Chapter 49 Chapter 46: Removing the Old and Opening the New: The Fall of the Qing Dynasty and the Establishment of the Republic of China

Tribal politics in the narrow sense of the Qing Dynasty, although the so-called "Xian Tong Zhongxing", lingered on, and finally could not be maintained. The first is the multiplication of foreign aggression. Since the eighteenth year of Daoguang, Lin Zexu was the imperial envoy to investigate and deal with opium affairs. In the 22nd year, he negotiated peace with Britain, signed the Treaty of Nanjing, ceded Hong Kong, and allowed five ports to trade. fail.After that, in the seventh year of Xianfeng, the British and French allied forces fell into Guangzhou, and in the eighth year of Xianfeng, they went to Tianjin and fell into Dagu Fort.Ten years later, he went to Tianjin, fell into Tongzhou, entered Beijing, burned the Old Summer Palace, and took refuge in Xianfeng in Rehe, which was the first time that foreign soldiers invaded the capital.In the fifth year of Guangxu, Japan destroyed Ryukyu.In the sixth year, Zeng Jize went to Russia as an envoy to discuss the return of the Yili Treaty.In eight years, it made an appointment with Russia in the northeast of Kashgar.In ten years, Sino-French war broke out, in eleven years, peace was negotiated, and Annan was lost.Twelve years later, the Myanmar Treaty was signed with Britain and Myanmar was lost.In the nineteenth year, Britain and France conspired in Siam to abolish tribute.Twenty years later, the Sino-Japanese war broke out, and in the 21st year, peace was negotiated, Taiwan was cut off, and North Korea was lost.Twenty-three years later, Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay.In the twenty-fourth year, Russia leased Lushun and Dalian, and Britain leased Weihaiwei.Twenty-five years later, France occupied Guangzhou Bay.In the twenty-sixth year, the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered Beijing, and Guangxu took refuge in Xi'an.In the twenty-seventh year, the Xin Chou peace treaty was made.In the twenty-ninth year, the Japanese and Russian wars broke out, and the three eastern provinces of our country were the battlefields.In the 31st year, the Manchuria Agreement was signed with Japan.In the second year of Xuantong, Kulun of Outer Mongolia took Er, and Japan annihilated Korea.Three years later, British soldiers invaded Pianma.

When the forces of the East and the West came into contact for the first time, China was ignorant of foreign affairs and responded inappropriately. The two cultures of the East and the West had no direct contact at first.Its beginning to have direct contact was almost at the time of Ming and Qing Dynasties.First, Chinese cultural relics were introduced to Europe and the West through indirect relations, especially important ones, such as sericulture, papermaking, compass, gunpowder, Printing is very much related to modern civilization. As for those who have been passed down to me among them, except for the slight spread of several religious thoughts such as Nestorianism and Manichaeism among the people, he has nothing to say.Viewing Marco Polo's statement, it is unremarkable to me, but I am astonished and unbelievable there.The achievements of the two major cultures of China and the West, I am certainly not inferior to them.Since the last one or two centuries, it has been advancing by leaps and bounds, but I don't know it.He and I came into contact suddenly, and he liked to say that I was proud.Husband and a nation have a kind of pride in their inherent culture, which is the normal state of cultural nations, and it is the same when they change places.Moreover, when he came, he was only a priest and a businessman; the teachings in him were not what I needed, and he came with the knowledge of natural calculation, development of land, and natural history. I accepted his knowledge of calculation, development of land, and natural history and rejected Its teachings are here for me to be clear but not ignorant.They don't know that I have my own teachings, but they insist on God and the kingdom of heaven. If they enter Africa's wildness, who will be proud?Moreover, preaching and doing business, from the perspective of the Chinese, are far from homogeneous in nature.Doing business only for the sake of profit is considered humble in China, but how can the people who do business for profit suddenly spread the righteousness of God?If the Chinese don't believe it, they don't know what they are feeling.I can't bear to suppress businessmen who sell opium to engage in irregular traitors, and priests to win over my foolish people to disturb (hu) my internal affairs.But he suppressed him with strong armor and sharp guns, and said that I was xenophobic, how could I obey?And when the power comes, it also makes people feel compelled to reject it.Those who come into contact with other forces but do not know why they reject them are black slaves in Africa and red men in America.Those who obtain the Dharma by exclusion are like Japan in Asia, and even Piou who exclude each other.Those who know that there must be something to exclude but cannot find the law are China.

Japan's small country acted shallowly, with nothing in mind, aware of fear, and rushed to catch up, in order to imitate what he did.But I am bound by my own traditional culture, and it is not easy to give up my self-confidence suddenly.Although I also know that external forces should be eliminated, but in the end there is no one who excludes it.If the self is repeatedly defeated, the strength and weakness become right and wrong.However, it is inappropriate for me to respond to the decline of the world and the vulgarity for a while.He rushed to catch up, so Mr. Sun Yat-sen had the example of "the first prize is hidden at the top of the bamboo stick".

The main and the main battle, overturning indeterminate.But the internal affairs are corrupt and riddled with holes, let alone external affairs. The second is corruption in internal affairs. In terms of internal affairs at that time, the most problematic person was the exhaustion of finances. Since the middle period of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, greed and extravagance have been rampant, and the provinces have accumulated losses, and their finances have been stretched.After a long period of civil strife in Jiaqingchuan and Chujiao bandits, and to Daoguang's foreign business, the leakage (zhi) is getting bigger and bigger.Huang Jue Zishu said: "In recent years, the price of silver has been increasing, and every silver tael is easy to make 1,600 and zero coins. It is not the consumption of silver in the interior, but the leakage of silver abroad. Since opium entered China, three years before Daoguang, Guangdong The province leaks millions of taels of silver every year; from the third year of Daoguang to the eleventh year, the annual leak of silver was 17 million taels. From the eleventh to the fourteenth year, the annual leak of silver was more than 20 million taels. Fourteen years to the present , Gradually leaked to as many as 30 million. Haikou in Zhejiang, Shandong, and Tianjin combined tens of millions. The provinces, prefectures, and counties collect money and grain, and they use money as silver for sales. In the past, there were a lot of profits, but now they are all compensated. Salt merchants in various provinces sell salt to get money, and use silver for teaching. In the past, those who competed for profit are now regarded as fearful of the road.” The Qing government’s determination to ban smoking is also due to this.Later, the Opium War failed, and the five ports opened up trade, and the leakage (zhi) increased.And the previous compensation, the treasury is embarrassed.

The second is the official sluggishness Since Qianjia in the Qing Dynasty, the practice of accepting money (zi) has been widely used, and it is very beneficial to use the same salty and redundant ones as ji (ji). In addition to "donation", there is another way of "achievement".There is a pattern of "doing what is lacking first" for donations, and a pattern of "filling up for vacancies regardless of topic selection and reservation".And the right path pales in comparison.It is often more than ten years before the first list reaches the ministry, and it is not possible to replace the official, especially the delay in the county magistrate.

Since Xinjiang officials compete for recommendation, they often ask the Ministry of Officials to stop distributing them.There are two ways to recommend a great person: one is "military merit" and the other is "hegong".In the 20th year of Guangxu, Zhang Zhong, the censor, said: "The case of Shandong Hegongbao has reached five or six hundred people in recent years. Those who want to protect Shandong take Shandong as a shortcut and donate a county magistrate and Zuoza. It will be officially printed in a few months." There is "persuasion to donate" again.The Shuntian relief case has protected more than 1,300 people.Work relief in Shandong, covering more than 500 people.There are no less than a thousand people in his province.At that time, the Ministry of Officials invested as many as four or five hundred people a month, and distributed three to four hundred people.The official career is full of no track so far, how can the official get excited!

According to the political situation at that time, it was absolutely unable to withstand the foreign invasion at that time, so there was the so-called "self-improvement through reform" at that time. Reform and self-improvement are two things of the zodiac, but people at that time often talked about it together. One thing is that the Qing court has ruled China with autocracy and prestige for two hundred years. In the eyes of the Manchu monarchs and ministers, the ancestral law is absolutely immutable. The second is that the Han people also corrupted gradually under this autocratic and powerful regime.At that time, there were very few people in the government who really read and understood, and understood the need and significance of reform and self-improvement.

Qianjia's simple learning not only resulted in the trend of trivial exegesis and textual research, but the imperial examinations in the Daoguang Dynasty only followed merit orders and were stricter than flaws and taboos. The temporary fashion made scholars concentrate on stippling in lower script.At that time, those who were born in the right way were short of talents, so why donate money and earn money in different ways!This generation doesn't know what reforms are for, and reforms are no different from hindering the status and future of others.The other generation can't step forward to help make things happen, and the other generation will hide behind and hinder bad things.

In this kind of political habit and atmosphere, it is impossible to talk about reform and self-improvement.Even if there are one or two people with profound knowledge and insights, their opinions will not surface to the upper echelons of politics. For a while, those who talk about the rich and powerful know that there is military affairs, but not civil affairs; they know that there is diplomacy, but they don’t know that there is internal governance;Even in terms of military affairs, diplomacy, foreign affairs, etc., there are also voices of opposition everywhere. Under such circumstances, the creation of some so-called new undertakings about self-improvement at that time all started to appear later and later.

Citing its authors, such as the construction of the railway, Li Hongzhang, the direct governor of Tongzhi Ji Nian, counted Chen Qili, but he failed.At the beginning of Guangxu, the British built the Songhu Railway, bought it back and destroyed it.In three years, there was an eighty-mile railway from Tangshan to Xugezhuang built by merchants.In the sixth year, Liu Ming came to the court and spoke strongly about the benefits of the railway, and Li Hongzhang praised it strongly. However, Liu Kunyi, the governor of Jiang, said that it would affect people's livelihood and taxation.In the thirteenth year, the Jingu Railway was built for 170 miles.Next year, Li Hongzhang proposed to transfer the building from Tianjin to Tongzhou. The court was appalled.After that, it stopped again, and it was not decided until the 24th year, and the whole road was completed in the 32nd year.

In terms of steamships, after the Jiangning Treaty, foreign ships will be allowed to sail on the sea.After the Treaty of Tianjin, foreign ships had to sail the Yangtze River.In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Li Hongzhang, the direct governor, proposed to set up a ship merchants bureau.In the thirteenth year, the invitation was sparse again, and it was decided.Until the tenth year of Guangxu, the ban was still issued, and the ferry was not allowed to enter the inland river without authorization.In the 16th year, some provinces were invited to try out the small boats, but Minister Wang of the General Administration still thought it was impossible.After the outer ships of each waterway sailed successively, the ban on the Chinese merchants' ferry began to be relaxed. Foreign aggression was constantly invading, and political affairs were delayed, which finally shifted the attention of the people at that time to the more basic issues of talents and education. The history of the founding of the school at that time can be roughly divided into two periods.From the early years of Tongzhi to Guangxu Xin Chou is the first period, and from Xin Chou to the end of Qing Dynasty is the second period. The first schools to be established are mostly aimed at cultivating translation and military talents. Such as Jingshi Tongwen Academy, Shanghai Cantonese Dialect Academy, Fujian Shipping School, Tianjin Naval Academy, Tianjin Armed Forces Academy, Guangdong Marine Academy, Hubei Armed Forces Academy, Hubei Ziqiang Academy, Gezhi Shixue Academy in Shaanxi Provinces, etc. It can be seen that people at that time had the intention of establishing a school.Moreover, nineteen of these schools were founded by the first and second governors of other provinces, and were not initiated by the central government. Gradually, ordinary schools were established, and their vision was slightly expanded to include law, politics, and economics.However, it is still necessary to be practical for a while, and the school is an institution attached to politics. In the 23rd year of Guangxu, Sheng Xuanhuai began to set up Nanyang Public School in Shanghai.First, it was prosperous as the Tianjin Customs Road, and the first and second-class schools were established in Tianjin.The four-year course of the first-class school is divided into five subjects: engineering, electricity, mining, machinery, and laws and regulations.The second-class school courses are also four years, and they are promoted to the first class.Nanyang Public School has a Rujin school system and is divided into four colleges: Normal School, Outer School, Middle School, and Upper School.The outer courtyard is the affiliated elementary school, and the upper and middle courtyards are the first and second-class schools.The courses are roughly divided into two parts, Chinese and English, focusing on law, politics and economics.Those who choose the best are sent abroad.Covering public schools as preparatory schools, and foreign universities as the ultimate.This is where the rudimentary form of the Chinese school system begins. And in the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu, there was the preparation of the National Imperial University.After the Gengzi coup, until the twenty-seventh year, there was gradually talk of revival of the school.In the twenty-eighth year, Zhang Baixi was appointed as the minister of management, and a crash course was set up, which was divided into two halls, official school and normal school.It can be seen that the concept of school at that time was still regarded as a kind of subsidiary institution in politics, and the so-called "students who excel in learning will be officials" still cannot escape the traditional thinking of imperial examinations. The life of the school does not arise from a fundamental spirit of upward exploration of academic truth; its initiation is not in the academic circle itself, but in a few bureaucrats and politicians;Therefore, the establishment of schools in the late Qing Dynasty, politically, its effectiveness cannot be compared with that of the academies in the Northern Song Dynasty.Its achievements in receiving foreign cultures cannot be compared with the Buddhist temples in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, those who entered modern schools or even were sent abroad, their purpose was only to seek a career and gain a position in the political circle and even in society, so people ridiculed them as "foreign stereotypes" and "foreign Hanlin". In this case, there is a conflict between the school and the imperial examination. In the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, Zhang Zhidong discussed academic affairs with Rongqing and Zhang Baixi, and said: "It has been more than two years since the establishment of schools by order, but so far the provinces have not set up more schools, and it is difficult to raise funds. Therefore, funds cannot be donated, and they are based on imperial examinations. The scholars all over the world said that the imperial court did not pay attention to the schools. The imperial examinations did not change and cut down, and people could not help but wait and see. Who would be willing to raise donations? Those who entered the school thought that the imperial examinations would be a step backward, and refused to concentrate on learning. And he refuses to abide by the school rules." In terms of theory, the imperial examination must be stopped immediately, so that the school methods can improve and funds can be raised.In the 31st year of Guangxu, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong would play: "The imperial examination is non-stop, and scholars have the heart of fluke. The people wait and see, and there are very few private schools. I plan to ask the imperial examination to be discontinued." From the beginning of Bingwu, the provincial and township examinations, general examinations and year-old examinations were suspended.Seek out the education policy of each province, and specialize in school examination and school affairs. The imperial examination system, which had lasted for more than a thousand years since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, was finally abolished and replaced by schools. In the twenty-ninth year, Zhang Zhidong and others made a statute: graduates from the Confucian Academy will be promoted to the Imperial Academy, or better officials and foreign officials will be used separately.After graduating from the university, the most outstanding ones were born as Jinshi, and they were edited and reviewed by the Imperial Academy.Both the excellent and the middle are born as Jinshi, and they are the Shujitu of the Imperial Academy and the heads of various ministries respectively.Graduated from university preparatory courses and higher schools in various provinces, the best candidates will be used as candidates, and they will be used as cabinet secretary and state governor.Both excellent and medium are used as Juren, and they are used by Zhongshu Ke Zhongshu, Ministry Secretary Wu, County Magistrate, and General Judge. If so, schools can no longer focus solely on training translation and military talents.Thus, the theory of "Chinese learning is the essence and Western learning is practical" emerged. Liang Qichao drafted the articles of association of Beijing Normal University: "The great disadvantage of Chinese scholars is that scholars who govern China never talk about Western learning, and scholars who govern the West never talk about Chinese learning. Chinese people have the style and Western learning, and the two need each other. They don't talk about morality. If there is absolutely no foundation, there will be no experience in Western learning. The former schools cannot become talents, and this is the disadvantage." At the same time, Zhang Zhidong's article on persuading learning also said: "Middle school is internal learning, Western learning is external learning; Chinese learning governs the body and mind, while Western learning responds to current affairs." The imperial edict of Guangxu Dingguo also said: "The learning of the sages and sages should be used as the foundation, and those who must learn from the current affairs should pay attention to their strength, so as to save the disadvantages of pedantry, emptiness and sparseness." It is absolutely not possible for a country to abandon its original history, culture, political and religious origins, and just talk about reforms.At that time, apart from "Chinese learning is for the body and Western learning is for application", it is even better than this.It is a pity that at the time of the end of the school, the academic cultivation and maturity were not expected in a short time.The effectiveness of school education, therefore, has to wait ten or twenty years later.However, the invasion of foreign aggression is becoming more and more serious, and the corruption of internal affairs is still there. The general people's hearts can no longer be suppressed, so the demand for a complete political reform is booming. The entire political reform movement in the late Qing Dynasty can also be divided into two sections.The first section is the Reform Movement of 1898, and the second section is the Revolution of 1911.Both demand a complete and thorough reform of current politics. But the former still allowed the existence of the Qing royal family.When the Qing royal family united with the Manchurian tribes and general old bureaucrats to hinder the progress of this reform, the latter continued to overthrow the Qing royal family. The Reform Movement of 1898 is also known as the "Hundred Days Change".The life of this political change is only ninety-eight days before and after. The first reason for the failure of this coup was that they relied on the emperor to launch the coup, and this emperor was not reliable at all. Guangxu entered the palace at the age of four, he was embraced as the emperor, and he surrendered and raised him under the prestige of the Nala family.Kneeling for a long time to pay respects, guarding the family and the sons are respectful, the relatives and nobles in Manchuria, and even the eunuch temple in the palace, all know that there is a queen mother, but they don't know that there is an emperor.Guangxu was also frail and sickly, easily moved, but lacked vigilance and rigor.Reading Kang Youwei's books in the inner court, such as Records of the Subjugation of Poland and Records of the Subjugation of Turks, etc., as for tears.A young man who is soft, sentimental and inexperienced is not enough for the task of turning around. The second reason is that they are instigating political reforms, and everything is beyond the political norm, but it is not a revolution. Kang Youwei was the head of a Ministry of Industry, and was ordered to walk in the Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs, with no power or position.And the news was delivered by the military plane Si Zhangjing.It is impossible to direct and manipulate the complete reform of all politics with an emperor with a false position and no real power inside, and an irrelevant person with no name and no power outside. The third reason is that because the temporary government order is too sudden, it advocates "quick change" and "full change", but there is no system and plan for implementing it step by step. Liang Qichao's postscript to the new government edict of the 1898 Reformation said: "Between March, the new government was implemented. Although the ancients were known as the philosopher Wang Yingjun who had been in office for ten years, his recordable achievements were not as good as one or two." In fact, this is the case. Waiting is not a new deal, let alone political achievements, it is just a piece of imperial edict.People at the time may have advised Kang Youwei: "Now that the imperial examination has been abolished, we can only try our best to set up as many schools as possible, and gradually expand them. When the atmosphere gradually changes, we will implement all new policies." Kang said: "The division of the great powers, that is, at present, how can this road be reached?" Therefore, Kang's letter to the emperor said: "You can't keep the old, you must change the law. You can't change slowly, you must change quickly. Small changes can't be done, you must change it completely. "Quick change, total change, only revolution.When Song Shenzong and Wang Jinggong were in Xining, they could not change quickly and completely. Qing Dezong was far less powerful than Song Shenzong, and Kang Youwei was far less senior than Wang Jinggong. How could they change quickly and completely?The reason why Kang advocates rapid change and total change is that it is not enough to save the nation.These opinions are still the same as those of decades ago. In the past, the reform was only for self-improvement, but now the reform is only for saving the nation. Both of them reduce the reform to a means. Probably at the time of the reform, pull one hair and move the whole body.If you want to change everything, you can't do it quickly.If there is a monarch or prime minister who coordinates the overall situation, think carefully and carefully, Xu Yitu will be helpful.And the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, from Xianfeng down, were not their own people. According to the minister, Zeng Guofan was the only one who was wise and courageous enough to win. Since he was old in the military and sealed off borders, he had not been able to show his ambitions for the entire political situation.Li Hongzhang succeeded him, but his intelligence was not as powerful as before, and the Qing court never used Tian Jian as the center, which gave him a chance to coordinate the overall situation. The turbulence of the situation made Kang Youwei, an outsider, come to initiate the reform of the entire political situation, which is bound to fail.However, in terms of the entire historical process of the late Qing Dynasty, Kang's move was nothing more than a revolution between the opposition and the government. The 1898 coup was the precursor of the 1911 Revolution.The interval between before and after is only thirteen years. The fourth reason is that the old political forces at that time were still quite strong, which was enough to hinder the progress of the reform movement. The relatives and nobles of Manchuria, and a generation of old bureaucrats, attached themselves to the empress dowager, and completely overthrew the emperor's innovation cause.The political situation changed suddenly, but only in a blink of an eye.At that time, members of the New Party planned to rob and threaten the Queen Mother, and supported the emperor's personal administration.Such a move had no hope of success under the circumstances at the time.However, the rise of the reactionary forces, the emperor's arrest, Kang and Liang fled overseas, and the killing of the six gentlemen of 1898 on the same day, these psychological stimulations even more urged the fall of the Manchurian regime and the rise of the revolution. What followed the 1898 coup was the Boxer Rebellion. Hong Liangji wrote a letter in the fourth year of Jiaqing, saying: "Scholar-bureaucrats don't care about fame and integrity. Fortunately, there are those who are self-righteous. They are all confused by cause and effect, fleeing into nothingness, taking vegetables and eating as family rules, and talking about Zen as state affairs. 1, 2 People advocate in the front, and thousands or hundreds of people are in the back. There are even official clothes when they go out, and monk clothes when they go in, which confuses the public and frightens the fools, and shocks people to watch. Before Liangji, the deacon once told him: "There are ten princes of a certain class. , the number of those who were fasted and killed was six or seven out of ten. Sheep, hogs, geese, and ducks were not allowed to enter.' And when they returned to the capital, and the scholar-bureaucrats kept fasting and killed, they were six or seven out of ten. I am deeply afraid that Shang Yuan, the ancestor of the Western Jin Dynasty The practice of emptiness is rediscovered today." From the beginning of Qianjia to Gai Qing, the world is going from bad to worse. Scholars only have exegesis and textual research, which is not enough to rest their minds. Ritual and music have declined, and alchemy will flourish.Instead, he fled here.The lower ones are Tianli Sect, Bagua Sect, White Lotus Sect, Red Lantern Sect, and Shenshui. The upper ones are the imperial court's relatives and noble ministers, who rely on the boxers to exclude foreigners, and cause Gengzi's disaster. Although the Gengzi Boxing Rebellion contained many ridiculous superstitions, it was an emotional outburst of the unbearable oppression of foreign aggression in China.Therefore, what continues below the Xin Chou peace talks is still a domestic voice for reform, maintenance, and reform.However, the tribal regime in the narrow sense of Manchuria still wants to struggle with its inherent status. After Gengzi and Xin Chou, the national crisis was increasingly exposed, and the awareness of the power of the Manchurian tribal regime became increasingly clear.As a result, the Manchu nobles deliberately caused a row of Han to centralize power.In the 32nd year of Guangxu, there were seven people in the cabinet, one from Mongolia, one from Han Junqi, and four from Han.And Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty died on the same day as Empress Dowager Cixi, Puyi came to the throne, Prince Chun Zaili was the regent and supervised the country, and Yuan Shikai was expelled.Zai Li ruled the imperial guards himself, and his younger brother Zai Xun was in charge of the navy, and Zai Tao was the military counselor.In March of 1911, a new cabinet was established. There were nine Manchus, five royals, and four Hans. The gap between Manchus and Hans became more apparent. Under tribal politics in a narrow sense, there is only one way for revolution to erupt. The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 tells us that in China at that time, the hope of improving society through political leadership had been cut off, and it had to turn to social leadership to improve politics.The former sacrifices less and advances easier; the latter sacrifices a lot and advances more difficult.However, China at that time had no choice but to go this way because of the tribal regime in the narrow sense of Manchuria for more than two hundred years. The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 and the abdication of the Manchurian royal family meant that the tribal regime in a narrow sense had disintegrated; however, the various evil forces that were raised under this regime collapsed due to the disintegration of the old regime, and they need to be gradually cleaned up and cleaned up.On the other hand, although the power of the people in society has shown enough to overthrow the old regime, the efforts to create another ideal new regime have yet to be gradually tested and tempered.Therefore, the Revolution of 1911 was only the beginning of a new kind of hard work for the Chinese people, not its completion. The phenomenon immediately after the disintegration of the old regime is the rise of the old dark and corrupt forces, and the new forces cannot be controlled.Yuan Shikai misunderstood the meaning of this state and ruled by himself, and Kang Youwei also misunderstood the meaning of this state and participated in the restoration. The political situation has become increasingly turbulent amidst these several turbulences, and the old dark and corrupt forces are becoming more and more rampant. The activities of such old dark and corrupt forces are largely based on the division of military power in the provinces. The segregation of military power in various provinces after 1911 originated from the malpractice of the provincial system since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The provincial system started in the Yuan Dynasty and was inherited in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The purpose of this system is to benefit the jurisdiction of the central government, but not for the benefit of local politics.If local politics can be vigorously promoted and all regions are thriving, then China's natural cultural tradition is originally a unified country, and there is no reason why all localities have the desire to betray the central government and not be willing to push it.Therefore, during the height of the Han and Tang Dynasties, there was no place to control, and the policy of centralizing power was intentional. The state shepherds at the end of the Han Dynasty came after the royal family of the Eastern Han Dynasty had decayed; and the feudal towns in the Tang Dynasty started from the Tang government's unlimited force to the outside world; neither was local forces' unwarranted resistance to the central government.The Song Dynasty punished the scourge of the separatism of the feudal towns at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and began to deliberately centralize power. However, the provincial system is still different from centralization.The provincial system is actually similar to a disguised form of feudalism, but a system of decentralized control.The Yuan people's so-called "Xing Zhongshu Province" refers to the active Zhongshu Province, that is, the flow and distribution of the central government.Its meaning is that a central government is not enough to control the vast land and people, and this system is specially set up for the tribal regime in the narrow sense of Mongolia. The Ming people could not clean it up completely, but the Qing Dynasty deliberately used it.Therefore, the governor of the province is the temporary supervisor of the magistrate, not the leader and representative of the magistrate.At the same time, these officers all emphasize the nature of military rule.This kind of system is enough to hinder the advancement of local political affairs in normal times, and increase the gap between the local government and the central government; once the central government is weakened-weakened, the provinces will easily become the basis for rebelling against the central government and separatist regimes. More recently, it originated from the evolution of the centrifugal attitude of governors and governors of various provinces after Hong and Yang. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor and governor were responsible for their duties.In the chaos of Hong and Yang, the Manchus were the governors and governors of other provinces, and they were unable to put it down, so they had to divide part of the powers of governors and governors with the Han people.Since then, the governors and governors of other provinces have gradually diverged from the central government.In the late Qing Dynasty, when there were some hints of new policies in various parts of China, Xu was advocated by one or two Han people as supervisors and caretakers.During the Gengzi Change, the governors and governors in the southeast did not obey the order of the court, and they agreed to protect the frontier, detached from the matter; the Revolution of 1911, when the provinces declared independence; all these are the continuation of this centrifugal attitude. Therefore, from the disguised form of governor and fu in the late Qing Dynasty, there was the governor in the early years of the Republic of China. The old central government has been overthrown, and the new central government has been shaken. After the two incidents of monarchy and restoration, this generation is living in a separatist regime.Warlords all over the country have sprung up.At that time, there were at least two million troops in all parts of the country. In the middle of Guangxu, the number of green battalions and defense troops in each province was 770,000, and there were already those who were cut down by the big pay.The army since the Republic of China should be at least three times larger than that in the late Qing Dynasty. Continuous mutiny and civil strife have become the only and most common state of affairs since the Republic of China. According to some statistics, there were a total of 179 mutinies in various places before the eleventh year of the Republic of China. And the private life of this generation of warlords is especially unspeakable. There is one person and there are as many as four or fifty concubines.Its private industry is probably incapable of disputing (zi) provinces.The discussions and decisions on military and political issues between the two sides are all carried out in the collection of opium smoke and mahjong cards.Therefore, those who can't indulge in this kind of whoring and gambling life can't get in touch with their generation.Therefore, regardless of their own side or even the other side, the corruption of officialdom habits is far worse than that of cleanliness. At that time, there was no central government in the whole country, no track in politics, no standards in employing people, and no public or private finances.As far as the corruption and darkness of the political situation are concerned, the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties were nothing more than that. With the people's livelihood extremely haggard, the only way out is to turn to the army. In order to wipe out such warlords, the vitality of the country and the nation has been greatly damaged. Those who represent the last evil state of the old regime are the corruption and deterioration of this generation of warlords.And those who represent the first embryonic form of the new regime are the turmoil between parliament and political parties. The political theory after the revolution is a democratic republic.So the National Assembly was created to represent public opinion and formulate a constitution.He also organized political parties to prepare for the parliamentary elections.However, these are all copied from Europe and the United States, which are inconsistent with the actual situation in China, so they cannot be used in real terms.There is no big difference in the party platforms of each party, and there is no public foundation behind each party.Since political parties cannot have the spirit of truth, Congress and the Constitution are reduced to topics and occasions for gathering and coaxing. The political parties at the time seemed to have misunderstood partisanship as the highest political spectacle. The outcome of the party-to-party struggle should not depend on the people, but instead rely on the soldiers for help. Ordinary party members, on the other hand, rely on the reputation of party struggle to openly and unscrupulously fight for power and profit. The vitality of the country and the nation has been damaged a lot in this kind of turmoil. It was not until the 17th year of the Republic of China that the National Revolutionary Army made another northern expedition, and the above two situations began to be destroyed. As the country and society continue to be turbulent and damaged, radical thoughts are also gradually growing. Kang Youwei's "quick change, total change" can be regarded as the most concise slogan of China's radical thinking since Haitong. At the time of light and light, the change lies in the ship's guns and equipment.After the Reform Movement of 1898, the legal system changed.Since the Republic of China, there have been calls and activities of "cultural revolution" and "social revolution". The characteristics of culture and history are called "continuous" and "continuous".However, it is continuous and continuous, so it can be seen as immovable in terms of forming personality.But it has personality and cannot be changed, so it is also called life and spirit. The life and spirit of a nation's culture and history are formed into a special institution by its special environment, special problems, special efforts, and special achievements.A nation's own political system is also included in all of its nation's cultural institutions and has its own history.The so-called "historic" means that it evolves according to the continuation of factual issues.The problems vary according to the actual situation of the region and personnel.The true innovation of a nation's political system lies in its ability to solve its own problems and open up new paths.Regardless of one's own problems, it is a kind of "false revolution" to imitate others' creation and presumptuously promote it, because it has nothing to do with one's own historical and cultural life, and it will not last long. The Revolution of 1911 in China was suspected of overthrowing all the old ways and falling into a "false revolution".Since the political system is not my own, the theory behind the political system must also be shaken, and it cannot be changed once it changes.Therefore, after the Revolution of 1911, the cultural revolution and social revolution followed, and it was inevitable. The slogans of the Cultural Revolution include "Confucianism eats people", "Improper filial piety", "Down with Confucian stores", "Throw thread-bound books into the toilet", "Abolish Chinese characters", "Total Westernization" and so on. The social revolution aims to organize the workers and peasant proletariat to seize power and create a Soviet government. The first of the above four steps is the armed revolution, which involves the narrowest scope.A further step is the political revolution, whose object is the bian and the whole of politics.A further step is the Cultural Revolution, and its target has been expanded to intellectuals who are literate in the middle class of the whole society.If it is a social revolution, its targets will be expanded to include the entire lower class workers, peasants, and the proletariat.In addition, the call sign of the Armed Revolution is "self-improvement", the call sign of the political revolution is "Salvation", the cultural revolution mainly overthrows China's traditional culture and historical lessons, and the social revolution further advocates overthrowing the economic organization, which is closely related to it. all cultural systems.The more vigorous its state of mind, the wider its objects.And these four steps can also be included in Kang’s word “change”, and can also be explained by Kang’s requirement of “total change and rapid change”. Without political stability, society has no way out.There is no way out for society, and the easier it is for radical ideas to spread and become extremist.To correct and curb this, we don't know how much energy and energy the country and nation will be wasted. Continuing this kind of domestic political instability will lead to no way out for society, which will lead to more serious foreign troubles.From the "May 9th" surrender to Japan in the fourth year of the Republic of China, to the "September 18th" Shenyang Incident in the 20th year of the Republic of China, when the four eastern provinces were occupied, and to the "July 7th" Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the 26th year of the Republic of China, the national unanimity began. War against Japan. During this arduous process, the one who has always led the people to build a country is the Three People's Principles sung and guided by Mr. Sun Yat-sen.The Three People's Principles advocate all political innovations, which are different from those who only focused on armament revolutions since the Tong and Guang dynasties. The Three People's Principles adopted a revolutionary attitude from the beginning, and did not seek compromise with the tribal regime in the narrow sense of the Manchurian government. Although the Three Principles of the People take a revolutionary attitude towards the stains and weaknesses of current politics and society, they maintain and carry forward China's own cultural traditions and historical lessons in the past; this is different from those who advocate total Westernization and cultural revolutionaries. The Three People's Principles do not advocate class struggle at home, nor do one class monopolize power; they adhere to regular diplomatic procedures internationally, and pray for world peace; different. The revolutionary process of the Three People's Principles is divided into three stages: military administration, political training, and constitutional administration. It still mainly leads the society through politics; It is a pity that the true meaning and true spirit of the Three People's Principles were not fully understood by ordinary party members who believed in him for a while.Therefore, there are still many setbacks and differences in the Three People's Principles in the work of nation building.However, the Revolution of 1911, the Northern Expedition in the 17th year of the Republic of China, and the current War of Resistance against Japan were all launched under the leadership of the Three People's Principles.In the future, the enrichment and brilliance of the Three Principles of the People will be the only way forward for the completion of the founding of the Republic of China. The items in this section are the prayers shared by the people of China, and the responsibilities shared by the people of China now and in the future.In the near future, when the above title is written on the front page of the New History of China.