Chapter 17 Chapter 16 Three-legged Stool

A heavy burden fell on Hong Kong Governor Youde.Mrs. Thatcher was gone, flying back to England, but leaving Yoder with a lot of trouble and a lot of resentment waiting to be resolved by him. In response to Margaret Thatcher's 927 speech and the contract renewal request sent by Kollida, the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs solemnly pointed out: Hong Kong is part of Chinese territory.The treaties concerning the Hong Kong region signed by the British government and the Qing government of China in the past were unequal, and the Chinese people never accepted them.The consistent position of the People's Republic of China is not to be bound by these unequal treaties, and to take back the entire Hong Kong region when the conditions are ripe.Both China and the UK hope to maintain Hong Kong's prosperity and stability, and will discuss this through diplomatic channels.

Hong Kong citizens and people from all walks of life reacted strongly to Mrs. Thatcher's speech. Some people sat quietly at the gate of the Hong Kong government, some demonstrated and marched, and some came to the door to make serious remarks, which made Youde sleepless. What's more terrible is that the Hong Kong dollar exchange rate index fell to 797, and every 100 US dollars in the Hong Kong foreign exchange market was exchanged for 694 Hong Kong dollars, indicating that Hong Kong is a fragile city. Some records say: Hong Kong is dying.However, Hong Kong is really dead, what should he do with You De?Would it be good for Britain if Hong Kong became a city of the dead?Mrs. Thatcher apparently only paid attention to putting pressure on the Chinese government, but did not notice that if Hong Kong's economy collapses, why does Britain need a burden with no future?He Youde didn't want Hong Kong to be ruined in his own hands.

However, Mrs. Thatcher did not seem to be aware of this problem, or deliberately ignored it. He still ordered Youde, Kullida and others to insist on the validity of the three treaties, and to prepare for negotiations with the Chinese government under this argument. At this time, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Wenjin and British Ambassador to China Colliday continued to exchange views on the basic and procedural issues of the negotiations in Beijing.The Chinese side asked the British side to abandon the unequal treaties and recognize China's sovereignty over the entire Hong Kong region as an indisputable issue, and entered into discussions with the Chinese side on technical issues such as how to maintain Hong Kong's stability and prosperity and hand over sovereignty.The British, on the other hand, believed that negotiations should not have any preconditions, and that sovereignty issues could only be discussed as part of a broader, more specific package deal.

In view of the fact that the British side has been delaying the negotiation date, Deng Xiaoping said that the British cannot be allowed to delay indefinitely.Set a limit on the date of negotiation, and tell the British that September 1984 will be the deadline. If the negotiation is still not reached by then, China will unilaterally announce the plan to take back Hong Kong. At the same time, regardless of what the British side did, the Chinese government made the following efforts to expedite the resolution of the Hong Kong issue with its own experience: 1. Improve legislation. In December 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress passed the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China", in which Article 31 stipulates that the state may establish special administrative regions when necessary.The systems to be practiced in special administrative regions shall be stipulated by laws enacted by the National People's Congress in accordance with the specific circumstances.

2. Formulate a plan for governing Hong Kong.On the premise that Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, Liao Chengzhi and other Chinese leaders fully listened to the opinions of people from all walks of life in Hong Kong in governing Hong Kong, and on the basis of in-depth investigation and research by relevant departments, Liao Chengzhi, vice chairman of the National People's Congress, presided over the drafting of the policy on resuming the exercise of Hong Kong. 12 Basic Guidelines on Sovereignty Issues.Be prepared to bring it to the other side as a basis for negotiations as soon as the second stage of negotiations begins, or announce it separately if necessary.

Its main contents are: Establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region under Article 31 of the Constitution; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is directly under the Central People's Government and enjoys a high degree of autonomy. National defense and foreign affairs are managed by the Central Government; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enjoys executive, legislative, judicial and final adjudication powers, and the existing laws remain basically unchanged; The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is composed of local people. The chief executive is elected or negotiated locally and appointed by the Central People's Government. Foreign civil servants and police officers who previously served in various government departments in Hong Kong can be retained, and foreigners can be hired as consultants or certain public offices;

Hong Kong's current social and economic systems and lifestyles remain unchanged, and residents' rights, freedom and private property are protected in accordance with the law; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will maintain the status of a free port and an independent customs territory; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will maintain its status as an international financial center, continue to open foreign exchange, gold, securities, futures and other markets, free capital in and out, free exchange of Hong Kong dollars, and continue to circulate; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will maintain financial independence, and the central government will not levy taxes on Hong Kong;

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region can establish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other countries; In the name of Hong Kong, China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may maintain and develop economic and cultural relations with countries, localities and relevant international organizations on its own; The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be responsible for social security on its own; China will stipulate the above-mentioned basic policies and specific explanations for these policies in the Basic Law, which will remain unchanged for 50 years.

3. Strengthen the publicity work for Hong Kong compatriots.Promote the Chinese government's principles and policies to resolve Hong Kong issues to Hong Kong compatriots, dispel doubts, reassure people, focus on the future of Hong Kong, and enhance national cohesion and centripetal force.The Chinese government is particularly focused on publicizing the outstanding contributions made by Hong Kong people in the rise of Hong Kong, affirming Hong Kong people's sense of belonging to Hong Kong, and resoundingly playing the slogan of Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong to win the hearts of the people and conform to public opinion.

The British government was deeply stimulated by this.It can no longer be silent, no longer procrastinating. In March 1983, Margaret Thatcher wrote a letter to Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang, promising China that she would propose to the British Parliament as soon as possible to return the sovereignty of Hong Kong to China.Considering the looseness of the British side on the issue of sovereignty, Premier Zhao Ziyang expressed his agreement to hold formal negotiations as soon as possible. As a result, the British side began to rack their brains to search for a panacea to deal with China, hoping to seize the lost Hong Kong at the negotiating table.

When looking for candidates, Mrs Thatcher thought of Youde.The list of negotiators selected by the British side is as follows: Colliday, British Ambassador to China; Youde, British Governor-General in Hong Kong; Mak Ruobin, Political Adviser to the British Hong Kong Government; O'William, First Secretary of the British Embassy in China; Bi Ruibo, Second Secretary of the British Embassy in China; Shi Tangmu, Second Secretary of the British Embassy in China. Although Collida was appointed as the plenipotentiary of the British side in this negotiation, in fact, Mrs Thatcher bet the outcome of the negotiation on him.He is the British side's trump card.He is the secret weapon of the British side. Mrs. Thatcher carefully designed the scheme of exchanging sovereignty for governance.Doesn’t your Chinese government attach great importance to Hong Kong’s sovereignty?Then I will leave it to you, but there must be a prerequisite, and the governance of Hong Kong must still be handed over to us British.In order to achieve this goal, Mrs. Thatcher painstakingly made a three-legged stool?What is a three-legged stool. On December 10, 1982, when the British Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Affairs, Lord Belstead, held a press conference in Hong Kong, he used the unique British sense of humor to make the following metaphor for the Sino-British negotiations: A reporter asked him if the British government could send some signals to Hong Kong people regarding the Sino-British negotiations? Belstead said: What we want is a three-legged chart. The first leg is acceptable to the leaders of Beijing; the second leg is acceptable to the British Parliament; the third leg is very important. Only, the stool fell down. Who is the third foot?It was Yod. The British government allowed Youde to participate in the negotiations on behalf of the 5 million citizens of Hong Kong as the governor of Hong Kong.And under the guise of respecting Hong Kong's public opinion, it used obstacles to lead negotiations and strive for sovereignty.An unofficial MP in Hong Kong proposed an agreement: Any proposal on the future of Hong Kong must be debated in this Council (Legislative Council?) before a final agreement is reached. The purpose of the British is to seize the banner of Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong. You China The conditions proposed by the government must not only be agreed by the British government, but also tested by the public opinion in Hong Kong. Who represents Hong Kong? Of course, the current Governor of Hong Kong, Youde! In this way, Youde was pushed to a pivotal position. Youde is a China hand. He is Welsh, born in 1924. At the age of 18, he was admitted to the University of London Institute of Oriental and African Studies to study Chinese. Since then, his life has been closely connected with the Far East. At the age of 21, Youde came to Hong Kong for the first time.By this time he had left the University of London to become a soldier in the Royal Volunteer Reserve Navy.That time, he looked at Hong Kong with the eyes of a soldier.When Hong Kong appeared in front of their warship after dozens of days of sailing, all the people on board the young Udby were excited.He studies Chinese and has learned to use Chinese to touch the world in college.Now, he has finally come to this country that he has been thinking about day and night, and he can use his slightly blunt Chinese to talk to the people in this land, so he is more excited and excited than anyone on the ship. On April 20, 1949, the warship Amethyst sailed from Shanghai to Nanjing. When it arrived in Zhenjiang, it refused to listen to the dissuasion of the People's Liberation Army, so it was injured by the artillery fire of the People's Liberation Army who was waiting to cross the river. pieces.Youde was the secretary of the Nanjing Consulate at this time. He recommended himself and asked to contact the front-line commander of the People's Liberation Army.He was only 24 years old at this time, exactly the age when a newborn calf is not afraid of a tiger.From Nanjing to Zhenjiang, how many dangers have to pass through on the way, millions of soldiers are gathering here, and the state of war is no different from a forest of swords and swords, full of dangers, it is difficult to pass through such an area without courage and courage.Stevenson, then ambassador to China, granted his request.He set off from Nanjing alone and rushed to Pukou on foot.Since Pukou did not have a high-level PLA command organization, although the head of the troops there received him, he said that he could do nothing to help him, so he had no choice but to return without success.Later, the Amethyst escaped, and the matter was settled.It's just that the British government has not forgotten young Youde, who has been commended by the government for his adventurous and fearless spirit.So he got a medal. While working in Nanjing, the impression is that Youde is not like a diplomatic official, he is more like a visiting scholar.He is full of vigor and always looks like a dragon and a tiger.He often goes to Nanjing University, where he listens to lectures by Chinese scholars. During breaks between classes, he plays football with the students, or strolls along the tree-lined roads. In 1972, Youde, who was already the British ambassador to China, was still the same as before.Although he was 48 years old at the time, and he was an ambassador, he still did not change his demeanor in his student and youth days. He rode a bicycle around the streets and alleys of Beijing, becoming an ambassador-level hutong stringer. Now Yoder has a broad forehead, thinning white hair, and a pair of kind eyes looking at people.His gaze has some meaning of Chinese culture.Since he was 18 years old, he has spent most of his time thinking in Chinese language. Based on this alone, it can be concluded that he is different from Mrs. Thatcher and later Hong Kong Governor Patten. On May 20, 1982, Youde arrived in Hong Kong and became the 26th governor of Hong Kong.His suspension was largely in response to the lengthy negotiations between China and Britain.In the UK, there are not many China hands like Youde, who are scholars, political and diplomatic, so he was once again pushed by Thatcher to the outpost of the Far East, hoping that he would be like Amethyst back then. Outstanding performance in shipment No. 1 to save Hong Kong, which is about to sink. However, Yoder himself lacks confidence. On July 1, 1983, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a press release on the talks between China and Britain on the Hong Kong issue.The communiqué stated: Following the talks between the leaders of the two countries in September 1982 and the subsequent beneficial exchange of views, the two sides agreed that the second phase of talks on the future of Hong Kong would begin in Beijing on July 12, 1983. From July 12, 1983 to September 1984, a total of 22 rounds of talks were held, and Youde himself was the only person on the British side who participated in the negotiations from beginning to end. But Yod has some lack of confidence from beginning to end.He is not the college student he was back then.He is getting old. On the eve of the Sino-British talks, there was a financial storm in Hong Kong.This storm blew from June to September. On September 19, the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Hong Kong dollar fell from 7 to 8, on the 23rd to 60, and on the 24th to 50. From September 16th to September 24th, The British government took the opportunity to set off a storm of public opinion that was much more violent than the financial storm, led by Mrs Thatcher, saying that if the Chinese government took back Hong Kong's sovereignty, Hong Kong's status as a financial center would disappear.She also told the American reporter: If it wasn’t for Hong Kong’s special status and its (New Territories? Lease Agreement), if Hong Kong was an ordinary colony of the United Kingdom, it would have become independent a few years ago, and it would be another Singapore. Immediately afterwards, Hong Kong The two parties echoed each other and sang harmony with an absolutely rehearsed unified caliber. The British Hong Kong government said that Hong Kong will no longer be fragrant. Members said: Investment will grow negatively. Bankers controlled by the British also said: Hong Kong’s future financial situation It's going to get worse. They say: Hong Kong is going to end! Hong Kong is going to collapse! The reason why the British government and the British Hong Kong authorities did this is to destroy the confidence and determination of Hong Kong citizens to return to sovereignty and make them distrust the Chinese government. The decision to return was stranded in the mud designed by the British... But Yod knew China well. The Chinese people's sense of belonging to the motherland cannot be moved by a few words, and their determination to return cannot be destroyed by organizing a few storms of public opinion. Youde has a pair of gentle eyes in the Chinese style.This is the obvious sign that he is different from others.Although his eyes are still like the lake water in his hometown in Wales, his eyes are somewhat Chinese. This is the result of Chinese culture. Youde's understanding of China is not limited to books, but also because he has deep experience.He has been to many places in China, just like he traveled alone through the war-torn Jiangnan, just like he traveled all over Beijing alone.He has been to farms, to the homes of ordinary citizens, and he has many Chinese friends.He is a lot like Johnston back then.Since God gave him such a long time in China, it is impossible for him not to change. Now that he has paid so much attention to China, it is impossible for him to ignore China.Not long after Youde became the governor of Hong Kong, following his spirit of exploring oriental culture, he began to conduct on-the-spot surveys of Hong Kong. On this day, he came to Kam Tin, New Territories. There is a temple there, a very inconspicuous small temple.It was this small temple that shocked Youde the most. There are no statues of gods in the temple, no Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara who can save all living beings, and no immortals and gods who can point out the maze.A set of gongs, drums and horns is enshrined in the place where the gods are placed in the temple. These are the gongs, drums and horns used by the people of Kam Tin when they resisted the British army.The Jintian people beat the gongs and drums and fought desperately with the invading British army with spears and knives.The British army trembled at the sound of it. Most of those drummers who raised their arms and danced died under the bullets of the British army. Their names were engraved on the spiritual tablets by later generations and enshrined forever. Not far from the temple, surrounded by green bamboos, is the cemetery of these resisters, which the locals call the Tomb of Martyrs.The sacrificed martyrs hugged the dear country and land, and they died here. Youde stared at the big drum covered in smoke and fire, and the exciting drum sounded in his ears.The souls of the endless nations are dancing and dancing, just like the roaring of the sea tide.Hong Kong people will never forget their motherland, just like they will never forget that they are British.This is the most secret root of the tree of nations, and no one here can cut it off!Yoder touched the root of this big tree, and he was both shocked and helpless at the same time. On the British Isle, Mrs. Thatcher put forward a new negotiation idea: if the negotiation fails to make progress, a democratic structure should be developed in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong should be independent or self-governing in a short period of time, just like the United Kingdom used to do in Singapore. do the same. 2. It is also possible to consider implementing a referendum on the future of Hong Kong under the auspices of the United Nations, and the local residents will vote on it. The ambassadors to China, Collida and Youde, both thought that Mrs. Thatcher was a little crazy, and she was too imaginative. They felt that it was necessary to speak to the Prime Minister, so they flew back to the UK together. Mrs Thatcher met them at Downing Street.It was the time when spring was warm and cold, and Mrs. Thatcher was wearing a rose red sweater and had a cordial conversation with them by the fireplace. Colliday first reported to Mrs. Thatcher a series of preparations China had made for the Hong Kong talks, including improving legislation, including specific plans for Hong Kong governance, and including the firm attitude of Chinese leaders towards the return of Hong Kong, all of which were presented to the Prime Minister.Colliday said that if the UK does not pay attention to this point and continues to go its own way, this kind of paranoia will anger China, especially Deng Xiaoping. They will leave us behind and take back Hong Kong alone when the time limit comes, and we will be even more passive.Youde talked to Mrs. Thatcher about the current situation in Hong Kong, that is, Hong Kong is falling.Its economic curve is falling so fast that it may very well be what we need as leverage against China, but it may very well be the end of Hong Kong forever.We are likely to destroy Hong Kong because of this. Youde said: Hong Kong is facing a disaster, just like before the earthquake.But this is a disaster of our own making.And when disaster strikes, we are not immune just because we are British, and we are probably the worst victims ourselves.There is a Chinese saying that lifts a rock and shoots itself in the foot. If this is the case, it will be ridiculed by the world. Mrs. Thatcher's expression became serious when she heard this, and she no longer thought the words of the two Chinese hands were exaggerated. Youde went on to say that we can play the economic card and the democratic card, but the power of these two cards is limited.For example, democracy, which is what you said about developing a democratic framework in Hong Kong. We only mentioned the word democracy on the eve of Hong Kong's return to China. Isn't it a little late? There is obvious irony in Youde's words, but no one who is familiar with Hong Kong's colonial history can deny that the British are actually the most inhumane and undemocratic. A curfew order was promulgated on the 11th, strictly stipulating that Chinese people should not go out after 11 o'clock or travel at night, and the police can arrest them at any time.In the second year, the Hong Kong British authorities further stipulated that before 10 o'clock in the evening, the Chinese should bring oil lamps or lanterns to go out for identification. If it exceeds 10 o'clock in the evening, the Chinese are not allowed to travel at night. In 1844, the British Hong Kong government promulgated a regulation on the maintenance of public security, stipulating that residents should hang a lantern with the name of the store or their own name in front of their door after dark at night, so as to facilitate the police to patrol and perform tasks.Chinese people need a pass to go out at the specified time in the evening. After 11:00, all traffic in Hong Kong will be stopped, and violators will be arrested and brought to justice. On October 6, 1845, the Hong Kong government issued 16 articles of port management regulations, of which article 15 stipulated that after 9 o'clock every night, ships were not allowed unless they had special passports.However, this does not apply to persons with foreigners on board. Undoubtedly, these regulations are exclusively against the Chinese, and there is no democracy at all. In 1843, the then governor of Hong Kong, Pu Dingcha, issued a ban, ordering that only foreigners were allowed to live in the central area of ​​Hong Kong, and the Chinese living here should immediately move to the Victoria Peak residential area.This order was approved by the British Colonial Office.The reason is that the mixture of Chinese and foreigners is unsightly, and the presence of masters and servants affects the demeanor of the empire. In 1888, the Hong Kong British authorities specially designated a European residential area, which is a beautiful and pleasant mid-level area, and the Chinese here were once again driven away by the Hong Kong British authorities.In this European residential area, the face of the Caucasian is the pass, and the face of the Chinese is the arrest warrant. As long as there is a Chinese in this residential area, the police will arrest them indiscriminately. In Hong Kong, the proportion of Chinese people accounts for more than 98%, but the Chinese language cannot become the official language. According to the regulations of the British Hong Kong government, the Chinese language commonly used in the Chinese community is only the legal language.That is to say, if there is a public meeting, or if it is brought to court, what you say does not count. It has to be translated into English, which is the official language. In a place where even one's own mother tongue is deprived, how much democracy and humanity are there to talk about?In Hong Kong, the Chinese had no political status for a long time, and the officials of the British Hong Kong government were all British.It was not until 1926 that the first non-official MP appeared among the Chinese.His name is Zhou Shouchen. Strictly speaking, he cannot be regarded as a real Chinese, because he has joined the British nationality and is a British Chinese.But despite this, after he became an MP, the British government was still worried and stipulated that members of the Executive Council should no longer circulate confidential documents. Why, it was because there was a Chinese member of the MP. With such a democratic foundation, what should we build?Everyone knows that this is nothing but self-deception. The British discriminate against the Chinese in many ways.Even cultural entertainment that seems so mundane today was rife with racial prejudice back then. Horse racing has a history of more than 100 years in Hong Kong. In 1844, the Hong Kong British government began to build a racecourse in Hong Kong.However, in horse racing activities, the British Hong Kong government discriminated against the Chinese.They stipulated that Chinese are not allowed to join the Jockey Club, there are no Chinese horse owners, and there are no Chinese jockeys.Later, although the Chinese were able to watch horse races, they were treated in two ways when entering the venue.The foreigners enjoy the fixed stands made of concrete, which are comfortable and sturdy, but the stands of the Chinese are hastily built with extremely poor wood and bamboo. On February 26, 1918, during the Lunar New Year, which coincided with the Jockey Club’s annual race, the Hong Kong Happy Valley Racecourse was full of spectators. The simple bamboo and wooden stands collapsed suddenly due to the overwhelming load, and the stove selling cooked food under the stands ignited the stands. , In just 20 minutes, more than 570 people were killed in the fire.Except for a few Indians and Portuguese, all those killed were Chinese.An elegiac couplet at that time read: There are people who cry for fathers, mothers, husbands, wives, children and grandchildren. Weeping and lamenting always pity the king for the catastrophe. The sky has no way, the earth has no way, the world has no way, the country has no way, the court has no way, the wild has no way, and the world has no way. The fire at the racecourse is still burning the people of Hong Kong. They will never forget the crimes of British colonialism, and they will not be ignorant of what the so-called British democracy is. Mrs. Thatcher is now raising this spirit flag again. Can it recall everything that has passed away for the British Empire? The answer is doubtful. Even Youde, even Kollida, even though they are governors and ambassadors, they can't justify themselves, so how many people can they deceive by playing the democracy card?Thatcherf's smile froze.She suddenly felt a little cold, although the fire in the fireplace was burning brightly.In this way, under the persuasion of Youde and Collida, Margaret Thatcher decided to take some compromises with China and started negotiations. In this way, Yoder, as another coup of Mrs. Thatcher, tried to ambush in the negotiating hall. However, Yod is sniped. Before going to Beijing to participate in the negotiations, Youde stated in London that he would represent Hong Kong citizens in the second phase of the Sino-British talks as the governor of Hong Kong.Although Yoder was not enthusiastic about this role, he had to work hard because Mrs. Thatcher had high expectations for it. As soon as the statement was released, it was refuted by the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The Chinese side pointed out that the Sino-British negotiations are reciprocal negotiations between two sovereign countries. The Hong Kong government is only a local government subordinate to the British government and has never been an independent political entity. Of course, it cannot be on the same level as the Chinese and British governments.The vast majority of residents in Hong Kong are Chinese. How can the Governor of Hong Kong represent the 5 million Chinese in Hong Kong?Therefore, this three-legged stool is ridiculous, and the Chinese government does not recognize it.If Youde participates in the negotiations, he can only come to Beijing as a member of the British government delegation. Since the Chinese government did not recognize the three-legged stool, Youde had to withdraw his order and participate in the negotiations as a member of the British delegation.Before coming to Beijing, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs conducted a qualification review on the members of the British delegation and found that a man named Cao Guangrong applied for entry as the Hong Kong Governor's personal information director.If the Chinese side agrees, it means that Youde will sit at the negotiating table as the governor of Hong Kong again, which is a disguised request.Therefore, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs notified the British Hong Kong government to refuse entry to Cao Guangrong. The Chinese government mercilessly shut the door of formal negotiations on the three-legged stool project that the British government had worked so hard to plan, and Mrs. Thatcher could only sigh across the ocean.Negotiations took 14 months.The Chinese negotiators are as follows: Yao Guang, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs; Li Jusheng, Second Director of the Hong Kong Branch of Xinhua News Agency; Shao Tianren, Legal Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Lu Ping, Consultant of the Western European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Luo Jiahuan, Counselor of the Western European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The second phase of Sino-British negotiations is roughly divided into three paragraphs: The first period was from July to November 1983, during which a total of 36 rounds of negotiations were conducted; The period from December 1983 to April 1984 was the second period, during which rounds of negotiations from the seventh to the twelfth were held; April-September 1984 was the third period, during which the 13th to 22nd rounds of negotiations took place. In the first paragraph of the negotiation, the British side adopted the strategy of separating sovereignty and governing power in the first round of talks, emphasizing that the British system, law and democracy are the three elements for Hong Kong's growth. If these three elements are separated, Hong Kong will shrink and shrink. Dayton eventually leads to decline.China, on the other hand, insists that sovereignty and governance are inseparable, pointing out that since it wants to restore Hong Kong's sovereignty in 1997, it must be true to its name. Not only should it return to China in name, but it should also be managed by China, at least by the Chinese themselves. The two sides held their own views and refused to give in to each other, which brought the negotiations to a stalemate.At this time, Mrs. Thatcher had just been freed from the general election, and she won another victory.She won 397 seats.That's more seats than all other parties combined.Labor won just 209 seats to the Coalition's 29.Mrs Thatcher's Conservatives have 144 more seats than they combined.Mrs Thatcher once again walked into Downing Street.Margaret Thatcher, who had just won the general election, began to focus on the Sino-British negotiations again. On September 5, 1983, Mrs. Thatcher convened the main officials of the British Hong Kong government and British diplomatic officials at the Prime Minister's Office to study countermeasures.During the meeting, the Hong Kong Chief Secretary and non-official members of the Hong Kong Executive Council offered advice to her, saying that the Chinese government is vigorously accelerating the pace of the economy and is currently advancing on a rather high mountain.If Hong Kong is taken back at this time, it will use its strength to easily climb to an unprecedented peak. If the return fails, it may roll down from the mountain due to lack of strength.Therefore, Hong Kong's economy is decisive for the Chinese government, and if there is an economic collapse in Hong Kong, they will back down.We should continue to play the economic card in order to blackmail the Chinese government and strive for the right to govern Hong Kong. This strategy was very much in the favor of Mrs Thatcher.She decided to take it.She said: We have to use every card in our hand to achieve the maximum effect.Mrs. Thatcher was already in a daze at this time.She is no longer discussing state affairs at this time, but playing cards at the gambling table.She has put almost all her hopes on this blow, and she will hold up the magic weapon of the economic card and slam it at the Chinese government... However, the Chinese government did not panic. It did not expect that Hong Kong was the first to be in chaos.Mrs Thatcher initially hoped that there would be some fluctuations in Hong Kong, but the fluctuations should be restrained, and the magnitude of the fluctuations should be determined by her, and adjusted according to the progress of the Sino-British negotiations.She wants to use Hong Kong to blackmail the Chinese government. For her, Hong Kong is indeed just a card to display her talent and energy.She is a politician, and can be said to be the best politician in Europe at present. Her main goal is to win, to defeat her opponent, just like she won the general election to defeat her Chinese opponent.She is different from those indecisive financial oligarchs and wealthy businessmen who need wealth, but she not only needs wealth, but more importantly, to win... Chaos in Hong Kong has been exacerbated by stalled Sino-British talks.Panic buying in the Hong Kong market suddenly started.Citizens lined up to buy rice, peanut oil and even fast food.Some entrants rushed to the bank to buy US dollars, or exchange Hong Kong dollars for gold and silver jewelry.Thousands of people rallied in Victoria Park to protest Hong Kong's return to China. Youde took extraordinary measures to stop this chaotic situation. He changed the previous government policy of not intervening in the Hong Kong dollar exchange rate, announced the takeover of Hang Lung Bank, and fixed the exchange rate of the US dollar to Hong Kong dollar at 1:7.8.He interviewed those short-sighted citizens, and stated his interests and interests. He had to take a long-term view. Only by ensuring the long-term prosperity of Hong Kong can the interests of Hong Kong citizens not be harmed. Due to Hong Kong's rapid development towards diversification and modernization in the 1970s, its economy has reached the level of Western developed countries. In 1980, the GDP of Hong Kong was 106 billion Hong Kong dollars, and the per capita output value was 20,933 yuan.In Asia, it is second only to Japan and higher than Singapore.Hong Kong has become a rich and beautiful city.The British Hong Kong government has indeed done a lot of work for the city's public sector, such as the construction of the Lion Rock Tunnel and the Submarine Tunnel, reclamation of land, and the construction of many public houses. The goal of one house, but it has enabled 2 million Hong Kong people to live in public housing with low rents, benefiting ordinary Hong Kong citizens a lot.The Hong Kong government has also built a road network that runs through the whole region, making its railways, highways and urban traffic close to those of developed countries. Due to the highly prosperous economy and abundant funds in the hands of the Hong Kong government, Hong Kong's social welfare industry has developed greatly, and Hong Kong has become a world-famous city of happiness. After the 1970s, the British Hong Kong government's expenditure on social welfare accounted for 5% or 6% of the total expenditure of the Hong Kong government.The Hong Kong government employs as many as 5,000 people for social welfare, and the number of social welfare objects is wider than that of large cities in developed countries. Hong Kong is a rich and beautiful city full of tall buildings and flowers, a city that has been infiltrated by the blood and sweat of the ancestors many times, and is now mutated into a beautiful city.It is extremely normal for Hong Kong people to be provoked by the British government to cause turmoil and chaos.They think that once Hong Kong returns to the mainland, their standard of living will drop sharply, and their welfare benefits will be lost, so they are like ants on a hot pot, panicking all day long. Especially those rich businessmen and big businessmen, it is even more difficult to sleep and eat.Among them, the British-funded consortium in Hong Kong originally believed that China's four modernizations were based on the long-term use of Hong Kong. In order to build the four modernizations, China had to make principled concessions to the UK on the Hong Kong issue.The current cabinet headed by Mrs Thatcher was tough and steady during the Falklands War, which gave Hong Kong a certain degree of certainty that it would continue to fall under British control.Therefore, before September 1982, they were basically not psychologically prepared to retreat, and they still invested a lot of money in stocks and real estate businesses in Hong Kong. The failure of Mrs Thatcher to fight against Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping surprised the British consortium.However, splashing water is difficult to collect, and a large amount of funds are tied up, which is difficult to recover in a short period of time. They can only passively resign themselves to their fate.They don't want to offend the Chinese government. If the Chinese government gets angry, they will burst into tears and lose nothing.But they also pin their hopes on the British government. If the negotiations are successful and Hong Kong's contract renewal is successful, they will still be the most dazzling pearl in Hong Kong. They hate those officials in the Hong Kong British government who stand up and talk without back pain. They are empty-handed and full of taboo. sad.Therefore, they often lobbied Hong Kong Governor Youde not to be strategic and offend China for no reason. They loved and hated Mrs. Thatcher.What I love is that her toughness may win the ruling power of Hong Kong, and they will benefit endlessly; what I hate is that her blindness of toughness is likely to anger the Chinese government to take extreme measures, and they will be the biggest victims. The British consortium in Hong Kong also wanted to take a step back and simply return to China to avoid it.Unexpectedly, domestic consortiums regard them as outsiders and do not accept them, and are afraid that they will rob their own business. They will hurt Hong Kong customers with sarcastic remarks and direct arrows, so they have to turn their eyes back to Hong Kong and withdraw their heads. Hong Kong, waiting, waiting... The Chinese consortium in Hong Kong is even more emotional at the moment.It is really not easy for them to develop to today.Ms. Chen Xiangmei's words best represent the arduous journey of Chinese entrepreneurship: Over the years, many people started from scratch, how did they come back to this world?Not by the British, but by the Chinese themselves... From the beginning to today's Hong Kong, whether it is in shipping, finance, commerce, or construction, real estate, manufacturing, whether it is migrant workers or entrepreneurs, the Chinese have played an important role in it.According to the statistics of the British Hong Kong government, in 1841, the population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450, of which there were only 230 British. 150 years later, in 1995, among the 6.3 million population of Hong Kong, Hong Kong compatriots with yellow skin and black eyes still accounted for more than 95% of the total population. Chinese people have always been the main body of Hong Kong's social and economic life.For example, the business history of Hong Kong was developed by the Chinese themselves. 19世纪50年代，随着香港转口港地位的逐渐确立，善于经营的香港商人抓住机会，用帆船和火轮为工具向远在北美、大洋洲和东南亚的中国劳工运送去家乡的土特产品，再带回当地的特产销往内地，并因此沟通中国内地南北方的贸易往来，形成了专营南来北往货物的南北行、文泰行、南洋庄等香港最早的中国商铺，而且是香港早期经济中不可忽视的力量。南北行初建时相当于现在的摊贩，和英国及其他国家在香港建立的公司是不可以相比的。为了抵御强大的有经济实力的洋商的行业垄断，中国商人在文贤街成立了颇具影响力的同业组织南北行公所。 到了1881年，香港第8任总督轩尼诗时期，香港每季交纳地税超过千元的18家业主中，有17家都是中国商人，只有一家是洋商。此时，华人商人的财富在某种程度上已压倒了洋商，他们掌握了香港发行的大部分货币，在商界享有声誉和地位的豪门旺族相继出现，华人经济已经成为香港社会发展的重要力量。到19世纪末，香港每年转口货物已达1400多万吨，财政收入达420多万元。随着当代经济车轮的疾驰，香港最终确立了世界中转贸易港的地位，香港的华人财团就是这样一步步走到今天的。就像通常生活在淡水里的鱼一样，虽然它们成了大鱼，但并不熟悉海洋，不懂得如何在海洋里生活。随着1997年香港回归的潮声渐近，耳中尽收涛鸣之声，他们感到惶恐和心中无底。对于社会主义的中国，他们缺乏了解。他们担心香港被赤化，他们的财产被没收，它们将永久丧失香港这样的天堂。 就是抱着这样的复杂心理，1984年5月9日，香港行政、立法两局非官守议员九人代表团赴英请命。 他们代表着香港的华人财团，或者说仅仅代表着不了解社会主义制度的华人财团。 也不能说他们不爱祖国。 就这些人来说，他们热爱祖，但他们不爱社会主义。社会主义从理论上讲是难以出现像他们这样的豪富的。社会主义是追求人人有衣穿，人人有饭吃，人人有工做，耕者有其田，住者有其屋，安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。而香港是资本主义，追求个人成功，一人独步天下。正像撒切尔夫人53岁生日演讲时所说：社会主义已不再受人欢迎了。反对才智和差别，就是反对人才，反对自立，反对创造性，反对天才，就是反对生活中一切丰富多彩的东西。遏制成功的，就是惩罚那些需要帮助的人。撒切尔夫人是英国首相，想必香港人都熟知她的高论，而香港是资本主义社会，想必撒切尔夫人这些维护资产阶级的话语绝对是官方话语，她的这些话很对富商们的心思。他们抵触社会主义。 九人代表团离港前发表新闻公报和《香港前途问题的声明》，声称他们代表香港人的意见和愿望，说什么香港和中政治体制各异，即使不臻于互相敌对，也是互不相容的。 他们甚至还要游说英国政府，说中国政府日后可能借着协议与基本法有所抵触，而单方面不顾协议，因此规劝英国政府不应冒险去签订协议。 他们还说，为了中英双方保证确实遵守协议条款，1997年后英国应保留若干程度上的地位。 但是，两局非官守议员的声明立即引起香港人民的一片嘘声。香港学联向两局非官守议员办事处提交《意见书》，表示不同意九人代表团的声明。港九工会联合会副会长郑耀堂发表谈话指出，两局非官守议员的《声明》，是与香港大多数人的意愿相违背的。九人代表团只代表少数人，绝不能代表香港六百万人。它们这样做只会阻碍中英双方达成协议。Opinions vary.The sword is on the verge of breaking out.香港面临着深刻的政治危机和经济危机。 美国学者威廉，弗霍尔特这样评论此时的香港——英国顽固地抓住殖民权力不放的做法，也产生了严重的不良后果。首相撒切尔夫人最初采取的不必要的对抗态度给谈判定了调，并在香港造成了极大的不安感。考虑到1982年香港的政治问题的严重性以及全球性经济的紧张程度，股票市场和经济出现严重问题是势所难免的，撒切尔夫人不现实的谈判姿态使股票市场的投资者损失了数十亿美元，并使席卷香港的公司和个人破产的大浪潮更为严重。1983年9月，香港社会近于崩溃。一场金融危机几乎摧毁了港币的价值，社会恐慌笼罩着这块殖民地。如果港币危机继续下去，香港作为一个自由和自治社会的历史就会于1983年9月结束。 确如威廉先生所言，香港几被撒切尔夫人所害。百年功业，就要毁于一旦了。 香港迅速向恐慌的深渊跌落，跌落…… 鉴于英国政府的赌徒行为，邓小平在北京会见来访的英国前首相希思时说，英国想用主权换取治权是行不通的。邓小平谈笑间以绵里藏针的抻情请来访的英国人转告撒切尔夫人，希望她能转变态度，不要等到1984年9月中国不得不单方面公布解决香港问题方针政策的局面，若是那样的话，撒切尔夫人的面子就不好看了，英国的声誉就会受到影响。 1983年9月27日，中国国务院港澳办主任姬鹏飞在接见香港客人时也断然宣布：中国政府决不允许香港独立。1997年7月1日，中国一定要收回香港！ 鉴于香港华人政界和财团不甚了解中国政策，中方主帅邓小平一连几次接见港澳来访同胞。 1983年6月11日上午，邓小平在人民大会堂会见香港工商界访京团全体成员。 1984年5月24日，邓小平又会见了港澳政协人大代表。 6月23日，邓小平还会见了香港知名人士钟士元、邓莲如、利国伟…… 邓小平在会见时向港澳同胞详细介绍了关于一国两制，关于反对三脚凳，关于在香港派驻中国人民解放军等项问题： 邓小平以十分严厉的口吻批驳了三脚凳的伎俩。他对曾是九人代表团成员的香港知名人士钟士元等人说：我不承认什么三脚凳，我只承认两脚，即中国政府和英国政府，香港问题我们会通过谈判解决的…… 他说，不相信中国人有能力管好香港，这是老殖民主义遗留下来的思想状态。如果现在还有人谈信心问题，对中华人民共和国，对中国政府没有信任感，那末，其他一切都谈不上了。我们相信香港人能治理好香港，否则香港人也是决不会答应的。 关于港人治港问题，邓小平提出必须要有一个标准。就是必须由以爰国者为主体的港人来治理香港。未来香港特区政府的主要成分是爰国者，当然也容纳别的人，还可以聘请外国人当顾问。邓小平说：什么叫爱国者？爱国者的标准是，尊重自己的民族，诚心诚意拥护国恢复行使对香港的主权，不损害香港的繁荣和稳定。我们不要求他们都赞成中国的社会主义制度，只要求他们爱祖国，爱香港。 邓小平是一个严厉的老人，又是一个和蔼的长者。他的话准确而又犀利，实实在在而又高屋建瓴。他是世界上少有的注重实际不尚空谈的政治家。他的充满人格魅力的话语使惶恐不安的香港人渐渐平静下来了…… 会见港澳政协人大代表时，邓小平谈到了香港的驻军问题。香港目下驻扎的英军仅一个旅的兵力，但军费开支却很大。1975年12月19日，英国政府同港英政府曾达成一个协议，由1976年4月开始，香港在第一年负担驻港英军的费用从当时的1.1亿元增加到2.2亿元，以后6年合约期内逐年增加，第二年为81亿元，第三年为337亿元。 显然这对香港来说是个沉重的负担。于是港人热切希望借香港回归之际由中国军队取而代之。但香港上层却对中国军队心存疑虑。中共上层派不派军队去香港驻守呢？这是一个谜团。香港上下都想破解它。曾有一个大陆官员说：中国军队不驻香港。此话一出，立时被香港记者捉个正着，拿来印遍了香港的大小报纸，舆论炒得沸沸扬扬。 这些事都传到了邓小平耳中。邓小平拍案说：香港是中国的领土，为什么不能驻军？没有这个权力，还叫什么中国领土？一槌定音，中国军队进驻香港成为定局。1996年1月28日，中华人民共和国国务院和中央军事委员会发布关于驻港部队组建完成的公告。公告全文如下： 根据中华人民共和国宪法赋予中国人民解放军的使命和《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》关于中央人民政府负责管理香港特别行政区防务的规定，为维护国家主权、统一和领土完整，保持香港特别行政区的繁荣和稳定，中华人民共和国中央人民政府派驻香港特别行政区的部队，经过精心准备，现已组建完成。驻香港部队由中国人民解放军陆军、海军和空军部队组成，隶属中华人民共和中央军事委员会领导。这支部队将于1997年7月1日零时正式进驻香港。中央人民政府派驻香港特别行政区负责防务的军队不干预香港特别行政区的地方事务。香港特别行政区政府在必要时，可向中央人民政府请求驻军协助维持社会治安和救助灾害。驻军人员除须遵守全国性的法律外，还须遵守香港特别行政区的法律。驻军费用由中央人民政府负担。 1997年7月1日，当这一天果真来临时，香港市民就会惊喜地发现，昨夜陡来新雨，香港满城都被浓郁的绿色护卫起来了……在会见港澳同胞时，邓小平谈得最多的还是一国两制。港人对中国政府所说的港人治港、一国两制等治港方案半信半疑。有人说邓小平的治港方案是如来神掌方案。说他就像如来佛的手掌一样，可以千变万化，可以无边无际，即使港人有孙悟空那样的能耐，仍然逃不出如来佛的手心。 邓小平看过，童年时，这是他喜爱的小说之一。香港人把自己比作孙悟空，而把他为代表的中国政府比作如来佛，从某些方面看倒也贴切。香港毕竟是中国版图上微小的一个点，当年慈禧太后用放大镜才察看到的地方，即使把它的全部能量释放出来，只能给大陆以震动，却不能动摇这棵参天大树。对于中国，它就是蚂蚁缘槐，就是九牛一毛，就是如来佛和孙悟空的关系，这是定数，是谁也无法颠倒的事实。然而，香港虽小，却不能轻看，它的作用和地位又非一般地区可比，因此，要格外经心。邓小平知道香港问题非同小可，应该认真对待，这是他重新执政以来一直倾注心血的重要原因。但是，香港怎么说也是祖国的一部分，香港人是华夏子孙，是黑头发黄皮肤的同胞，中国人与中国人无需斗法弄神，只要将香港主权回归祖国就是了，只要它掌管在爱国者手里就是了。 英国人管理香港，采取的是无为而治的政策，就是不干预政策。伦敦在这一点上显示了它的智慧。不管是工党和保守党，只要在台上，就会推行不干预政策。即使有些明显对英国本土有利的事情，内阁也不会放弃香港原则。因为英国政府明白，只有给香港充分的自主权，让它在国际间逐渐坐大，它才会给英国带来更大的好处。邓小平深知英国人的聪明之处。等香港主权回归中国之后，中国完全可以效仿英国政府的香港政策，将香港养在深闺，让它更加亮丽娇艳，就会引来世界各地的崇拜者，那样只会对中国有利而无害处。 邓小平知道港澳来访者的种种顾虑和担忧，看着他们，就像一个和蔼的长者看着一个年轻的来访者。邓小平觉得有必要把有些情和盘托出，这既是对他们心中疑问的一个回答，也是对全世界的一个宣告。 邓小平说，我们也不来如来神掌。我的治港意见是十六个字： 收回主权，保持繁荣；港人治港，增加信心。我们将根据香港的特殊地位设立特别行政区，要点大致如下： 一、不派党委书记，也不派市长。 二、资本主义不变。现行的立法局、行政局和原有的政府机构可以不变。港币仍可流通。 三、不会把香港的生活水平同大陆拉平。 四、特别行政区不同于西藏、新疆、广西等少数民族自治区，也不同于深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门等经济特区，它的法律可以不同，可以享有高度的自治权，高度的外权、独立的财政权、自主的人事权力，香港居民可以拥有私人企业、生产资料、外汇，香港可以维持自由港地位，各国货物可自由输入，各国人士可自由入境，香港居民可自由出境旅行、自由移民。 邓小平说：一个国家、两种制度，我们已经讲了很多次。全国人民代表大会已通过了这个政策。有人担心这个政策会不会变，我说不会变。核心的问题是这个政策对不对。如果是对的，就变不广。如果政策不对，就可能变。中国现在实行对外开放，对内搞活经济的政策，有谁改得了？如果改了，中国80的人的生活就要下降，我们就会丧失这80%的人的人心。因此决定的因素是政策对不对。我们的路走对了，人民赞成，就变不了。我们曾经向全世界承诺，1997年后，香港的现行制度50年不变，实际上，50年只是一个形象的讲法，50年后也不会变。前50年是不能变，50年之后是不需要变。 邓小平向香港人民郑重宣告，他的活是算数的，是经过深思熟虑、集中全国人民智慧、代表整个中国政府郑重提出来的，这一切将会载入以后的中英联合声明，它将在联合国备案，其具体设想，将会写进《基本法》，用法律的形式固定下来。这一切说明，中国共产党和中国政府历来是言必信，行必果，是说到做到的。 这场来自英国伦效的黑色风暴终于被一双巨大的手臂挡阻下来，它将成为一段往啪载入香港回归祖国的史册上。 1984年9月5日，历经坎坷的中英谈判由于中国领导人的努力而再次回到谈判桌边。此时正是秋天，当两国代表互相凝视的时候，季节的暗示便像秋阳一样跳跃出来。中国首席代表周南对英方首席代表伊文思说，你到北京后，经过冬天、春天和夏天，现在到了秋天，现在到了收割庄稼的时候了。伊文思热烈地回应说，这样的日子也让我想起英国9月的庄园，是啊，收获的季节到了。 实际上，一年长于百年。这是一个世纪的冬天、春天和夏天，是香港在1842年被割占那一天就开始计算的。经过一百多年漫长的季节转换，金色的世纪秋天终于到来了。 1984年9月18日，中英双方就全部问题达成了协议。1984年9月26日，周南和伊文思草签了协议。 紧接着，中英两国依照各自的法律程序进行了审议。中国方面，全国人民代表大会常委会通过审议，于1984年11月16日通过决议同意中英正式签署《联合声明》。 英国方面，先是12月6日，下院批准了协议草案，又于12月10日，上院一致通过了《联合声明》（草案）。 1984年12月18日20时20分，英国首相撒切尔夫人的专机平稳地降落在北京首都机场。在鲜花、掌声和闪光灯构成的热烈气氛里，撒切尔夫人和随行的杰弗里，豪外交大臣及夫人等走下了飞机。 撒切尔夫人此行是专程签署中英《联合声明》而来的。1984年12月19日下午5时30分，中英关于香港问题的《联合声明》正式签字仪式在人民大会堂西大厅隆重举行。 中共中央顾问委员会主任邓小平、中华人民共和国主席李先念出席了签字仪式。 签字大厅里激荡着醉人的春意。邓小平伫立在大厅正中，脸上浮现出灿烂的笑容，他的目光柔和而辽远。在他目光的注视下，中国总理赵紫阳和英国首相撒切尔夫人在签字桌前落坐，拿起中国的台式英雄金笔，代表本国政府在《联合声明》上签了字…… 签字后，中英两国首脑先后讲了话。撒切尔夫人说：中国领导人对谈判采取了高瞻远瞩的态度，对此我谨向他们表示敬意。一国两制的构想，即在一个家中保留两种不同的政治、社会和经济制度，是没有先例的。它为香港的特殊历史环境提供了富有想象力的答案。这一构想树立一个榜样，说明看来无法解决的问题如何才能解决以及应该如何解决。 在我这方面，我保证，英国政府将尽其所能使这个协议成功。我们将自而愉快地按照英国管理的最高原则来管理香港，直到1997年6月30日为止。我们将以符合人民最高利益的方式，卓有远见地和谨慎地管理香港。根据协议的规定，我们将通过联合联络小组同中国政府磋商，以保证顺利的过渡，我们感到高兴的是，这种磋商将跨越1997年直至2000年。 撒切尔夫人在中英谈判过程中说了许多话，有多半是带有偏执的、破坏性及言不由衷的。唯有这一次确实是发自内心的、公正的和善意的。通过中英谈判，撒切尔夫人看到了她从未看到过奇异的政治风景，看到了闪烁着东方智慧和比铁更坚硬的中国领导人邓小平的风采，她为和他交过手而自豪。虽然她颇有闪失，但她输在邓小平手下，她并不感到难为情。更何况她的话还留有了余地，因为从签订声明到真正的香港回归中国还有许多时日，中英之间还要协商，还在争执，还有很长的路要走…… 撒切尔夫人的讲话一结束，邓小平就满面笑容地走到了她的面前，二人同时举起了香槟酒。中英两国两个最坚硬的入脸上共同浮出了最动人的笑容…… 大厅里，出席签字仪式的李先念主席、国务院总理赵紫阳、国务委员兼国务院港澳杯务办公室主任姬鹏飞、国务委员兼外交部长吴学谦和谈判人员、英国外交大臣杰弗里豪和其他英国贵宾以及应邀专程参加庆祝签字仪式的101位香港各界人士一齐鼓掌，相互碰杯，共同祝贺这一重大的历史时刻…… 中英《联合声明》全称为《中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明》。《联合声明》宣告中国政府将在1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权。《联合声明》有二个附件：1、《中华人民共和国政府对香港的基本方针政策的具体说明》；2、《关于中英联合联络小组》；3、《关于土地契约》。 尤德自始至终参与了中英两国的22轮谈判，两个国家从断难融合到走到一起，并且签订了《联合声明》，使他感慨良多。 他举起了香槟酒，在大厅里走来走去，与中国谈判人员频频敬酒。他为英国的明智之举高兴，也为中国回归香港高兴…… 1986年12月5日，尤德在北京因心脏病突发逝世，终年62岁。他是香港唯一死在任期内的总督。 尤德去世后，新任港督是卫奕信。 1991年12月31日，卫奕信接到离职命令。接替他职务的是前英国保守党主席克里斯托弗帕藤，中文名字彭定康，意思为安定康宁。这个名字倒很适合香港目下的情况，香港的《华侨日报》发表文章说：彭定康无疑是末代总督，他的主要任务，就是维持香港的自由、稳定与繁荣，并在五年内寻求发展，以便顺利过渡到1997年。 彭定康出生于1944年5月，英格兰人，祖父是地道的农民，父亲是音乐出版商。他毕业于牛津大学巴利奥尔学院历史系，专业是现代史，后曾获荣誉文学士学位。 彭定康是英国政界的新锐，是风头颇盛的实力派人物。1974年，年仅30岁的彭定康便出任保守党研究部主任，成为保守党领袖的主要智囊，一系