Chapter 8 Chapter 8: War Without Gunsmoke

Around the report of the investigation team, China and Japan launched a diplomatic war in the League of Nations.This is a war without gunpowder smoke, and it is also a war that no one can afford to lose.This time, Chinese diplomats performed their own diplomatic legend, while Japan finally chose to withdraw from the League of Nations. As soon as the Saito cabinet came to power, the Japanese government's foreign policy changed suddenly. Originally, the military and the Kwantung Army were mainly active in the occupation of Manchuria and the establishment of "Manchukuo", but the Inuyang Cabinet actually advocated a peaceful solution to the problem, and even made concessions under the pressure of the League of Nations.

But now it's the other way around, the government is tougher than the military. The foreign minister of the Saito cabinet is Uchida Yasuya. This person was born in Kumamoto (the place where the Beast Corps was produced) and was the president of Manchuria Iron and Steel Corporation. The negotiation was from the inside out, from the top to the bottom, and he was tough to the end. There is no room for maneuver. Because this kind of fierce diplomacy is unprecedented and ridiculous, everyone gave it a name, "Military Uniform Diplomacy", which means that he is wearing a military uniform to do diplomatic work, not a soldier, but better than a soldier.

Under such circumstances, the open and covert struggles between China and Japan intensified, which made it even more difficult to produce the Litton investigation report. Everyone first made a fuss about the location where the report was drafted. Litton originally planned to draft the report in Beidaihe.This place is good, with heavy rain falling and swallows falling, white waves surging, handwriting is sore and numb, and you can go to the beach to enjoy the wind and take a walk. But Japan disagrees. Why should you go to Beidaihe? That is Zhang Xueliang's territory. no! Where are you going?

Qingdao.Don't you want to see the sea? The sea in that place is more beautiful than Beidaihe, and it is the best choice. Once Li Dun and the others agree, let's go to Qingdao. Zhang Xueliang was unhappy again. Qingdao?You have been fooled by the Japanese. They control the place and do whatever they want. Don’t they know how to set magnets and play tricks? Li Tun was not good either on the left or on the right. He was sweating, and finally gritted his teeth. He simply ignored the scenery and wrote in two places, one in Tokyo and the other in Beiping. I have nothing to say this time, right?

Gone. After the survey team's report took shape, the first thing Li Tun had to do was to test the attitudes of both parties. After all, the report is for everyone to read. If one party reads it, he immediately jumps up and shouts: This is not true, and I don’t agree with it.That's not easy to handle, so it's best to achieve the consensus of the two countries in terms of tone. China's side is easy to settle.Because the land is in other people's hands, and I lack the strength to take it back, I all point to the League of Nations to speak out and do business. After negotiating with the abbot, Wang Jingwei (Old Jiang was in charge of the military in name, but did not personally participate), Zhang Xueliang, Luo Wengan (the new foreign minister) and others, after initially ascertaining the relevant content of the report, they were actually ready to make concessions, that is, to intervene in the League of Nations. In the case of interference, the requirement to restore the status quo before the "September 18th" Incident can be waived, and the only requirement is to be able to return the Northeast from the hands of the Japanese ("I only want it to be mine").

Japan is the most difficult. Back then, as long as anyone in the world had dealt with the Japanese, what annoyed, feared and hated most was that they kept changing people.It turned out that everyone had a good discussion. Unexpectedly, after a while, they turned around and changed another person, and the person who replaced him could actually refuse to accept the promise of his predecessor. According to Li Dun's previous experience with the Inuyang cabinet, the "father-son partnership" between Inuyang Yi and Fangze still knows how to advance and retreat.If they are still in power, it is estimated that under normal circumstances they will face the reality, at most they will have a few more words with the investigation team, you pay back a little, I give in a little, and finally reach an agreement.

Even later Japanese historians admitted that if Inuyang Takeshi could escape the catastrophe of the "May? But Li Tun didn't expect that what he was facing was no longer the kind-hearted old man (Takeshi Inuyang) and the submissive little man (Fangze), but a super villain - Foreign Minister Uchida. Don't talk about pre-planned bargaining, people don't bother to talk nonsense with you, just four words: don't give an inch. Feared by international pressure, the Inuyang Cabinet held a policy of suspending the recognition of "Manchukuo". When it comes to Uchida, it has become two principles: permanence and thoroughness, that is, the investigation team must "permanently and thoroughly" recognize "Manchukuo".

Li Dun spent a long time talking and talking, and used all the tricks he brought, but they couldn't do anything in front of Uida. This Ganqing runs a steel company, so needles can't be inserted, and water can't get in.Li Dun had no choice but to go back home in dismay. Uchida really lived up to his reputation as a great villain. The investigation team went back to Peiping, and he didn't stop.Listening to Li Dun's words, it seems that the report is not good for Japan, and he even hates the investigation team.After a few days, seeing that the report hadn't come out, I started to trouble the investigation team.

He publicly claimed that the reason why the investigation team is called the investigation team is to conduct investigations. Since it is an investigation problem, it is not allowed to solve the problem. permission". Having said that, are you in charge of the fact that the investigative team doesn't overstep their authority? That's in the hands of the League of Nations!I want you to point fingers.Besides, if the problem is not solved by investigation alone, it is better not to investigate. Uchida, you are such a "brain idiot", go home and have dinner with your mother as soon as possible.

After firing a cannon at the investigation team, he was not satisfied. Three days later, he gave lessons to his family in the parliament. Uchida said at the time: "With regard to this issue (the Manchuria issue), there must be a unanimous determination of the whole country. Even if the country is reduced to scorched earth, this proposition (recognition of "Manchuria") must be implemented and no concessions will be made." This is the so-called "scorched earth diplomacy". According to the national conditions of Japan at the time, we can imagine that after Uchida made these remarks, the audience must be bursting with applause and joy, so the next day, the gentleman said nonsense again: Rehe is a part of Manchuria...

I can be sure that when Uchida said these words, no matter where he turned his face, the audience he imagined in his heart were those "innocent youths" and soldiers in China. For some reason, he always reminds me of a political figure who is now "popular" - Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.I used to (and probably still do) see this dude dancing and spitting all over the place on TV, and in his speeches belittling me as shit and worthless. Gather the Revolutionary Guards and go to the North American continent to capture the damn Bush Jr. In the end he did nothing.The only advantage is that it makes Iran more closed. People gather every day to listen to him talking nonsense on it. Outside, those who should be sanctioned will be sanctioned, and the opportunities they should get are still not available. Everyone said: madman. I thought that he was definitely not a lunatic, he was just an actor, singing an opera. Performing, people who have no ability are like this, if he doesn't perform, how can he earn a living, who chooses him? ! It's cool at home, and it's blowing up abroad. I'm talking about the attitude towards Uchida. In fact, the opinions of the members of the original investigation team were not unified. At the beginning, there were disagreements on whether the meeting with Ma Zhanshan should be approved by the Puppet Manchukuo.Don't look at it as if it's just a difference of personal opinion, but there are actually a lot of articles in it. Because the representatives sent by various countries to participate in the investigation team do not only represent individuals, they also represent the interests and attitudes of their countries more or less in essence.Lytton is from the British faction, and he represents the United Kingdom; McCawy is from the American faction, so he represents the United States; Claude is from the French faction, and naturally represents France. To put it simply, when drafting the report, Lytton and McCoy always spoke for China, but Crowder often spoke for the Japanese.That is to say, in terms of the attitudes of various countries, Britain and the United States basically support China, and France basically supports Japan. There is no doubt that Uchida's "scorched earth" speech was well received in China, but the reaction of international public opinion was just the opposite.All reasonable and clear-headed people feel sincere disgust and hatred for this guy's hysterical madness: before the problem is solved, you put on a posture of dying, who will you show it to? Originally, there were still people in the investigation team speaking for Japan, but this is great. Once Uchida's wild words came out, no one dared to help or had the nerve to help it.With the unification of opinions, the progress of the completion of the investigation report suddenly accelerated. A week later, on September 4, 1932, the last punctuation mark was drawn on the report. Historically, this report was called the "Letton Report". It was divided into 10 chapters, with a total of more than 100,000 words. It was written from mid-June to early September. It took about two months. There are online forums that post quickly, but considering the need to solicit opinions from both sides and to carefully choose every word, it is really good to be able to do so. It should be said that the content of the investigative report is the most sensitive, especially who is leaning toward it and who is speaking for it. I think this involves our definition of the role of the Lytton Report. It is not a verdict (in fact, the League of Nations did not give the investigative team such power), to some extent, it may be more appropriate to say that it is a mediation document based on investigation. If you, as a stranger, were asked to mediate a dispute involving a fight (purely an internal conflict among the masses, which does not involve going to jail), what method would you adopt? The first one is to scold the one who is unreasonable. It is best to scold him so shamelessly that he will tremble when he sees you in the future. The second method is to criticize both parties, but there are priorities and responsibilities, so that the unreasonable can not only save face, but also recognize mistakes. Using the first method, the other party may think that you are not trying to persuade a fight, but helping to fight, two fight one, okay, at worst, I will fight with you. The investigation team is obviously using the second type. In the report, this characteristic is very clearly reflected, that is, when it says that China should have any rights, it will generally include the sentence that Japan also has such and such rights. Does Japan have special rights in Northeast China? Have.However, China's sovereignty over the three northeastern provinces is also "deeply rooted", which cannot be denied. Does the Northeast have a tendency to row the sun? Have.However, the Liutiao Lake incident ("September 18") was not provoked by the Northeast Army, it was done by the Kwantung Army itself, and there were plans and premeditated plans to play with themselves. Of course, "it cannot be regarded as a legal means of self-defense." . Is "Manchukuo" legal? This is the key, and there is no room for ambiguity. The answer is: not legal. The Northeast has always belonged to China. Before the "September 18th" Incident, no one had heard of an "independence movement" in Manchuria.This was only available after the Kwantung Army occupied it. The above is the investigation situation, and the following is the prescription - Manchurian autonomy. You all stop arguing. As for China, let me tell you that it is impossible to return to the state before the "September 18th" Incident, but "Manchuria and Mongolia undoubtedly belong to Chinese territory", you can rest assured about this. As for Japan, don't expect us to recognize the "Manchukuo" you messed up, but if you are willing to send advisers to our "Three Eastern Provinces Autonomous Government", you are very welcome. The so-called Manchurian autonomy means establishing an "autonomous government of the three eastern provinces" in the Northeast, with a high degree of autonomy. This "government" is subordinate to the Chinese central government, but all administrative officials are designated and appointed by international organizations including the League of Nations. After the "government" is established, both Chinese and Japanese armies should withdraw from the Northeast (of course we are mainly talking about Japan, China has only volunteers here except Ma Zhanshan). Some people say that this "Manchurian autonomy" plan violates China's sovereignty.But the problem is that when Japan completely occupies the three northeastern provinces, our sovereignty has long been gone.If this sovereignty can be taken away from Japan first, why not temporarily hand it over to international organizations.At least the international organizations represented by the League of Nations recognize that the Northeast belongs to China, and that the "self-government" is still subordinate to the central government. Others said, stop talking about international organizations and international organizations. It is not all countries such as Britain, the United States and France that have the final say and represent their interests. There is no way to say this.If we think this way, we should not go to the League of Nations to complain about injustices.In the final analysis, interests always have to be represented a little bit, but since it is an international organization, formally it does not allow a certain country to get involved in the Northeast alone, which is beneficial to us. Furthermore, Britain, the United States, and France are not like Japan and Russia looking at China's territory and drooling. At that time, the world economic crisis that had spread for a long time and the "pacifism" prevailing in the European and American continents made them burnt out and unable to take care of themselves.The home in Europe is still uncertain, and then get a share in the Far East?Even if you have the heart but not the strength. An ugly daughter-in-law also needs to see her in-laws. On September 18, the League of Nations published the full contents of the report. This is actually a test balloon, just to see how you react, and for both China and Japan, it means that a new round of verbal battles has begun again. On October 3, Chinese Foreign Minister Luo Wengan stated that the Chinese side agreed with the investigation of the "Wickow Lake Incident" and the exposure of the Puppet Manchukuo in the "Report", but there was one point of dissatisfaction. Not to mention, we also know that this dissatisfaction refers to the last prescription prescribed by the investigation team, because it involves the issue of sovereignty. The Chinese government insists that it must return to the state before the "September 18th" Incident. On October 20, the Chinese government proposed specific amendments to the report. It is possible to establish an "autonomous government of the three northeastern provinces", but it must be led by China, and foreign countries must not interfere or intervene. Also, before the report was issued, the League of Nations passed more than one resolution requiring Japan to withdraw its troops. We don't care how you change the report, this cannot be changed. Although Lao Jiang and Lao Wang have formally divided the work, one is in charge of the army and the other is in charge of the government, but the Northeast issue is a major national issue, and he can't worry about it, so he comes here every day to ask about the situation here. The next day, his instructions also came. Compared with the government's public statements and declarations, Chiang's instructions were much more practical and clear, and actually reflected the true thinking of China's top decision-makers and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at that time. The attitude towards the "Report" has actually been revealed during the drafting process.In Gu Weijun's words, although the content is not satisfactory (the problem solving part), "the longer the delay, the harder it is to clean up", so it is better to accept it with reservations. Because thinking about the problem can’t be wishful thinking, it is of course a very happy thing to let the little Japan get out of the Northeast with bare buttocks, but the problem is that like Japan, it is willing to spit out the meat it swallows in its mouth. did it come out? At the same time, the investigation team's attitude towards Uchida's "scorched earth speech" also shows that people may not buy it if you come here, and they will be disgusted with it. Sympathy (the sympathy of the League of Nations and international public opinion), "it is advisable to take a moderate attitude" towards the "Report". Let’s put it this way, in fact, before the League of Nations held a meeting to review the report, the Chinese side had already judged that the report was generally beneficial to China. Although the “self-government of the three northeastern provinces” did not sound very pleasant, it was acceptable for the time being. Then why does China keep clamoring that it is unacceptable? Of course I'm going to shout.Because this is before the League of Nations deliberation, if you don't shout twice, others will think you have got a big deal, and you are secretly enjoying yourself at home. It will be difficult to bargain when the League of Nations officially meets.At the same time, domestic public opinion is also very powerful. If the government seems too weak, it will easily attract attacks from various factions. China said it was dissatisfied with the "autonomous government of the three northeastern provinces", but in fact the Japanese were even more dissatisfied. Before the report was delivered to the Japanese government, Foreign Minister Uchida, who was used to thinking about the consequences after doing things or basically ignoring the consequences, had gone one step ahead, breaking through the "non-recognition" policy limit of the Inuyang Cabinet, and formally recognized "Manchuria" on September 15. country". If you don't recognize me, how about it? What can you do with me? When the Saito cabinet discussed the report, it was simply a farce for show. Before Uchida had time to speak, Lu Xiang Araki rushed out, and shocked everyone - "The report is just a travel log"! I just read it as a travel magazine because there's nothing serious about it. The so-called Northeast Autonomy Plan actually denies the "independent" status of "Manchukuo". As soon as Araki's words came out, the discussion immediately turned into a denunciation meeting. Everyone has made a plan and asked Uchida not to make any concessions on the report. Already an iron man, right? No, I have to add a pair of steel armor to install it. Neither China nor Japan dare to be slack and sloppy in this diplomatic battle that attracts the attention of the world, because everyone knows that they cannot afford to lose. On the surface, Uchida pretends that I am not afraid of anything, but actually he is very guilty.In the previous several battles in the League of Nations, even the Japanese could see that their representatives from the League of Nations were far from the opponents of Chinese diplomats, they were not at the same level at all. Fangze, Sato, and Matsudaira all seemed to come to carry shoes and bags for Shi Zhaoji and Yan Huiqing. And the more he said on the scene, the more anxious he became, and the more anxious he became, the more clumsy he became, and he made a fool of himself. We must find a slightly stronger one. After searching and picking, Uchida finally found one.This man is Yosuke Matsuoka, who served as the Prime Minister's special envoy during the Songhu Battle, and who has always been eloquent in China and seems very eloquent (note that it must be marked as domestic). Yes, that's him. Seeing that outsiders are so important to him, Matsuoka's self-esteem suddenly inflated, and he immediately shook his head and tail, applauded him, and served as Japan's chief representative to the League of Nations meeting. Because of the suffering he suffered last time (the "Scorched Earth" speech), Uchida also realized the importance of finding someone to help him this time. First, through the mouth of the puppet Manchukuo, it was announced that Manchuria would implement an open-door policy-this is flattering the Americans, don't you just want to do business everywhere?welcome. Then they sent people to lobby in various countries.To put it bluntly, it was actually a stroke of luck, because at this time Japan's popularity in the world was so bad that it couldn't be worse. Except for itself and the fanatical people in China, no one said it was good or that it was doing the right thing.What Uchida meant was that maybe some country would be fooled by us with two or three good words and stand on our side. You don't have to be surprised, because the Japanese way of thinking is very unique. They have always liked such wishful thinking, and it has become a habit, and they can't change it until now.For example, when the Japanese prime minister pays homage to the Yasukuni Shrine, even ordinary people know that if he visits the shrine, China and South Korea will definitely oppose it. The diplomatic relations between Japan and the above-mentioned countries are also doomed to cast a shadow, and may even drop to freezing point.But whether you know it or not, someone still does it right.The reason is that maybe China and South Korea will not object, or they have already understood our ideas. You said he was naive, it seems he is not. In the face of this ultimate battle in the League of Nations, the Chinese side also showed their elites. Yan Huiqing, Gu Weijun, Guo Taiqi, veterans and newcomers, all of them were used. As the Chinese representatives attending the League of Nations meeting, they were all stationed in Geneva. Originally, there were only 20 to 30 Chinese staff stationed in the League of Nations, but now it has suddenly expanded to more than 100 people.No matter how you look at it, China is determined to win. In terms of establishing close relations with the great powers, capable people have their own ways.Gu Weijun went to find out what the Americans were saying, while Yan Huiqing went to complete a task that was very important to China at the time, but seemed even more impossible to accomplish—restoring diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The relationship between China and the Soviet Union is very complicated. Lao Jiang has always regarded Japan and the Soviet Union as the two great empires of red and white. Anyway, he feels that they have no good intentions for China, so they have to be on guard.In this regard, he also has a well-known point of view, which is called "Japanese troubles are urgent, but Russia's troubles are slow, and Russia's troubles are great, but Japanese troubles are small." The one who eats fast food has a quick temper but is actually a headless chicken, and is relatively less harmful; the Soviet Union is different, this is a scheming man, his appetite is actually very big, You can't beat him easily. Li Hongzhang, a tinkerer in the Qing Dynasty, tried to unite with Russia to make Japan, but the practice proved that the effect was not good, and this way would not work.Then we take "revolutionary diplomacy" to control both Russia and Japan. The "Middle East Road Incident" and the "September 18th Incident" will show you color. Encountered a lot of bad luck, Lao Jiang gradually figured out the taste. Of course, the one-sided "Alliance with Russia" in the past was not good, but now it is not right to offend the two evil neighbors at the same time. So what should we do?The answer is: see the wind and steer the rudder, the false and the real. It also has a very academic term called opportunism. Take Lao Jiang's famous saying, "The Japanese are in a hurry", but as long as they are not in a hurry to a certain extent and are still within the tolerable range, they should give priority to dealing with the "Russia's big trouble", that is, to tolerate the Japanese. , against the Russians.But if the "Japanese trouble" is too anxious and people can't stand it, they can only make concessions in the "Russian trouble", stand by the old Maozi, and then concentrate on dealing with the Japanese. In fact, to put it bluntly, it's all about competing minds. This is politics, and it's the same both at home and abroad.Honest people really can't do this. After the "September 18th" incident, the "Japanese plague" became more and more urgent. It is obviously necessary to use "Russia" to contain the "Japanese". But why hasn't China made any diplomatic moves? Of course, the "Middle East Road Incident" was not dealt with. Of course, it was one of the reasons. Wasn't the "Khabali Agreement" made by the military and political authorities in Northeast China that the Chinese government has been unwilling to recognize?Stalin was upset, and this became a knot in everyone's heart. In addition, there is also an issue of Outer Mongolia in China, and confrontation and contradictions on this issue have continued. In contrast, international factors are more important. In fact, Li Hongzhang's "Alliance with Russia" system was clearly seen by the Japanese before they even made a move, and they hated it the most. If you don't have a good talk with me, you still go to find a helper. You want to piss me off, don't you?Well, there are some good ones for you. At that time, the Soviet Union was still recovering and rising, and the communist movement was not as successful and popular as it was later. On a global scale, "anti-Soviet and anti-communist" even became a fashionable slogan for a time. How good the Japanese are, it came just in time, and they kept saying this slogan every day as an excellent reason for their rampage in the Far East. Being too close to the Soviet Union will inevitably stimulate Japan and make this little man more energetic. When it comes to relying on the League of Nations to file a lawsuit, China's concerns have increased. Britain and France are the largest in the League of Nations. Although the United States did not enter the League of Nations, its actual influence is no worse than the first two. There are so many European and American countries. Everyone regards the Soviet Union as an alien and refuses to answer it at all.If you have a little relationship with the Soviet Union rashly, and it's too late for them to hide from you, will the League of Nations lawsuit still have to be fought? Not to mention that government officials knew this well, even ordinary civil servants at that time knew it.Didn't Ma Zhanshan's representative get nervous when the investigation team mentioned "Why are the armbands of your army red?"He had to put all his strength on the spot to get rid of the relationship with the Soviet Union. But things change, especially in international diplomacy. When we were young, we often read sentences like this in Chinese class: The face of a child changes as soon as it is said, just like the weather in summer. As the capabilities of the Soviet Union gradually became apparent, there were many signs that even a purely "liberal country" like the United States was beginning to recognize the Soviet Union. This has greatly reduced the psychological barriers to the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union: You are all winking at him, why can't I shake hands with him? What moved Lao Jiang was also a few words in the report of the Litton investigation team. How do you say it? The above said: Everyone must not forget that there is also a Soviet Union in Manchuria, which has a Middle East Road here, as well as some large and small interests in history.To solve the Manchuria issue, the Soviet Union must not join, otherwise the solution would be nothing ("If the Soviet Union's major interests are ignored during the solution, the solution will not be sustainable"). Behind the investigation team, countries such as Britain, the United States and France are actually speaking.They all said that the Manchuria issue had to involve the Soviet Union, otherwise it would not be resolved.Then you have to take the medicine according to the prescription. According to this trend, there will definitely not be any problems with the European and American powers. Now there is only one last question left. Will Japan be stimulated? At this point, the two parties have already gone to court, and they are still concerned about whether it is irritating or not. Besides, you can't ignore the Soviet Union.If you ignore it, it doesn't even care about its own "Manchurian rights and interests". If you let the Kwantung Army attack, you will keep pretending to be stupid.If this continues, it is possible for the two guys to work together to bully the Chinese. The decision-makers have made up their minds, but for diplomacy to work, it needs a little special wisdom and opportunity. For example, the ping-pong diplomacy we are familiar with is said to be very accidental.At that time, the World Table Tennis Championships were being held in Japan, and both the United States and China participated. Compared with China, the level of table tennis in the United States is naturally not high, but their entertainment spirit has always been outstanding. It is gratifying to win, and they look happy when they lose.An American team member was going from the training hall to the gymnasium for a competition, but there was no bus at that time. At this time, a big car drove up, so he went up to hitch a ride.To his surprise, he found that it was a Chinese delegation's car, and there were all Chinese people inside.What surprised him even more was that these Chinese people were very friendly to him. One of the athletes not only greeted him, but also gave him a beautiful Hangzhou brocade as a gift. This athlete is Zhuang Zedong, a legend in Chinese table tennis.Since then, Sino-US relations have achieved a historic breakthrough, known as "the small ball turned the big ball." I have no access to the memoirs of the parties involved in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, so I don't know what the real situation was at that time.But as far as this "coincidence" joke is concerned, even if you beat me to death, I don't believe it is a pure coincidence.Because you have to know when it was, everyone avoids the American emperor for fear of being too late, and it is the same when going abroad, and what a coincidence, it happened that the car picked up a foreigner from the United States, and it happened that Zhuang Zedong had a piece of tapestry hidden on his body--the tapestry is not the same. It's not a handkerchief, and it's not a Japanese specialty. Why does he keep it in his pocket every day? Besides, no matter how capable Zhuang Zedong is, he will not or dare not strike up a conversation with an unknown Yankee casually and give gifts. You must know that the national team is also organized and disciplined. So many people have seen it, and they are not afraid of going back. A typical example of "connecting with foreign countries" or "foreign spies"? It was a coincidence that the foreign athlete was there.Because after Zhuang Zedong gave him a gift, he felt all over his body and couldn't find anything suitable to give him.Later, I went to the store to buy a piece of clothing to repay the favor. So in some things, there must be opportunities, but to make the small ball truly have the energy to turn the big ball, it will definitely not work without a bit of wisdom and necessary preparations. The opportunity for the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union appeared at the International Disarmament Conference held by the League of Nations. The meeting was held in Geneva.It was lively enough, 63 countries came here at once, even non-member countries like the United States and the Soviet Union came.After coming, various countries proposed disarmament plans, but when they mentioned it, they all wanted to use knives on others, and no one was happy when it was their turn.So the meeting was held for 5 months, and there were many quarrels. Except that everyone raised the level of nonsense and nonsense, there was still no result at all. The representative of China participating in the conference was Yan Huiqing. Given the poor weapons and equipment in his country, he could only listen to them. Anyway, he would not be able to kill the Chinese people—you can’t treat Hanyang as a weapon of mass destruction. destroy it. He was really not interested in this class, so Yan Huiqing whispered to Litvinov, the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Soviet Union next to him.During this conversation, the two found a common topic, that is, both countries are very interested in resuming diplomatic relations. China is afraid that the Soviet Union will simply stand with the Japanese in the end, and the Soviet side can neither spare energy to manage the affairs of the Far East, nor is it reconciled to its interests in the Northeast being damaged in vain, so both sides hope to widen the distance. Come closer. With a wish, the following things will be easy to handle.A small ping-pong ball can support the diplomacy of two big countries. Isn't there too many solutions that can be thought of? Everything is going on quietly. On December 12, 1932, all countries heard a news that surprised them. Sino-Soviet relations resumed. Within one day, all the procedures for re-diplomatic submission were completed, which was very quick and the effect was immediate.The next day, Japan reacted by simply and formally rejecting a proposal repeatedly put forward by the Soviet Union before—concluding a Japan-Soviet non-aggression pact. Not to invade each other, it turns out that you have been secretly getting together with China, trying to fool me.I won't be fooled by you again. Public opinion in Japan was also busy, and the anti-Soviet flag was raised again. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing "deep concern". Seeing Japan's "worries", Lao Jiang was naturally happy. Relatives and enemies, hurry up. It seems that the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union is the right move. In terms of calling friends and friends, Japan seems to have lost again. Now, let us show more courage. As the report enters the deliberation stage of the League of Nations, the acceleration race between China and Japan has already begun. Go China! According to the procedure, the report is first reviewed by the Council of the League of Nations. At this time, something unexpected happened. The chief representative of Japan, Matsuoka, suddenly raised his hand and said: Slow down! Everyone looked over together, not knowing what went wrong. Matsuoka: I'm not ready yet. I haven't studied the report in depth and solidly enough, and I need time to "study it carefully", so I hope that the board of directors will review it in 6 weeks. Everyone fell down. The report has been sent to you for so long, but you haven't read it? ! The Chinese representative immediately expressed that he could not agree. It was as if the starting gun had already been fired, Liu Xiang's ass was pouted, and then a player ran out and said: Report to the referee, my pants are loose, go back and change new ones first, let's rematch in 6 weeks. Are you looking for a draw? But the Chinese representative at that time was not Liu Feiren later.Japan is playing tricks, and the League of Nations really has nothing to do with him.After all, this is a matter that revolves around two countries, and the meeting would not be possible without anyone. So I had to waste everyone's time and let Matsuoka go back to study homework alone. This made Matsuoka very proud. He transferred the Japanese habit of taking advantage of small things to the League of Nations, thinking that he had been honored. He didn't know that top diplomats didn't bother with such little tricks. Don't say 6 weeks, it's 6 months, don't you still want to come back?Where can I hide. Sure enough, 6 weeks passed in a blink of an eye, and it was time to see the real battle. After "studying" for such a long time, of course the Japanese representative should first introduce the "learning results". Matsuoka said, I have read the report, what is it talking about, have Litton and his group seriously investigated it (Voice-over: I knew they were so dishonest, so I didn't care about them back then)? Do you know why Japan sent troops to the Northeast?Because China is an "unorganized country"! ——Stop, Mr. Matsuoka, you can give full play to your "outstanding eloquence", but please be sure to note that "unorganized state" is the patent of your predecessor Naotake Sato, and it has long been refuted by Yan Huiqing of China , This kind of picked up tooth wisdom is worthless. Forget it, let's not place too high demands on Mr. Matsuoka, he is only at this level, so please be patient and listen to him. Matsuoka: China, an "unorganized country", has always been xenophobic and does not abide by treaties and trustworthiness (isn't this referring to you, Japan? No wonder the characteristics are so accurately grasped), so what can we do if we don't fight.In addition, the establishment of "Manchukuo" was purely "spontaneous", and our government once ordered that all civil and military officials should not participate in it (at least the Kwantung Army is not included). Of course, Matsuoka could never agree to the proposals made in the report.However, he offered a "trick" himself-in fact, it is not a new invention, it is purely old-fashioned, that is, to put aside the League of Nations and directly negotiate between China and Japan. You have a good idea, who will talk to you. As soon as Chinese representative Gu Weijun stood on the podium, the representatives from various countries straightened their necks, pricked up their ears, and did not blink their eyes, lest they miss a word from this legendary figure in the diplomatic circles. It looks like the relationship between a big star and a group of fans. Don't say I'm exaggerating.Back then at the Paris Peace Conference, Lao Gu was indeed glamorous, and he was incapable of overtaking him, leaving a very deep impression on Westerners. I haven't watched the movie "My 1919", but I heard that it was Chen Daoming who played Gu Weijun.Just from the image point of view, I don't think it's very similar.Who is most like it?I think it was Fa Ge (Chow Yun Fat) in his heyday. 发哥似乎更能诠释我心目中的顾维钧：高大俊朗，义薄云天，挥舞双枪在弹雨中来去自如，潇洒果敢，身后一群白鸽扑扇着翅膀飞起落下——你只要把背景设想为外交战线就行了。 开巴黎和会那一年，顾维钧刚满30岁，但已经显示出了相当高超的外交技巧和卓尔不群的答辩能力。 巴黎和会讨论了山东问题。 在这个问题上，你要说日本有理也有理。除了早先的“二十一条”外，在一战前，英法意还曾背着中国，跟日本政府签了一个秘密协定，那就是只要日本答应对德宣战，一旦战胜就把后者在山东的权益转让给日本。 到这时候，日本人就把这笔账翻出来，说早知道山东没我们的份，那我们干吗来帮你们打德国兵。 更使人感到尴尬和难以辩驳的是，就在一战结束前，由于北洋政府先前向日本借了笔款，作为借款的交换条件之一，中国驻日公使章宗祥竟然跟日本搞了一个《山东问题换文》，“欣然同意”日本在山东扩张权益。 当时出席巴黎和会的日方全权代表就是西园寺公望。他不依不饶，紧抓住“换文问题”不放：咱们退一步，就算因为中国参战，一战前的条约可以作废，那“换文”怎么解释？这是中国参战以后亲口答应我们的，不能说话不算数吧。 美国总统威尔逊一向以公正自居，也在和会上这样质问中国代表：你们说日本跟你们签的条约都是强迫的，然而签“换文”的时候，一战都快结束了，日本也没逼你们，是你们自己“欣然同意”的，能怪谁？ 中国代表团在出席和会之前，并不知道还有“换文”这档子事，一下子就僵在当场。 说了半天，还是中国没理。但是轮到顾维钧上场，一切都改变了。 顾氏之演讲，可用声情并茂、讲究策略、有理有据、善抓要害来概括，堪称外交演说之绝版巨作。 声情并茂：一战期间，我们中国光劳工就向欧洲输送了14万（以中国这样一穷二白的状况，容易吗我们），有万名华工死于残酷的战争，而这些人大多来自中国山东。 要是山东问题不能得到公正解决，这些死去的灵魂是绝对不能得到安息的（当心各位半夜三更听到有人敲门称自己是姥爷哦）。 讲究策略：首先，我要感谢你们日本，感谢什么呢，是你们帮助我们中国把德国鬼子给赶跑了，要不然哪来的一战胜利呢。但是你们要好人做到底嘛，总不能赶走了一个德国鬼子，又来一个日本鬼子吧。 不管是“二十一条”还是“换约问题”，都是对日本有利的，老顾提都没提，一个弯子就绕了过去。 有理有据：你们说日本离开山东会很难过，我们不光是难过，半条命都要没了好吧。山东对中国的重要性，文化、地理、经济，哪一样都是骨肉相连。 这些数据老顾是信手拈来，都在肚子里存着呢，跟计算机数据库似的，一条都不会漏掉。 讲事情关键是能点到要害，到“有理有据”结束时，顾维钧用一句相当出彩的话画龙点睛，直击问题的要害—— 中国的孔子有如西方的耶稣，中国不能失去山东正如西方不能失去耶路撒冷！ 诸位不是还拎不清山东对中国的重要性以及中国失去山东的痛苦吗？想想看吧，有一天，你们突然失去上帝或者上帝曾降临的圣地从地球上消失，这将是一种什么样的情景，大家又会是一种什么样的感受。 世界末日，生不如死啊。 西方人可以不关心孔子和山东，但他们绝不可能不在乎上帝和耶路撒冷。 什么叫经典，我告诉同志们，这就是。 全场掌声雷动，美国总统、英国首相、法国总理以及在场的各国代表都纷纷站起身，向年轻的顾维钧表示祝贺和由衷的钦佩。连作为日本代表的西园寺，也主动走过去与之握手——虽然各为其主，但西园寺毕竟也是日本政坛难得的磊落坦荡之人，惺惺相惜之情溢于言表。 整个巴黎都轰动了。世界从此认识了这个来自弱小国家的杰出外交家兼演说家。 好了，坐在国联理事会会场的人们，再好好听我们“发哥”给大家上一堂精彩的演说课吧，题目就叫：论日本代表松冈之胡说八道。 声情并茂：国联派出的李顿调查团这次做得不错，我要对他们表示感谢（到现在为止，大概这句话国联听得最舒服）。但是我要告诉大家的是，日本人太过分了，调查团在东北期间，我们几乎是被他们弄得寸步难行啊。我是调查团的中国顾问，这一点我本人完全可以作证（一个中国顾问身份拿来随手就用，老顾真牛）。 先夸调查团，肯定成绩，也就等于基本肯定了报告书的结论，同时把日本人在调查团调查期间的恶行揭发出来，先给与会代表留下一个印象：日本从一开始就想阻挠调查，当然不会同意报告书的调查结果和解决方案。 讲究策略：松冈说中国排外，事实上绝不可能，我有论据可说明一切——知道一帮老外最关心中国是否排外的问题，这个东西得咬死了，所以就有了下面的“有理有据”。 有理有据：我国现有外侨36万人以上，外国商店8200多家，还有7500多名传教士散居内地，他们的安全都得到了政府的保证。此外，我们政府机关里聘用的外国人也不少，几千人哪，仅中央各部委的外国顾问和专家就有40多人。 不服行吗，一条条论据就摆在你眼前，真材实料，比什么论点都更有说服力。 在直入要害这一点上，老顾这次仍然没有让大家失望。 从头至尾，他没有一个字提到对报告书的褒贬或同意与否，但意思早就蕴涵其中。他公开表明态度的只是一点，那就是报告书中要求任何解决办法都要依据国际公法。依据这个原则，松冈说要由中日双方直接谈判，中国绝难接受。 最后，顾维钧提醒理事会，先前国联已经作出过多次决议，都是让日本从东北撤兵的，到现在虽未实现，但还都在有效期内。要解决中日纠纷，撤军是首要的先决条件。 完工，收势，一气呵成。 各国代表大长见识，大家就是大家啊，愣是把个松冈活生生地给比了下去。 12月6日，转入国联大会讨论阶段。 到这一步时，中日双方都明白决定这次外交大战孰胜孰负的时刻快到了。 大家拼着命冲刺吧！ 松冈急啊，理事会碰到一个顾维钧，这人太厉害了，比传说中还要猛，根本说不过他。然后等到开大会，好不容易顾维钧坐到了后面，前面换上了首席代表颜惠庆，本想能喘口气了，没想到这姓颜的也是个老江湖，讲话滴水不漏、风雨不透，弄得日方代表这边只有招架之功，没有还手之力。 本来嘛，中国人排兵布阵，压轴的都是高手，颜惠庆位列首席，你说能差到哪儿去。 不行了，得用绝招了。 说实话，国联的气氛，松冈很不适应，没什么拥趸和粉丝啊。要知道，他在日本国内，可是偶像明星级人物，那家伙，底下人山人海，他在台上就是放个屁，下面都是一片欢呼。 时人有言：自从有了松冈，日本就从无声电影过渡到了配音电影，意思是那些欢呼喝彩千篇一律，就像卡拉OK中的自动鼓掌操作按钮一样，你只要轻轻一按，聒噪声马上就都出来了。 知道星爷的无厘头吗，开始他还需要做两个招牌动作，后来据说只要一出场，不管说什么话，做什么动作，大家都笑，已经条件反射了。那时的松冈就享有这种待遇。 在最需要煽情也充满煽情的时代，这哥们儿用他那自以为生动的表情和动作时刻提示你：信冈哥，得永生！ 为什么不能把国内的精彩复制到国外来呢？或者如果用星爷来打比方：为什么我在港台（后还包括大陆）一露面，不让观众笑观众都要笑，而到了国外，就算挠老外的痒痒，人家都不笑了呢？ 或曰：可能是水土不服吧。 松冈是强人，他不信这个邪。扒拉了半天，从他的国内演讲稿中翻出了一篇最叫座的，题目就唤做“十字架上的日本”。 很煽情啊，同志们。听听文章里面是怎么说的：欧美这些国家各个没安好心，都想把日本钉在十字架上处死，可我们日本不怕，因为我们是正义的，是光荣的，是伟大的，以后必将“为世人所理解”。 这篇东西还特别长，讲起来要花一个半小时，真可谓是老太婆的裹脚布，但据说在日本国内极受欢迎，可用“好评如潮”来形容。 满怀憧憬的松冈便在国联大会上念起了他的这篇得意之作，还没读一半，他偷偷地往各国代表席位上一瞧，心里便凉了半截。 What's the matter? 没有欢呼，没有鼓掌也就算了，有的人昏昏欲睡也算了，毕竟你一口气讲完不觉得累，人家听的还觉得累呢，让松冈搞不懂的是，好些代表还面露气愤之色。 当然气愤了，你日本什么玩意儿，竟然把自己比作是十字架上的主耶稣，我们都是犹大、是罪人、是恶魔？ ! 尤其是一些基督教国家，平时把耶稣敬得比天都大，听松冈如此言语，真恨不得把他拖下来海扁一顿。 看来这个松冈真是个自以为是、徒有其表的货，你在美国也生活了这么多年，不知道西方人最忌讳什么，最反感什么？ 毫不奇怪，除了日本人以外的“世人”都不“理解”这篇大作，松冈算是白激动了一把。 当然了，他对报告书的态度还是那句话：不同意，不认可。 大会在议而不决的情况下，决定将报告交由“十九国委员会”审议。 这个“十九国委员会”就是国联大会在处理“一.二八”淞沪会战时成立的那个机构。 选手们紧张，“十九国委员会”也不自在。这工作棘手啊。 委员会在李顿报告书的基础上重新搞了一个裁决报告，然后分别送达中日两国过目。 除了要求日本撤兵，决定设立包括美苏在内的调停委员会等内容之外，裁决报告还规定了两个原则。 一是不能恢复“九.一八”事变前的原状，二是不能维持和承认“满洲国”。 拿到裁决报告后，两国的反应当然大不相同。 一看到“不承认满洲国”那几个字，日本就气炸了肺。满洲现在就在我手里，而且我自己都厚着脸皮先承认了“满洲国”，你们却还是不肯让我快活，真是岂有此理。 中国方面自然也对第一条原则不舒服，不过此时无论是最高决策层还是外交部都已达成共识，即裁决报告大致符合中方利益，可以接受。 一个大光其火，一个愿意接受，“十九国委员会”知道满洲不是上海，凭自己的本事难以摆平，只好把裁决报告提至国联大会，由大会来进行裁决。 民国二十二年（1933年）2月24日，决胜负。 最后除述没有什么，无非是中日双方表明态度。和先前一样，对裁决报告，日本死也不认可，中国则表示无条件接受。 妙趣横生的是辩论部分，可以看出，日方代表不仅长篇论述不行，在现场应变方面也大大逊色于中国外交家。 当天中方出场的仍然是首席代表颜惠庆。 颜惠庆举“田中奏折”为例，来说明日本对东北早就抱有领土野心。 “田中奏折”上面的那两句话确实很有杀伤力，欲要征服世界必先征服中国，而要征服中国必先征服满蒙。 如果这两句话属实，那就证明“九.一八”事变、“满洲国”都是日本政府在蓄谋已久的情况下制造出来的。 我们现在知道“田中奏折”极可能不是田中亲笔，“九.一八”事变实际上是关东军主谋，但当时“田中奏折”在民间流传很广，一时难辨真伪。 松冈当然也清楚这件事。不过他自己不可能是亲历者，田中当大臣做首相的时候，他还在满铁混饭吃呢，所以也是道听途说。 听颜惠庆一说，他倒来了机灵：“田中奏折”是给天皇看的，看完了就得收在皇宫档案里，不能外传，我们报纸也没登过，上级传达的文件里又没有，他们中国人怎么可能知道？ 这小子以为抓到了把柄，马上反戈一击，说压根就没这回事，不能红口白牙诬赖好人，你得有证据。 颜惠庆有证据。 松冈愣住了，难道他们还有复印件？不可能啊。 颜惠庆拿出的是松冈本人的大作。 这兄弟估计没事做也喜欢编书混稿费，不知道是不是为了制造噱头，他在书中提到了连自己也没见过的“田中奏折”，而且不久之后竟然把这事给忘了。 现在人家拿着他的书问他，你说没有“田中奏折”，那你怎么把这事说得活灵活现的，难道你说的话都是假的？ 松冈当然不能说自己是胡吹的，唯一的办法就是假装瞬间失去记忆。 颜惠庆哼了一声：你们日军在满洲的所作所为，就是按照“田中奏折”去做的。 冤哪，松冈有苦说不出，只好任对方发挥。 辩论结束，大会主席将裁决报告付诸表决。 最后结果完全没有超出大家的预想，除日本1票反对、泰国弃权外，包括中国在内的42票赞成。决议以压倒性多数通过。 中国赢了！ 但这时候日本做出了让所有人都诧异万分和始料未及的反应。 此时会议还没结束，松冈走上台读了一段声明，大意就是既然你们不帮我，老子不玩了（“与国联合作之努力已达终点”）。朗读完毕，又用日语咕嘟了一句“萨有哪啦！”——这句我懂，小鬼子经常说，就是再见嘛。 众目睽睽之下，他真带着日本代表团一行人拍拍屁股，走人了。 值得一提的是，很多史料上记载，松冈是“脸色铁青”地读声明，“微笑”着退场的。 这小子一定以为他很有种：日本也可以说不！ 与会代表面面相觑，都被日本人雷倒了，不就是没投你票吗，这算什么，耍大牌？ 暗自偷笑的只有中国代表：投票结果都出来了，难道还怕你不认账？ 其实松冈也是有苦说不出。 当初内田把松冈作为“不可多得的外交人才”派出国那是寄予厚望的，要他巧为斡旋，改变不利提案，至少要让国联承认“满洲国”的“合法性”。 松冈一拍胸脯：没问题，你就瞧好吧。 谁知道结果会这么惨，来了以后什么都没改变，讲，讲不赢，辩，辩不过，最后弄了个比分，还是42比1（要不是泰国人给了点面子，就是43比1了），简直就等于集体来丢丑的。 眼看败局已定，出来时又吹过老牛，这个样子回去岂不是声名扫地，爬都爬不起来了？ what to do? 松冈用他的行动作出了回答。 我相信，作为外交人员，松冈不会完全不考虑他此举的后果。表决失败，那是全世界不给日本面子，而选择退出，却是日本不想再给全世界面子。 日本跟全世界比，谁大？或者说，二者之间，谁更不敢得罪谁？ 看看我们自己与高山大川的对比就知道了。 这个世界上的超级牛人还是有一些的，比如说中国的秦始皇，这哥们儿有一次渡湘水，被风挡着，过不去，他就发了性子，说是湘君女神在挡他的道，于是发3000囚徒上山砍树，把树砍得光光的，以此作为报复。 其实，他这也就是做给身边人看看的，小孩子把戏而已。 你敢真得罪湘君吗？女神要真跟你过不去，直接把船打到湘江里去淹死你，什么千古一帝，逃都逃不掉。 其实日本朝野还是有明白人的。 在日本代表团出发前，一位评论家就刊登了一封公开信，希望代表团成员能够“牺牲个人一时之荣誉，为国家谋取百年之福，而不可牺牲国家前途，以谋个人之成功，博一般浅见者之喝彩”。 元老西园寺在给松冈饯行时也特别千叮咛万嘱咐，要他不管结果如何，不要做退出国联这样的冲动之举。 当时，松冈满口答应。但临到头来，还是没有能遵守自己的诺言。 小我与大我之间，松冈最终选择了前者。 要成为一个一流的外交家，并不是光会煽情就行啊，在这方面，松冈君真是连培养的价值都没有。 如果往前倒数，日本的外交界也不是没出过识时务的，明治时代就有：陆奥宗光和小村寿太郎。 中日甲午战争之后，英法俄忽然提出来，要求日本放弃辽东半岛。当时日本舆论界一片哗然，认为辽东半岛是“帝国军人流血得来的，怎么可以随便放弃”，时任外相的陆奥在审时度势后，却表示可以接受，让清朝政府掏银子赎了回去。 日人皆称其为软弱无能。可是后来才知道，如果当时不软这么一下的话，不仅辽东可能保不住，连中国的银子也别想要。 10年以后，出了一个小村寿太郎。 那是在日俄战争的末期。日俄进行谈判，结果实际上是日本做出了让步，打了半天，死了那么多人，损失了白花花好多日洋，只讨得一个旅大和南铁，还不算它自个儿的，属于租房子用。 日本老百姓哪答应啊。谈判的家伙是白痴啊，我们都打赢了，为什么不把老毛子的中东路全夺过来，还有西伯利亚什么的也割让给我们，