapons outside the city and surrendered. , Within 72 hours of their surrender, they were massacred by machine gun fire on the banks of the Yangtze River, and more than 30,000 prisoners were slaughtered in this way."

On the 14th, the Japanese army massacred 7,000 refugees and unarmed military and police outside the Hanxi Gate.According to Zhong Ke, the former warrant officer of the 87th Division of the Kuomintang, who witnessed the massacre in detail, he said: On the afternoon of the 14th, he saw thousands of refugees and hundreds of military police being shot by Japanese machine guns. The rain has come one after another...so, one after another." On the 15th, the Japanese army massacred outside Hanzhong Gate.At one o'clock in the afternoon of that day, a total of 2,000 relatives of the young people who were arrested by the Japanese army in the refugee area of ​​the Judicial Yuan were ordered to form a four-way column, and they were driven to the gate of Hanzhong in batches. As soon as they left the city, they were ambushed by several heavy machine guns. Shooting, shooting, stabbing with a bayonet, and then pouring gasoline on the corpse.The massacre lasted for 4 hours, and the Qinhuai River was stained red with blood.The victim of this tragedy, Wu Changde, was a witness who attended the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo to testify. In 1982, Wu Changde was already in his 70s. He went to the site of the victim together with the reporter of "Nanjing Daily" and described the scene of the massacre by the Japanese army.

On the night of the 15th, the Japanese army carried out another massacre in the torpedo battalion.On the third day of the fall of Nanjing, more than 9,000 Nanjing soldiers and civilians captured by the enemy were taken to the riverside of the Torpedo Camp outside Shangyuanmen, where they were suddenly shot by machine guns in advance. Except Yin Youyu and other 9 people who escaped, the rest killed.The survivors survived because the massacre was carried out at night, and they immediately fell down in a pool of blood when they heard the gunshots.The victim, Yin Youyu, testified for the massacre by the Japanese army during the trial of the war criminal Hisao Tani in a Chinese military court.

On the 16th, the Japanese massacre at Shimonoseki Coal Port.Tens of thousands of young people were captured by the Japanese army from various households and shelters in the refugee area, and gathered in a square in Dafang Lane. At dusk that day, the enemy army first shot and killed hundreds of young people with poor clothing and shoes, and most of them were kidnapped and sent to the coal port in Xiaguan. , That is to say, they were brutally killed with machine guns, and the dead bodies were pushed into the Yangtze River.Xu Jialu, the father of the victim Xu Jingsen, and Xu Qi, his brother, testified about this massacre, saying: "A comprehensive review of the enemy's actions proves that tens of thousands of young people were captured by the enemy that day but have not been found. It can be seen that the violent enemy was purely a planned massacre. "

On the 16th, the Japanese massacre at the Zhongshan Wharf in Xiaguan.The victim of this tragedy, Liang Tingfang, testified at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. On the morning of the 16th, he was escorted by the Japanese army to the large empty field of the Overseas Chinese Guest House. On the sidewalk of the Zhongshan Wharf in Shimonoseki, the Japanese military officer ordered the soldiers to tie up the refugees with hemp ropes, place a machine gun every few dozen steps, and start firing at dusk, and the slaughter continued until 10 o'clock at night.Liang Tingfang thought that he would always die, so he jumped into the river hand in hand with another victim, and fell into the water. Although he was shot and injured, he survived by luck.

On the 16th, the Nakajima troops of the Japanese army searched and arrested more than 200 young people from house to house in the area of ​​Sitiao Alley, Gulou, and took them to the pond of Sitiao Alley.According to testimonies of Xie Baoquan, Lu Liushi, Zhang Decai and others who witnessed the tragedy, "After more than 40 days, we saw with our own eyes that the more than 200 corpses were all soaked in blisters and rotten." On the 17th, the Japanese army massacred 3,000 relatives of our compatriots at the Shangyuan Gate in Shimonoseki. Lu Yan, the former chief engineer and acting director of the Nanjing Power Plant, testified in his testimony that more than 3,000 people, including soldiers and civilians and power plant workers Xu Jiangshan, were rounded up by the Japanese army. On the riverside downstream of Coal Harbor, machine guns were used to shoot at first, and then the survivors were driven into thatched huts, doused with gasoline and set ablaze to death.All 44 of the 51 employees of the power plant were martyred except for 7 who survived.

On the 17th, the Japanese army carried out another massacre by the Sancha River.At that time, the Sanchahe Fangsheng Temple and the Buddhist Salesian House were refugee shelters.The enemy drove the refugees to the Sancha River and massacred them all with machine guns.Witness Bi Zhengqing who witnessed the tragedy said in his testimony: "About 400 to 500 people died on the bank of the river." On the 18th, the massacre by the Japanese army in Xiaguan Caoxie Gorge.Lu Su, who had witnessed this tragedy, wrote in his testimony: "After the Japanese pirates entered the city, they surrounded more than 57,000 people, including the retreated national army and refugees, men, women, and children, and surrounded four or five villages at the foot of the Shogunate Mountain. They cut off food and even starved to death. Many. On the 16th night of the 11th month of the lunar calendar, two people tied together with iron wires and lined up in four roads. They drove to Caoxie Gorge in Xiaguan. All the bones were thrown into the river." The "Far East International Military Tribunal Judgment" also confirmed this tragedy. In December, the Japanese massacre in the Shangxinhe area was even more unbearable.Hunan wood merchants Sheng Shizheng and Mao Kaiyuan who had witnessed this tragedy wrote in their testimony: "The Japanese army killed more than 28,730 captured soldiers and people who fled our country, and they were killed in the Shangxinhe area." They testified: "At that time, the local residents had already fled. Because we were Hunan wood merchants, we did not leave because of property relations. The corpses were buried by our Hunan wood merchants. Because the corpses were everywhere, the ground was stained with human blood, and the corpses were exposed. See If you can't bear it, you will bury the corpse one by one." In the bloodbath of the Nanjing Massacre, according to eyewitnesses, "Japanese soldiers insulted and ravaged this city like a group of wild beasts." Wild beasts, in groups of two or three, scurry around, killing anyone they meet, burning houses upon sight, robbing property upon sight, catching women, raping them first and then killing them. Nanjing immediately became a bloody hell on earth.According to the confession of a Japanese soldier named Jun Miyamoto who participated in the Nanjing Massacre: They used bayonets to kill many running people outside the Zhonghua Gate. After the killing, the hand holding the knife trembled, but the command of the officer was still not allowed to stop the knife , but he had no choice but to disobey. The frantic massacre after the Japanese occupation of Nanjing lasted for as long as six weeks.Tens of thousands of citizens and refugees were shot and killed by the Japanese army in Yuhuatai and Zhonghuamen.On the roads and alleys of Jiankang Road, Baixia Road, Daguang Road, Shigu Road, Zhongshan Road, Zhongyang Road, etc., there were bloody and bloody corpses.In areas such as Zhongshan Road, Gulou, Xinjiekou and refugee areas alone, tens of thousands of residents were massacred. When the war criminal Hisao Tani was tried in 1947, the Chinese military court verified a total of 858 cases of sporadic massacres, in which more than 150,000 people were massacred. The burial of the corpses took several months, with more than 1,200 witnesses.According to statistics from the Nanjing Branch of the World Red Cross, which was in charge of burying the corpses, they buried 43,071 corpses; Nanjing Chongshan Hall buried 112,226 corpses.Together, the two charities buried 155,297 bodies. Nanjing "Xinhua Daily" reporter interviewed Zhu Youcai, an old man who had witnessed the Japanese invaders' massacre at Jiangdongmen, and wrote a report ""Nakajima Bridge" built on corpses", the original text is as follows: "On the afternoon of December 16, 1937, the Nakajima troops of the Japanese army guarded tens of thousands of 'captives' (about half of whom were civilians) in the former Kuomintang Army Prison, and drove them to Jiangdongmen. It was three or four hundred meters long by the Jiangdong River. In the evening, the chieftain gave an order, and all the thatched cottages on both sides of the road were doused with gasoline and set ablaze. The wailing was heard even by Zhu Youcai, who was hiding a few miles away. After the massacre, Jiangdongmen’s corpses piled up like a mountain, and blood flowed like a river. The next day, the Japanese invading army used Chinese to fill up the river in order to let the trains cross the river. , no matter the dead or the living, they will be thrown into the river when they see it. When fixing the bridge deck and piling, you can still hear the groans of people who are still alive. The Japanese invading army named it "Nakajima Bridge", and a large number of tanks, military vehicles, and bicycles came from This "human bridge" crossed the Jiangdong River. After the weather warmed and thawed, the corpses rotted and smelled. The Red Cross sent people to collect the corpses and dragged the corpses to two large pits. More than 15,000 corpses. Later, the locals called these two pits 'mass graves'." Look at the example of the Japanese beast soldiers massacring our people: There are two second lieutenants in the Nakajima army, one named Mukai Toshiaki and the other named Noda Takeshi.When the Japanese army occupied Jurong, Jiangsu, they started a "killing contest", agreeing that whoever killed 100 people first would win the championship.All the way to Tangshan, Mukai killed 89 people, and Noda killed 78 people.Neither of them killed 100 people.Therefore, the "killing contest" continued. When the Japanese army besieged Nanjing, the two held a second "murder contest" to compete for the title. The two killers, men and women, old and young, killed everyone they saw. As a result, Mukai killed 106 people and Noda killed 105 people. , but it is difficult to determine who killed 100 people first.Therefore, I plan to continue the "killing competition" based on the standard of killing 150 people. This brutal and inhuman massacre was praised and publicized by the Japanese press.The Mainichi Shimbun in Osaka and the Mainichi Shimbun in Tokyo both advertised it as important news. In December 1937, Tokyo's "Daily News" published a report titled "Under the Purple Gold Mountain": "Warrant Officer Mukai and Noda had agreed to a competition to kill 100 enemies. On December 10, the two met at the foot of Zijin Mountain, each holding a saber that had been cut off. "Noda said: 'I killed 105 people, what about your results?' "Mukai replied, 'I killed 106 people.' "So the two co-authors laughed wildly: 'Haha, Mr. Mukai killed one more!' "Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine who will reach 100 first. Therefore, the two of them decided that this time it will be a tie, and they will re-gamble on who will kill 150 Chinese first. "From December 11, the game is going on again." The Tokyo "Daily Shimbun" reporter also complacently commented: These two "imperial armies" will continue to kill people again!The newspaper published the photos of the two gangsters. There was a squadron leader named Tanaka Gunkichi in Tani Hisao's army, holding a "Zhuguang" saber, he hacked and killed more than 300 Chinese men, women and children in succession.The book "The Imperial Army" written by the Japanese Minetaro Yamanaka records in detail the killing process of Tanaka Junkichi and promotes the "prestige" of the "imperial army". These fascist beasts never expected that the facts quoted in the newspapers, pictorials, and books at that time to promote the spirit of "military prestige" and "Bushido" would become ironclad evidence for their crimes after the war.Japanese newspapers wrote in black and white, they will always try to erase this historical massacre.Foreigners who had witnessed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in Nanjing said: "Everything imaginable, after the Japanese army entered the city, they carried out without any scruples and without restraint. In this new era, we can't find anything that is enough Beyond the atrocities committed by the Japanese army." The Japanese army also committed a beastly crime in Nanjing.They caught women, raped them first and then killed them. It was unbearable to see. The "Nanjing Massacre Chief Criminal Tani Hisao Judgment" revealed: "After the Japanese army fell to the city, they raped everywhere and showed their power. According to the statistics of the International Committee of Foreigners, on December 16 and 17, our women were ravaged by the Japanese army. There are more than a thousand people. And the way is bizarre and cruel, which is unheard of in real history. For example, on December 13, Tao Tangshi, a civilian woman, was gang-raped by the Japanese army at No. 5 Renhouli, East Zhonghuamen, and her body was disemboweled and burned. Xiao Yushi, a pregnant woman who was pregnant for nine months, 16-year-old girls Huang Zhuying and Chen Ermei, and a 63-year-old village woman were also brutally raped in the Zhonghuamen area. The village girl Ding was raped by the Japanese army 13 in Duicao Lane, Zhonghuamen. After gang-raping, he was stabbed in the lower abdomen with a bayonet to death because he screamed for help. From the 13th to the 17th of the same month, the Japanese army ordered the passing monks to continue the rape after they gang-raped the girl outside the Zhonghua Gate. They were sentenced to death by castration. And at Tuchengtou outside the Zhonghua Gate, there were three young girls who threw themselves into the river in shame and anger because they were raped by the Japanese army.” The investigation results of the Nanjing Enemy Crime Investigation Committee stated that the Japanese army’s “rape atrocities were also extremely common. The women compatriots encountered by the Japanese army, even those who moved into the refugee area, were ravaged wantonly by the Japanese army who crossed the wall. According to the rough statistics of the international people in charge of the refugee area, there were no less than 80,000 women who suffered such abuse in this city at that time After the rape, they were subjected to various tortures such as cesarean section and abdominal stabbing, and they must be put to death soon." The rape and murder of the Japanese beast army was the result of the connivance of the Japanese warlords.The Japanese military officer declared that "adultery is licensed by the Japanese army." Killing people with knives, and raping women on the street like animals.The evidence found afterwards proved that there were more than 10 women raped by him. Another characteristic of the bloodbath of the Japanese army in Nanjing was that the burning and massacre went hand in hand, and murder and arson were linked with looting, often with looting first and then burning. "At the beginning of the fall of the city, along the Zhonghua Gate to the Xiaguan River, there were fires everywhere, and the flames lit up the sky, and half of the city was almost reduced to ashes." At the same time, wantonly looting and burning, first looting the warehouse company's inventory, and then setting fire to it, turning the bustling streets into ashes." "The Japanese army was greedy, and they robbed all food, livestock, utensils, and antiques. For example, at No. 50 Shiba Street, they robbed four boxes of rare books from Shi Bixuan, a national doctor, more than 2,000 pieces of calligraphy, paintings, and antiques, 400 pieces of woodware, and 30 pieces of clothes. The rest of the box.” (The verdict of Hisao Tani, the chief criminal in the Nanjing Massacre) After Japanese soldiers robbed shops and warehouses, they often set fire to them.Taiping Road, the most important commercial street, was burnt to ruins, and entire commercial districts in the city were burnt down.The Japanese soldiers even burned down the houses of civilians for no reason at all.This arson continued as planned for six weeks.As a result, about a third of the city was destroyed. The historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre exist, and any sophistry and lies are futile.However, there are still some people in Japan who deny that there was any massacre in Nanjing, and make excuses, arguing that "Nanjing incident was just a small-scale incident" and that it was "done by soldiers who were partly out of the control of the army in the chaos". Clean up the guilt of the Japanese militarism base camp.Facts speak louder than words.The Nanjing Massacre was completely premeditated and organized.Japan's historical archives will not be missing!Thirty months before the Nanjing Massacre, that is, on September 5, 1937, Hirota Koki, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Japanese Konoe Cabinet, gave a speech in the parliament, talking about "in order for this country to reflect on its mistakes (that is, to force China to surrender), And determined to give a decisive blow." This decisive blow was what Matsui Iwane said to Prime Minister Konoe: "There is no other way but to take Nanjing and break Chiang Kai-shek's regime." The implication is to use brutal and terrorist means to force Chiang Kai-shek to surrender. .Hatohiko Asaka, the commander of the Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Force who directly commanded the occupation of Nanjing, signed a "confidential, destroyed after reading" order: "Kill all prisoners." This order was thoroughly implemented in Nanjing.Nakajima, the head of the 16th Division, recorded in his diary the implementation of the department on the day Nanjing fell. The massacre was the will of the highest authority in Japan at that time. Japanese scholar and former Waseda University professor Tong Tomio was very angry in 1982 when he saw that the Japanese Ministry of Education tampered with history and obliterated the Nanjing Massacre when it approved textbooks. He wrote the book "Nanjing Massacre" at the end of the same year, citing A large amount of solid evidence, on the basis of investigation, research and analysis, confirmed that the Japanese army killed nearly 300,000 innocent Chinese soldiers and civilians, half of them were ordinary people, and most of the troops did not die in battle, but after being captured. brutally murdered. Why did the Japanese army’s massacre of Nanjing differ in historical materials and news reports at home and abroad at that time?Mr. Mei Ruao, a well-known international jurist in China, said in the article "About Hisao Tani, Iwane Matsui and the Nanjing Massacre": "The International Tribunal for the Far East's estimate (the Japanese army massacred more than 300,000 people in Nanjing) is undoubtedly true again. Cautious and conservative. However, noticing the cunning and diversification of the Japanese beast army's tactics of eradicating traces, the court judgment made a solemn statement: "This number has not yet been burned by the Japanese army, and thrown into the Yangtze River or other methods." people who are treated in a different way.’ That’s very important.” Yukio Komata, a Japanese military reporter, wrote a book "The Records of Japanese Military Reporters", which records in detail his interviews and experiences about the "Nanjing Massacre".There is a passage in the book that describes his conversation with Takeda and Kisaki, the liaison officers of the Shanghai branch of the Yomiuri Shimbun who had just returned from Nanjing: There were as many as 100,000 prisoners.The troops who had just entered the city once asked the army headquarters, "What about these prisoners?" The answer was, "Properly deal with them." (This order is a fact. The head of the Yamada brigade wrote in his notes at the time: "On December 15th, he dealt with the captives. He sent the second lieutenant Ben Wen to the division and got the order to 'clean up'." The so-called appropriate punishment refers to how Execute if you can't handle it. This is the policy established in the army from the beginning.) Therefore, the captives were taken by Japanese soldiers to Xiaguan on the banks of the Yangtze River and lined up to be beheaded.After killing the first row, let the second row throw the corpses into the river, and then line up in a row, also beheading.In this way, from morning to night, only 2,000 people were killed without stopping in one day. Tired of killing the next day, I took out the machine gun and placed two heavy machine guns to form crossfire.Facing the river bank, the prisoners lined up in a row, click... and pulled the trigger of the heavy machine gun.The captives fled to the river together, but none of them could struggle to get to the other side. ... At that time, the English and Chinese newspapers published in the British and American garrison area in the Shanghai Concession contained photos of the corpses of young people in plain clothes, women, and children, all of which were taken by foreigners living in Nanjing.But there are no detailed reports of the shooting of these captives. ... Not only the captives were slaughtered, but countless civilians were also killed.The liaison officer said that they saw the corpses of civilians lying on the road. "How many people were killed?" "This number has not been published, nor can it be counted. In short, there are dead bodies everywhere." Those who stayed in the city and did not live in the "refugee area" were all "swept away" by the Japanese army. The above reports not only affirmed the fact that the Japanese army massacred our compatriots in Nanjing, but also showed that the number of my compatriots in Nanjing massacred by the Japanese army is impossible to be accurate.One is that during the Japanese occupation, the corpses and traces were destroyed, and no materials would be released. The murders committed by the Japanese army were the same as the gold and silver they robbed, and no outsiders would know about them.How can I get the exact number?Second, what the eyewitnesses and Chinese and foreign journalists have seen and heard is only a partial situation, so their comprehensive reports and the estimated numbers of massacres are approximate materials, and the numbers cannot be consistent.However, it is certain that more than 300,000 Nanjing people were massacred, and no sophistry can erase this iron-clad fact. On December 13, 1987, the 50th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre, the Memorial Hall of the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders was completed at Jiangdongmen, Nanjing.Jiangdumen is one of the historical sites of the Nanjing Massacre. The stone wall is engraved with "300,000 victims" in Chinese, English and Japanese. There are also "Torpedo Camp", "Yanziji" and "Eastern Han Gate" along the way of the memorial hall. , "Yuhuatai" and other 13 stele carvings. This is ironclad evidence of the bloody atrocities committed by the Japanese invaders.