Chapter 25 Chapter 22: The Return of the Prosperity of Unification: The Rise and Fall of the Sui Dynasty and the Early Tang Dynasty

After 400 years of disintegration and turmoil, China finally returned to prosperity, and there was the unification of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Three emperors of the Sui Dynasty, thirty-nine years. It has only been thirty years since Chen was destroyed in the ninth year of Kaihuang and China was unified.The opening of the Tang Dynasty is just like the Qin Dynasty before the Western Han Dynasty. Although the Sui Dynasty was short-lived and prosperous, its national economy was rich, and it was often praised by historians.Since the Han Dynasty, Dingkou's prosperity and the prosperity of the warehouses and government treasuries are nothing like the Sui Dynasty.

Note: At that time, the total number of households in Qi and Zhou had exceeded one million when Wei Xiaowen moved to Luo, and it was more than twelve times that owned by the Chen family in the south of the Yangtze River.The number of mouths is several to fifteen times higher than that of the Chen family, which is almost double that of the Western Jin Dynasty when Taikang was unified across the country.This is also evidence that northern politics is on track. Also press: Later Zhou, Zen and Sui, there was a household of 3,599,604, and in the ninth year of the Kaihuang period, another household of 5,000,000 was received; in the second year of Daye, in the 26 years before and after, the number of households increased by 48 〇 Seven nine three two.The general code says: "The time inherits Zhou and Qi, and people follow the wealthy family. The rules and regulations are forbidden, and adultery and falsehood are especially rare. Gao Jiong established the method of transferring nationality, named it lightly, so that people knew it as a floating guest, and most of them were accepted by the Jiang family. Fu; for the compilation of hooligans, to serve the public, and to be lightly reduced. First to convey his faith, and then to follow his orders, so that the common people are full of benefits, and there is no tolerance for treachery. The Sui family's capital reserves are all over the world, and the people are popular and prosperous; How powerful it is.” Gai Sui’s government still followed the intention of the Northern Wei Dynasty’s land equalization system, leaving private households and returning them to the public, and achieved complete success.

List of Hukou from Jin Dynasty to Sui Dynasty: The system of the Sui Dynasty mostly followed that of the Zhou Dynasty. However, in the Zhou Dynasty, wine was questionable, salt ponds and salt wells were banned, and the city had taxes. Those who adjust one piece of silk will be reduced to two feet, and those who serve Ding Twelve will be reduced to twenty days.Nine years of flat Chen, ten years of recovery.From the rest of the states, and exempt from the current year's tax.In ten years, when the people are fifty years old, they will be suspended from service.In the twelfth year, the land rent in Hebei and Hedong will be reduced by one-third, the soldiers will be halved, and the meritorious service will be exempted.

Therefore, there are many people who fill the treasury: 1. Zhou destroyed Qi, and Sui destroyed Chen, without any major war disasters, and the world has been peaceful for several years. 2. Since Yuwentai and Su Chuo, the monarchs and ministers of the Northern Dynasties generally paid attention to the administration of officials.Sui inherited its style and failed to replace it. When the emperor accepted Zen, Yang Shangxi expressed his opinion: "There are more counties and states than in ancient times, or there are no hundreds of miles, and several counties are placed side by side; "Emperor Jiazhi, then dismissed all counties in the world.At that time, many of the governors served as generals and were incompetent. Liu Yu went up to express his admonition, and most of them were dismissed.He also sent Yu to patrol fifty-two prefectures in Hebei Province, exempting more than 200 officials who were dirty and incompetent.In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Changsun Ping, as Minister of Duzhi, ordered the folks to set up Yicang, which was naturally Fengyan in the state.Most of the other senior officials were officials who were responsible for benefiting the government, which was called at that time.However, it is a pity that the relics of Sui history cannot be recorded in detail.Another example is Su Wei's responsibility for not being inferior to the five grades, setting up a "surplus grain book", Xin Gongyi and Liu Kuang's hearing of the lawsuit, and Wang Jia's imprisonment, all of which are just like in the age of Wang Mang and Guangwu.Since non-social economics and Confucianism have been popular for a long time, this cannot be the case.If we know that the style of study in the Sui Dynasty was so popular, it is not surprising that the administration of officials is gradually on track.

3. What is most important is the unification of central government orders and the dissolution of social classes.The ancient aristocratic feudal system, as well as the family privileges since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, have all disappeared.The whole society walks on the same line of equality and belongs to the same regime.Therefore, the burden of the lower classes is still very light, while the income of the upper class is already sufficient. This layer is the difference between the Sui Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty.In the Western Han Dynasty, the four emperors, Gao, Hui, Wen, and Jing, took sixty years of rest and recuperation, and they began to prosper when they reached Emperor Wu;At the beginning of the Gai Han Dynasty, feudalism had not yet been removed. There were princes and princes with different and same surnames, from Han and Peng (hai) to Wu and Chu, who became soldiers, and their wealth could not be concentrated in China and North Korea.Those under the direct control of the central government account for less than one-third of the country.Although the royal family was respectful and thrifty, the princes and princes were all arrogant, extravagant and self-indulgent, which was very different from the situation in the early Sui Dynasty.

As for the frugality of royal life, that's all. However, the administration of officials is on track, the special forces in society have tended to disappear, and there is no coercion from powerful enemies. What the ruling power urgently needs at this time is a nobler and more reasonable political consciousness, but it is a pity that Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty said no. here. Wen of the Sui Dynasty worked hard for politics, sitting in the court or until the end of the day, discussing things above the fifth rank, and the guards passed on food and food, diligent in governing officials without generosity.In the fourteenth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, there was a severe drought, when the storehouses were overflowing, but no relief was released, and the people were forced to chase food.Tang Taizong said that he "does not pity the common people but cherishes the warehouse".In the first year of Renshou, only 70 students of Guozi were reduced, and Taixue, Simen, prefectures and counties were all abolished.Sui Wen almost used the establishment of empty schools as a waste.

In the last years of his life, the world's reserves were enough for fifty or sixty years, so he attracted Emperor Yang's extravagance. In the second year of Emperor Yangdi's daye, Luokou warehouse was built. The warehouse city is more than 20 miles away, with three thousand cellars.It was returned to Luocang, ten miles around Cangcheng, with 300 cellars, with a capacity of 8,000 stones, and a total of 26 million stones in total.Li Mi took advantage of the chaos and relied on others to take it. A group of thieves came to eat and had nearly a million family members. Emperor Yang ascended the throne, that is, to build the Eastern Capital, and serve two million men a month.

Emperor Yang ordered: "Southern clothing is far away, and Eastern Xia Yin is large. It is the right time to move because of the opportunity." In order to adapt to the situation of great unification, the construction of a new central government has been planned since Wei Xiaowen. In the first year of the first year, the Ji Canal was opened, and the river was led to the river, the river was led to Bian, and the river was led to Si to reach the Huaihe River. Wei Xiaowen told Li Chong: "If you want to connect the canal from Ye to Luo, enter the river from Luo, enter Bian from the river, and enter Qing from Bian, and go to Huai. On the day of the Southern Expedition, disembarking and fighting is like opening an account to fight. This is The grand plan of the military and the country." Then Wei Xiaowen also had this idea first, and it was realized in Sui Yang.This is a great project to penetrate the new situation in the south and north of China.

So he traveled south to Yangzhou. The canal is forty steps wide, with imperial roads built beside it, and more than forty palaces have been built from Chang'an to Jiangdu.Four layers of dragon boats were built, forty-five feet high and two hundred feet long, with 80,000 sailors, two hundred miles of boats and boats, and cavalry wings on both sides. For three years, he visited Yulin in the north, fortunately opened the Khan tents of the people, and built the Great Wall. In four years, the Yongji Canal was opened to divert Qinshui to the South River and north to Zhuojun. In six years, the Jiangnan River was connected, from Jingkou to Yuhang, with a length of eight hundred miles and a width of ten feet.

In the eighth year, he conquered Goryeo himself and sent more than one million troops, divided into twenty-four armies.The nine armies crossed Liaofan with 300,000 troops, and those who returned to Liaodong were less than 3,000. In nine or ten years, Koryo was attacked again, and the world was in chaos. This is Emperor Yangdi's exaggeration.On the one hand, it fully reflects the fullness of the national power at that time, and on the other hand, Emperor Yang himself has been deeply influenced by the southern literary atmosphere. Wenping Chen of the Sui Dynasty took Yangdi as the general manager of Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, and had as many as 100 scholars. He often ordered them to compile and write more than 17,000 volumes.During this period, Emperor Yangdi had almost breathed deeply the new air of southern literature.

It is said in history that Emperor Yangdi was "serious and serious in his early years, and the government and the public were all concerned. Emperor Wen was fortunate to be the first. He saw that the strings of musical instruments were broken and there was dust. He was pretentious, and he was called benevolent and filial piety." However, Emperor Yangdi had a different attitude at this time.The emperor loves Wu language, just seeing how deeply it is affected by the south wind.In Jiangdu, Xiao Hou said: "Nong can be regarded as the Lord of the Great Wall, and Qing can be regarded as the Empress of Shen." It is conceivable that he admired the Southern Dynasty. Later, he often took pride in literature. It is said: "Everyone in the world says that I inherited Xuyu, so that there are four seas; if you set orders and select high-ranking scholars and bureaucrats, you should also be the son of heaven." Even the courtiers used words to see the dead. When Xue Daoheng died, the emperor said: "Can you make 'Empty beams falling into the mud of swallows'?" None of them are recorded in the history of the Sui Dynasty, but are collected in Tongjian. At that time, although the Northern Dynasty was superior to the South in terms of official administration and military force, in terms of literary style, the Southern Dynasty was finally the winner. Biography of Wei Shou in the Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty: "Wei Shou and Xing Shou were destroyed by each other, and each had cronies. He said: "Jiangnan Ren Fang (fang), with a sparse style of writing, Wei Shou is not a direct imitation, but also a big steal." Received and said: "Yi Chang was a thief in Shen Yue's concentration. Why do you want me to steal Ren Fang!" People at the time said: "Seeing whether Xing and Wei are Zang or not, that is, Ren and Shen are good or bad." "Yuanwen Yaochuan : "Wang Huiye of Jiyin tasted the guests of the conference. Someone brought He Xun to Luo for the first time, and all the sages appreciated it." Emperor Wen only knew that there was government by officials, but he had no ideals and scale for founding a country.Yangdi, on the other hand, was infected with the fashion of southern literature and looked down on the crudeness of his predecessors. The biography of Sui Shu literature says: "Emperor Yangdi first learned art and literature, and there was a theory that he should not take lightly. He almost ascended the throne, and changed his style. It is related to Yue Gongshu, Jiandong Duzhao, Winter Solstice Poetry and the Great Wall Cave for Drinking Horses. , co-existing elegant style, belonging to the canonical system. Although the intention is arrogant and obscene, the words are not frivolous. Therefore, the scholars who wrote the text at that time had to rely on it and choose the correct one." and also.It is said that "words are free from frivolity", which inherits the influence of Su Chuo and others in the Northern Dynasty.Also press: At the time of Tang Tianshou, Zuo Buque Xue Qian made a statement, saying: "The Jin and Song Dynasties only paid attention to family resources, there were Liang Yaai's speeches, Chen's special treasures and poems. When they were arrested in the Sui Dynasty, the remaining wind still survived. Kaihuangzhong , Na Li'er's theory, under the prohibition of writing and floating words. Emperor Yangdi Sixing changed the previous law and set Jinshi and other subjects. So the younger generation followed suit, adding small essays, called policy studies. Not based on Pointing to the truth is the foundation, and superficiality is the most important." This is the Jinshi department set up by Emperor Yangdi. Although it is not a special examination of poetry and fu, it must follow the style of advocating literature in the Southern Dynasties, and it was still well-known in the early Tang Dynasty. Unrestrained emotions are suddenly moved by the prosperity and grandeur of the unified government, which is uncontrollable.So Gao Qingyuan made a show of wantonness, and embarked on the same path as Qin Shihuang. Emperor Yangdi's talent was probably not as good as that of Emperor Shihuang, but both had an extremely aristocratic air, so neither of them could be sympathetic to the people.Southern literature at that time was originally a product of aristocrats in disguise. It was Tang Taizong who was able to combine southern literature with northern bureaucracy and force to form a higher and more reasonable regime. Also press: Tang officials have more nobles, Tang Gaozu, Tang Gong Li Husun ​​of the Eight Pillars of the Western Wei Dynasty, Zhou Mingjing, and relatives of the Sui Wenhuang Empress, married Zhou Taishi Dou Yi's daughter.Yi, Zhou Taizu's son-in-law.Prime Minister Xiao Yu (yu), Chen Shuda, sons of Emperor Liang and Emperor Chen.Pei Ju, Yuwen Shiji, Qi and Sui Consort Duwei.Dou Wei, Yang Gongren, Feng Deyi, Dou Kang, and descendants of Shibao from the previous dynasty.His generals, Pei Ji, Tang Jian, Changsun Shunde, Qu Tutong, Liu Zhenghui, Dou Gui, Dou Cong (cong), Chai Shao, Yin Kaishan, Li Jing, etc., were all descendants of nobles.Therefore, the system of the Tang Dynasty considered the south and the north, and the founding of the country was huge and far-reaching, which the Han and Song Dynasties could not catch. The twenty emperors of the Tang Dynasty, two hundred and ninety years. Tang Taizong was an outstanding monarch in Chinese history.Claiming: "On the eighteenth year of the year, he became the king of Jinglun. He cut Liu Wuzhou in the north, Xue Ju in the west, and captured Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong in the east. On the twenty-fourth, the world will be settled, and on the twenty-ninth, he will occupy the big position. The four barbarians surrendered, and the domestic Yi (yi) Ann." Said himself: "The heroes of ancient times are the masters of chaos, and there is no one who can meet them." The rule of Zhenguan is especially desired by later generations. The virtuous ministers of the first dynasty, such as Wang Gui (gui), Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, Wen Yanbo, Li Jing, Wei Zheng, Dai Zhou, etc., were invincible. Taizong was not only talented, but also diligent in listening to politics. Record the name of the governor on the screen, and watch it while sitting or lying down.Get his good and evil traces in the official, all under his name.And often send personnel to inspect.Order hundreds of officials above five grades, and they will be awarded the title, and they will talk about gains and losses.He was also ordered to stay in Zhongshu for introspection, and asked the people about their sufferings after a few days. The spirit of the monarch and his ministers working together to rule and work together is rarely seen in Chinese history books. However, the social situation in the era of Zhenguan may not be better than Daye. From the seventh year of Daye in Sui Dynasty to the second year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty, in the eighteen years before and after, there were more than 130 heroes, and more than 50 people with more than 150,000 people. The people were extremely dilapidated. In the first year of Zhenguan, there was a hunger in Guanzhong, and there was a piece of rice bucket straight silk.In the second year, locusts in the world.Three years, flood.Four years later, Da Ren (ren) was born, and the diaspora returned. That year, Qu Wentai, the king of Gaochang, entered the court and said: "Seeing the depression in the north of Qinlong, the city is not as good as the Sui Dynasty." It is also difficult to recover. In the sixth year, the monarchs and ministers asked for Zen; Wei Zheng remonstrated, saying: "From the east of Yi and Luo, as far as Hai and Dai, the fireworks are still rare, filling the eyes of the wild." It was suitable to meet the floods in Henan and several states in the north, and then went to bed.It was only six years since Taizong ascended the throne, and he was free from famine for two years. Fortunately, the Turks were defeated, and there was a sudden discussion about enshrining Zen.In the eleventh year, Wei Zheng Shangshu said: "The Sui government treasury, storehouses, household registration, and the prosperity of the armored soldiers are tested today, and they are safe and fictitious!" Ma Zhou Shangshu also said: "The current household registration is not as good as that of the Sui Dynasty. eleven." At the beginning of Zhenguan, the households were less than three million.In the first year of Yonghui, the Ministry of Households said: "Last year, there were 150,000 households, and now there are 3.8 million households." In Sui Kaihuang, there were 8.7 million households.Until the thirteenth year of Xuanzong Tianbao, there were more than 9.619 million households, which was the heyday of Tang Dynasty, and it was compared with the Sui family. Just like this, the emperors and ministers of Taizong's first dynasty often used the Sui Prime Minister to be vigilant, not daring to be arrogant and desolate, and managed to rule the world. Wei Zheng said: "The Sui Dynasty was in danger because of the rich and strong, but I was safe because of the few and weak." Ma Zhou said: "At the beginning of Zhenguan, the land was barren and frugal, but the people did not complain. Now it is more abundant than the year, and the silk I got more than ten dendrobium millet, but the people complained about it. I thought that your majesty would not worry about it, and those who did what they did were quite a lot of unurgent tasks.” This all explains the real background of the rule of Zhenguan from the upper and lower psychology. By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of the society was similar to that of the Sui Dynasty, and the Tianbao Rebellion was not far from that of Sui Yang.