Chapter 15 Chapter Fourteen Days in Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi

According to the "Kangdaolu Campaign Plan", starting from late February 1936, the Red Fourth Army divided into three groups, evacuated Tianquan, Lushan, and Baoxing areas, and marched towards Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi. It was an unprecedentedly arduous march.Along the way, the Red Army had to cross two snow-capped mountains - Jiajin Mountain and Zheduo Mountain.Counting it, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng and other comrades from the original one side have passed through Jiajin Mountain for the third time, and it is also the second time for comrades from the Fourth Front Army.This time it was a winter march, and it was much more difficult than the previous two.The commanders and fighters of the Red Army showed a revolutionary spirit of not being afraid of hardships and dangers, and gained a certain amount of experience, so they turned over in one day.When going down the mountain, people and horses slid down together, rolling like snowballs.Zheduo Mountain is located on the road from Danba to Daofu, with an altitude of more than 5,000 meters.The mountains are covered with snow all the year round, the air is thin, and storms and avalanches often occur.Liu Bocheng and Li Xiannian led the Red 30th Army to open the way in front, providing experience for the follow-up troops.The Red Army made full preparations. Each person brought three days of food, and collected all the clothes, furs, peppers, and dry firewood that could keep out the cold. They set off in the afternoon of the first day and spent the night halfway up the mountain.At night, the wind howled, the snow fell, and the temperature dropped to minus 20 to 30 degrees Celsius.The clothes of the Red Army were frozen into ice tubes, their heads and faces were covered with frost, and the weaker ones could not get up.At dawn the next day, the Red Army marched towards the top of the mountain, and finally crossed the top of the mountain before noon.Zheduo Mountain was conquered by the Red Army again.Compared with the Central Red Army who went north, they only climbed Jiajin Mountain once, while the Fourth Front Army crossed the snow-capped mountains twice and the grasslands three times. Only they knew how much they had suffered.The same is the Red Army, following Mao Zedong and following Zhang Guotao, the fate is so different!

On March 15, the Red Army headquarters arrived in Daofu, and then stationed in Luhuo.The Li Baobing Department of the Sichuan Army was also an idiot, and it collapsed in the First World War. The vanguard of the 30th Army occupied Ganzi, an important town in western Sichuan.Nona Living Buddha, appointed by Chiang Kai-shek as the "Xikang Consolation Envoy", fled and was captured by the local chieftain in Zhanhua (now Xinlong) and handed over to the pursuing 4th Red Army.In this way, by mid-March, the Red Fourth Front Army controlled a vast area from Danba in the east, Ganzi in the west, Zhanhua in the south, and Jinchuan in the north.The Ganzi, Daofu, and Luhuo areas were areas that the Red Army had never visited before. The economic situation was slightly better than that of Maogong and Xiaojinchuan. The Red Army got a chance to rest here.

The Fourth Front Army didn't intend to stay here for a long time, but just wanted to raise enough food and go north immediately.At this time, the news came: the Second and Sixth Army Corps had moved to Northwest Yunnan, preparing to go north to join the Fourth Front Army.Zhu De suggested that the Fourth Front Army should rest on the spot and wait for the arrival of the Second and Sixth Army Corps. Everyone agreed.Unexpectedly, on April 1, Lin Yuying suddenly called to force the Fourth Front Army to go south.Telegram says: Lin Yuying's telegram made it difficult for the leaders of the Fourth Front Army to understand.The southward movement clearly failed, but the central government ordered the Fourth Front Army to go southward again.Isn't this going to ruin the Fourth Front Army?This may be the central government's judgment that Zhang Guotao wanted to lead the Second and Fourth Front Army to escape to Xichang, but no one actually had this idea.After weighing, Zhu De made up his mind.Without changing the action plan, the Fourth Front Army still rests in place, prepares supplies, and waits for the Second Front Army to join up and go north together.In this way, the Fourth Front Army lived in the Daofu and Luhuo areas for more than three months, which was a relatively long period of peace during the Long March.

Marching and fighting, everyone's nerves are in a state of tension.Once idle, many problems in the army became prominent.Troop management, ideological and political work, ethnic relations, base area construction, and other issues need to be properly handled. During the period of Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Tongnanba, Zhang Guotao launched a campaign to eliminate counter-revolutionaries and killed a large number of cadres.He killed almost all the intellectuals in the Red Fourth Front Army and the cadres from the Whampoa Military Academy.He used the excuse of promoting workers and peasants cadres to engage in cronyism.As long as you are loyal to Zhang Guotao, no matter what your ability is, you can be promoted quickly.Xu Yixin recalled: "Zhang Guotao has a characteristic. He rewards any cadre he wants to reward in his own name. Find him there, stay with him for a few days (in the guard class), and he will be promoted after he comes out. The same method is used for making mistakes. Ask him to stay in that security squad for a few days, and if he gets better, he will be dealt with lightly, and if he is not good, he will be sent to the Security Bureau." As a result of this, most of the cadres of the Fourth Front Army have a very low level of education, and Li Xiannian, who has a strong party spirit and is capable of fighting The number of worker and peasant cadres is very rare.Most of them are brave in war, but their style is rude and their political literacy is poor.The Yu Tianyun incident that happened at this time is a profound lesson.

Yu Tianyun was born in Huang'an (now Hong'an), Hubei. Born in 1906, participated in the Huang (An) Ma (City) riot in 1927, and joined the party in 1928.In the period of Hubei, Henan and Anhui, he was promoted quickly with combat bravery. In 1932, he served as the head of the 36th regiment of the 4th Red Army. In 1933, he was promoted directly from the head of the regiment to the commander of the army.He fought many times and was wounded several times.Fighting is not afraid of death, but it does not pay attention to tactics, it is reckless.Comrades from the Fourth Front Army said that this person is good in nature, but he has no brains.When he went south, he commanded the 31st Army and was defeated. In November 1935, he was dismissed by Zhang Guotao and sent to the Red Army University to study as the chief of the senior command section.

Liu Bocheng, the chief instructor of the Red Army University, is a person with strong principles and rich military knowledge and practical experience.Although Zhang Guotao dismissed Liu's chief of staff because Liu Bocheng opposed his establishment of a separate "central government", he had to obey Liu Bocheng in military affairs.He said: "Liu Bocheng, the one-eyed general, was born as an old military officer in Sichuan. Regardless of military knowledge and practical experience, he is considered an outstanding talent among our peers. He has always advocated that Red Army cadres should learn regular tactics, and guerrilla experience can only be used in conjunction with it." .” Zhang Guotao agreed with this.In view of the lessons learned from the failure of going south, he hoped that Liu Bocheng would pass on the knowledge of military regularization to the cadres of the Fourth Front Army.

Unexpectedly, Yu Tianyun didn't believe this. Not long after entering the Red Army University, he openly contradicted Liu Bocheng.The reaction Zhang Guotao heard was: "Liu Bocheng's formal tactical thinking finally conflicted with the guerrilla concept. Yu Tianyun, a student of the Red Army School, has the strongest guerrilla concept. He was born as a farmer, smart and stubborn, and was promoted from a soldier with military exploits. Platoon commander and company commander, he was promoted to army commander. He served as regiment commander for several years, and also served as division commander and army commander for a short period of time. Because the division and army commander positions require higher military knowledge, he was transferred to Training at the Red Army School. As a senior cadre, he had disputes with Liu Bocheng and other instructors on several tactical issues. This dispute developed into a violation of school discipline. The principal He Wei was his old boss. He came forward to stop it, but he still refused to accept it. , was sentenced to short-term confinement."

Things are not as simple as Zhang Guotao said.From Yu Tianyun's arrogance and ignorance, Liu Bocheng saw the perniciousness of the hooligan-proletarian habits among the cadres of the Fourth Front Army, and also felt the necessity of educating them on Marxism-Leninism and proletarian party spirit.Yu Tianyun is by no means an accidental phenomenon, but the evil result of Zhang Guotao's nepotism and policy of obscuring the people.Therefore, Liu Bocheng wants to take Yu Tianyun as a typical example.He wrote an article, which was published in the first issue of the political journal "Red Furnace" of the Fourth Front Army on December 16, 1935.The title of the article is: "Where are Yu Tianyun's thoughts and actions manifested? How can we continue to carry out the struggle against him?" "

Liu Bocheng pointed out: Yu Tianyun's erroneous thoughts and actions are mainly manifested in the following aspects: The first is opposition party leadership and education.He said: "As long as you can fight the war, it's enough. How about political work and political life? Land laws and regulations are nothing if you can't fight the war. You don't need to read political documents, and you don't need to study politics and military affairs. When you enter school, you just sit in the security bureau." So he has only participated in one party meeting in the few years since he joined the party. When he was the head of the 36th regiment, he scolded and disbanded the general branch meeting of the regiment and opposed political work.I don't know the importance of our party striving for the sole leadership in the national revolutionary war.Our Red Army should strengthen the party's leadership education, as a prerequisite for leading this war.As far as the above-mentioned phenomenon of not talking about politics, not reading documents, and not willing to study, where does the party's leadership and education come from?

The second is the phenomenon of random killing, beating and cursing.Because Yu Tianyun is opposed to political work, of course he cannot stand on his own class position in the Red Army or outside the Red Army to carry out political work in order to win over and unite the broad masses and act in unison under the will of the party and regime.Therefore, he extremely developed the warlord's hooliganism, killing people, beating and swearing at will, as a means to carry out his own intentions.When he kills and beats people, he usually calls them "reorganization faction" and "AB group".Our Red University is still discovering such bad phenomena.These comrades thought that if they put on a murderous prestige, who would dare not obey orders?But not knowing that killing and beating at random means losing one's own beliefs and loosening the unity of the masses, which is harmful to the revolution.

The third is corruption and theft.Yu Tianyun even though the traffic team pretended to be a bandit in Qingchuan, robbed people and stole the subordinate's telescope.Now our Hongda University still has this kind of bad phenomenon.Stealing behaviors often occur in various departments. These strong private concepts disregard the interests of the workers and peasants and the revolutionary order, which should never happen in the Red Army. Fourth, there are unorganized actions and unorganized perceptions.Yu Tianyun focused on replenishing his own transportation and horse riding options, and did not want to enrich his combat troops.Anyone can only respect his traffic team, and the director of the school's political department cannot manage his groom who even steals horses.If the party is involved in its team affairs, it will be called a petty bourgeois organization.This kind of action that undermines the organization of the Red Army, violates the principle of "the headquarters serves the army", and especially despises political organizations has become the most serious fact in the Red University. Fifth, it is the phenomenon of hypocrisy, conservatism, jealousy, narrow-mindedness and selfishness.In the past, Yu Tianyun said: Only the battles he has experienced are the correct tactics that can be conservative. Now some students in the Red University want to keep the habit of using guns without bayonets, and are unwilling to learn how to use bayonets.In the past, Yu Tianyun saw that his comrades had advantages, so he said they were worth "eggs".Now there are students in Hongda University who are jealous when they see comrades who have studied well.There are also comrades who have learned well who are unwilling to help comrades who are lagging behind.From Yu Tianyun's time to the present, Gao Zhike still focused on his own horses, messengers, washing his face and other private matters in the party meeting, and had unprincipled disputes, and he was afraid of criticism and quarrel with each other.There is little discussion of the party's tasks. Liu Bocheng said at the end of the article: "We peasants are a great revolutionary force under the leadership of the proletariat. However, some weaknesses arising from the environment of rural political and economic organizations are more or less manifested in the conservatism, dullness, Narrow selfishness, lack of globalization, calm analysis and organization. These weaknesses are easy to develop in the direction of the above-mentioned phenomena. Therefore, strengthening the leadership and education of the proletariat to improve the backwardness of the peasants has become one of our current fighting tasks one." It can be seen that the struggle between Liu Bocheng and Yu Tianyun is by no means just a battle of tactics, a battle between formal and guerrilla ideas as Zhang Guotao said, but a matter of principle related to the construction of the Red Army.Should the Red Army be built into a people's revolutionary army led by the proletariat and guided by Marxism-Leninism, or an armed force led by some uneducated, politically minded, and evil "kings of the mountain"?Does the party lead the army, or does the chief decide everything?Do you want strict proletarian discipline, or do you want to accommodate the style of warlords?If these problems are not resolved, it is impossible for the Red Army to develop healthily.After Liu Bocheng's article was published, it aroused strong repercussions from the cadres of the Fourth Front Army.Most people supported Liu Bocheng and condemned Yu Tianyun.Zhang Guotao also personally gave a speech at the Red Army University. He told comrades not to be complacent about guerrilla tactics, but to study regular tactics seriously.He also called on everyone, including himself, to learn from Liu Bocheng.And agreed to the school's punishment of Yu Tianyun.However, Zhang Guotao did not say anything about the political and ideological construction of the army. As a result of the struggle, the learning atmosphere of the Red Army University became thicker, and the positive atmosphere overwhelmed the evil spirit.But Yu Tianyun has been depressed. In April 1936, the Red Army School was transferred from Dangba to Danba.When passing through Dajinchuan, Yu Tianyun suddenly jumped off a high cliff and committed suicide by jumping into the river. Yu Tianyun's death shocked the entire army.Zhang Guotao admitted for the first time that "the cadres of the Fourth Front Army have serious warlord habits."But he was also very sad. Although Yu Tianyun was "stubborn and proud, heavy on power, and unscrupulous", after all, he was the one who single-handedly promoted him.When burying Yu Tianyun, Zhang Guotao spoke.He first mourned Yu Tianyun's death and praised his past military achievements. He was wounded several times and sacrificed himself to win the revolution.Then emphasize that suicidal behavior is wrong. "Ordinary comrades must stand the test of criticism and punishment. The discipline of the Red Army should be strict, and senior cadres should also abide by it." The death of Yu Tianyun also sounded the alarm for everyone.If political and ideological work is abandoned, the army will be in great trouble, and any kind of accident may happen.Zhou Chunquan, director of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army, inspected the political work of the entire army and restarted the once slack work.In an article he wrote in February 1936, he said that after the failure of going south, "in terms of political work, he began to establish political work in the march, improve political discipline, and oppose the phenomenon of beating and scolding, all of which have made great progress. In terms of learning After launching the anti-Yu Tianyun struggle, not only Hongda has a new atmosphere, but also has a good influence in the army. Some military cadres used to live in a branch and did not read documents, but now they have begun to change.” After occupying Daofu and Luhuo, Zhang Guotao issued instructions on April 1, 1936.Among them, the "Political Guarantee Plan in the Battle Preparation Period" requires the troops to "organize military and political study groups at all levels. The current research materials include work on ethnic minorities, the current political situation and the party's urgent tasks, cavalry tactics, experience in the southward campaign, and Northwest and Xikang Issues such as the political and economic situation are the main issues. Cadres who are currently available for study should be sent to Hongda University to study.”Emphasize that "all armies, especially the 31st Army (Yu Tianyun was the commander of the army - author's note) should pay attention to the political work when the troops are scattered, and overcome the behavior of violating discipline in the face of food difficulties, as well as the emotions of failure that may occur. In the 5th Army ( The former Fifth Red Corps of the Red Army on the one hand—author's note) should carry out hard-working political mobilization and education work in accordance with the general political order. For example, the slogan of "go to Ganzi to eat rice" is inappropriate."The "Political Guarantee Plan" issued by the General Political Department of the Fourth Front implemented Zhang Guotao's instructions concretely, pointing out that "raise the class awareness of party members, cadres, and soldiers, and fight against all peaceful views, passing views, fatigue, laxity, and negligence. Step up the education of the guards and security forces, and strictly guard against the attacks of Fanfan and the conspiracy of counter-revolutionaries. Political leaders at all levels should always pay attention to explaining the mission and significance of the Security Bureau in various meetings, and mobilize the branches to introduce the most loyal and most loyal members of the company. Active party and league members, as members of the security bureau work network, stepped up the anti-revolutionary work in the army and localities."The political and ideological work of the Fourth Front Army, which was originally weak, has made great progress since then.This is undoubtedly beneficial to strengthening the revolutionary and ideological unity of the troops.This is also the transformation of the Yu Tianyun incident from a bad thing to a good thing. After the failure of going south, the cadres of the Fourth Front Army began to doubt whether Zhang Guotao's line was correct.Although he didn't dare to say it clearly, there was a lot of discussion underneath.Yang Mingshan, the former political commissar of the 28th regiment of the 4th Army, recalled that when they were in Luhuo, they couldn't find any food one day, and they only ate a little half-baked barley.Yang Mingshan complained to the head of the regiment, Gao Hou'an: "Chairman Zhang is really right to lead us to eat green grass." Unexpectedly, it was reported to Zhang Guotao, and Yang Mingshan was immediately sent to study at the Red Army University.At night, they found someone watching and caught a young soldier. It turned out that the Security Bureau sent him to monitor these cadres, and if they heard anything bad about Chairman Zhang, they would report it.The cadres were all furious, and they went to the principal, He Wei, to settle accounts. This became a sensational "trouble" incident in the advanced department of Hongda University.Zhang Guotao wanted to suppress it, but Zhu De and Liu Bocheng firmly opposed it.Zhang Guotao had no choice but to ask them to speak.Zhu De said to everyone: "Comrades, we are about to go north now. We have suffered some grievances, but we must talk about unity and take the overall situation into consideration. The vast number of cadres and soldiers in the Fourth Front Army are all conscious, especially you, all veterans. Comrade, you must stand the test. If you look farther, the problem will be figured out." Under Zhu De's persuasion, the turmoil in Hongda subsided. Zhang Guotao also knew in his heart that his status and prestige had been shaken if he failed to go south.But he refused to admit his mistakes easily and returned to the correct route.In Daofu, he convened several cadre meetings, gave a long report, continued to attack the Party Central Committee, and justified his mistakes. At the meeting on March 15, 1936, when Zhang Guotao made the "Report on the Development of the Soviet Movement", he talked about the issue of going south and said: "Before the First and Fourth Front Armies converge, the withdrawal of the First Front Army from the Soviet Area is a retreat. But the leading comrades of the party at that time were very shy and covered up this hard fact. They did not dare to say that they were hit or that they were retreating. Instead, they said that they had won. This is not a scientific Marxist, but a braggart Everyone. Marxist-Leninists should admit the facts and point out that we are all in retreat at the moment. For example, at that time the Second and Sixth Army Corps had only established a foothold in western Hunan, and the Fourth Red Army crossed the Jialing River to develop westward. It is also a kind of retreat, but this retreat is orderly. When the first and fourth front armies meet later, we will have an opportunity to stop the retreat, counterattack the enemy, make ourselves stand firm, organize and expand our team, and carry out mobile warfare. Destroy the enemy. However, the leading comrades at the time underestimated this new situation, did not study the political situation at the time at all, did not recognize their own retreat, and everyone avoided medical treatment for fear of exposing their mistakes. The retreat was under the cover of "attacking the enemy northward". As a result, it developed into a desperate split of the Red Army and fleeing northward, resulting in the greatest criminal act in the history of the Chinese Communist Party. This criminal act weakened the favorable conditions at that time. " Zhang Guotao said: "Mao, Zhou, Zhang, and Bo said that going south is a dead end. There are terrain obstacles and enemies with superior forces when going south. At the same time, they also said that going south is a retreat route. This is of course nonsense. The facts of going south also prove that The absolute bankruptcy of their 'prophecy' was fulfilled. More than 80 enemy regiments were crushed and wiped out in the south, and the main Red Army was not only rested and reorganized, but also consolidated and expanded." Zhang Guotao probably felt that he was bragging and it was difficult to convince others, so he changed the subject and said: "Perhaps some comrades can ask questions like this: Didn't they stand for a long time when they went south! What's so strange about it? Isn't it clear? The Central Soviet Area was stable for four or five years, but the main force of the Red Army still withdrew from the Soviet Area. The same phenomenon occurred in the Soviet Areas such as Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi. As for the transfer of areas after the victory in the southward movement, it is not surprising. However, Whether it was possible for the Red Army not to leave the Soviet area in all respects at that time, I think it was possible objectively." "In a certain sense, going south was a victory and achieved our intended goal. Except for the consolidation and expansion of the main Red Army, etc. In addition, going south has given great cooperation to the Red Army throughout the country. If all the First and Fourth Front Armies had gone to northern Shaanxi at that time, then Xue Yue, Hu Zongnan, Wang Jun, and a total of more than 100 regiments could follow us to northern Shaanxi. It was even more difficult. It was precisely because the main force of the Red Army went south that it contained and attracted the enemy, enabling the First and Third Armies to reach northern Shaanxi smoothly. It also enabled the Second and Sixth Armies to develop mobile warfare smoothly. In this regard, Going south is also of great significance.” Before the decisive battle of Baizhang, Xue Yue knew that the split of the Red Army gave the Kuomintang army every opportunity to defeat them.And Zhang Guotao is still advocating the great significance of going south, who can he convince?Therefore, Zhang Guotao must also admit some facts.He said: "The main reason why we left Tian, ​​Lu, and Ya this time is that the enemy has a comparatively superior force. We are unwilling to compete with the enemy and move to seek new developments where the enemy's strength is relatively weak. This is of course It is also an act of retreat, but this retreat is orderly and of our own initiative." When Zhang Guotao said this, his tone became severe: "Comrades! We must also understand that the center of our debate with Mao, Zhou, Zhang, and Bo is the issue of offensive routes and escape routes, not the so-called issue of going south or going north. So Our seizure of the Northwest has nothing in common with their flight north." After scolding the central government for the "escape route", Zhang Guotao said: "Comrades! Why did we come to this area? Could it be that we chose our favorite? Isn't it objectively necessary? About This, many comrades are speculating every day, very uneasy, and asking everywhere, I think this is inappropriate. Comrades, if you have any opinions, you can put them forward for discussion. Why do you want to talk nonsense everywhere and cause a stormy atmosphere in the city? Is this beneficial to the revolution? Now some comrades are only preparing to work at the height of the revolution, and in the current environment of hard struggle, many wrong deviations have occurred. Some are talking, discussing whether it is right to go south, and whether it is right for Mao to go north. , Zhou, Zhang, Bo surrendered, and so on. Comrades, you must be clear that in today's environment, the party that has the political power and the army and is leading the Red Army is very restricted in its criticism. Because free criticism can only distract us, this This phenomenon is something we must resolutely oppose.” In the end, Zhang Guotao warned everyone: "We are a party with political power and an army, and democracy within the party is subject to some restrictions. Every comrade must now restrain himself, and don't talk casually. Obey the party's rules on all political issues. Resolutions, any kind of destructive phenomenon caused by discussing the resolutions of the party in groups of three or five in secret, will be hit with a hammer. Each party member can submit opinions to the leading organ in advance, but after the decision is made, it must be implemented unanimously. Intentionally Arousing suspicion, activities like small organizations, etc., are just an act of helping the enemy to harm oneself, and every comrade should carefully restrain himself." However, the contradictions and problems that have accumulated for a long time cannot be resolved by Zhang Guotao.Climbing the snow-capped mountains back and forth, failing the bloody battle southward, and retreating to the sparsely populated Tibetan area, even simple-minded people have to put a question mark.When a person's mood is low, he doesn't feel like doing anything.The discipline and management of the troops are in trouble, and the morale is not as high as when they "went to Chengdu to eat rice" when they went south. On April 1, Zhang Guotao convened a meeting of organ activists and delivered a long speech.First, let's talk about the significance of establishing a base area in the Northwest, then talk about the struggle against the central government's line, and then talk about the policy of ethnic minorities. The last part is about some problems within the army.Zhang Guotao listed the wrong behaviors and said: "First, the reckless disturbance, some of them have developed into the behavior of bandits. Second, they despise local agencies and call themselves 'old revolutionaries'. Third, there is no spirit of class friendship. The water mill, throwing away the food that can't be eaten casually. Fourth, thinking that if you want to raise food, you can only stir it up. Fifth, selfishness, only meeting a small part of the requirements, giving up on yourself, drunkenness, and being negative about work. All these The erroneous tendency of the Communist Party cannot be tolerated for a moment. Because it will cause a great crime, lose the prestige of the Party, the government, and the Red Army, weaken our own unity, and ruin the masses. ... There is another criminal act : Our communication company didn’t find any reaction, so it fired 80 bullets randomly. The health department of the 9th Army fired a lot of bullets to catch a pig. Comrades, think about it, our bullets are not enough, our bullets are going to Why waste bullets when you hit the enemy? Are you going to be a bandit or a commoner after firing the bullets? You are so stupid!" "Secondly, in our army, we must step up our efforts to oppose the phenomenon of beating and scolding, and at the same time oppose the tendency of extreme democratization. This is manifested in the poor spirit of carrying out orders, which can make our self-conscious iron discipline loose and degenerate. There is another A small number of people said: I can't study, I can't fight hard, I know that one day I will be killed, and the 'revolution' will be successful! Comrade, what are you talking about! This is simply a big fool who is drunk and dreaming, and a pitiful wail of despair .” "Among our senior cadres, individual comrades show slack in their work, do not abide by military secrets, talk about our military secrets everywhere, and express the concept of small groups. All these strange phenomena are caused by hard work. It was exposed during the period of struggle. This is a blatant expression of pessimism and disappointment that a small number of comrades do not believe in the creation of the Northwest Base Area, do not work hard, surrender to difficulties, and repeat again: we must fight resolutely to make the The party's strategic line is being implemented smoothly." At this time, Zhang Guotao had resumed frequent telegram exchanges with the Northern Shaanxi Central Committee and Lin Yuying, and reached a compromise plan.In the situation where the general policy is gradually becoming consistent, the dispute should have stopped.However, Zhang Guotao still repeatedly attacked the central government at the fourth front army cadre meeting. Isn't it a rebellious and unreasonable move?In fact, this is a manifestation of Zhang Guotao's inner weakness.The failure of going south was a turning point in Zhang Guotao's political career. Even the cadres who were loyal to him in the grassland were doubting whether Zhang Guotao's confrontation with the central government was right?This suspicion will eventually manifest itself.Activists such as Chen Changhao have increasingly clearly supported Zhu De's proposition.Negative people are depressed, as Zhang Guotao said, and have no interest in work.However, although everyone has doubts, they have not publicly opposed Zhang Guotao.Because after all, everyone does not know the details of the struggle between the central government and Zhang Guotao.As for Lin Yuying's telegrams, only a few senior officials knew about them.So when Zhang Guotao shouted at the meeting, everyone fell silent.The ideological turmoil within the Fourth Front gradually calmed down. The Fourth Front Army returned to the Sichuan-Tibet ethnic area again, and the issue of ethnic relations has attracted everyone's attention.During the days when they joined forces with the First Army and went north together, the Tibetan armed forces in the Aba and Maoergai areas continued to attack the Red Army, causing heavy losses and difficulties in life to the Red Army, which is still fresh in the memory.Although there were instigation and instigation by the Kuomintang authorities and the Tibetan upper-class nobles here, the Red Army did not understand Tibetan folk customs, and various conflicts caused by fighting with the people for food were also an important reason for the tension between the Red Army and the Tibetans.This time the Red Army came to Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi, a new area that had never been set foot before. If they want to gain a foothold here, they must learn from past experience and lessons, and pay attention to improving ethnic relations. In the process of marching towards Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi, the Red Fourth Front Army also fought all the way.Sichuan warlord Li Baobing's troops were no match for the Red Army. Seeing the Red Army approaching, they quickly shrank their troops to Kangding, not daring to show their heads.On the contrary, the two living Buddhas, Nuo Na and Ge Cong, resisted stubbornly.When the 88th Division of the 30th Red Army marched towards Luhuo, Nuo Na and Ge Cong organized more than 1,500 lamas in Shouling Temple, the largest lama temple in Luhuo, and closed the gate to fight against the Red Army.When Nuona went to Shouling Temple to give lectures, he brought 100 rifles and nearly 10,000 rounds of ammunition.But before the arrival of the Red Army, Nona slipped away with an excuse, and the Living Buddha Ge Cong commanded the lamas to resist the Red Army. After the 88th Division surrounded Shouling Temple, they followed the instructions of their superiors, surrounded but did not fight, and carried out propaganda, striving for a peaceful solution.But Ge Cong ordered to shoot and kill the Red Army Tongsi (translator) who was shouting, and confronted the Red Army for 10 days.The nearby Tibetan armed forces came for reinforcements, and Ge Cong sent the lamas in the temple to form a "death squad" in an attempt to defeat the Red Army by cooperating with the outside world. The 88th Division fought bravely and defeated the lamas and Tibetan armed forces.At this time, Li Xiannian led the 89th Division to come for reinforcements, decided to outwit and withdraw from the encirclement to hide.The Lama of Shouling Temple thought that the Red Army was leaving and relaxed his vigilance.Li Xiannian took it by surprise and led the Red Army to attack Shouling Temple at night. Except Ge Cong and a few lamas who fled with him, most of them were captured. Zhang Guotao and Xu Xiangqian heard that the 30th Army had pulled out the nail of Shouling Temple, and immediately sent a telegram to instruct Chen Changhao in front: "The lamas captured in Shouning (Ling) Temple should be treated preferentially, and they should write letters to Ganzi and other places. The Lama Temple does not fight with me, and greatly announces our army’s policy towards Lamas.” In addition to obtaining a large amount of food and wool from the temple for military use, the 30th Army also properly protected the scripture halls, scriptures, and utensils in the temple, winning the support of lamas and Luhuo Tibetans . In early April 1936, the 88th Division of the Red 30th Army occupied Ganzi and marched to Rongbacha on the border with Dege.Chieftain Dege was afraid that the Red Army would enter the country, so he sent leader Xia Ke Daodeng to lead 2,000 Tibetan cavalry to stop the Red Army. Zheng Weishan, the political commissar of the 88th Division, ordered the 265th regiment to stand firm without fighting and strive for a peaceful solution.The Tibetan cavalry charged several times, but they were all beaten back by the firepower of the Red Army.At night, the Tibetans put up tents to sleep, Zheng Weishan ordered the head of the regiment, Zou Fengming, to capture some prisoners. The 265th Regiment is the famous "Night Tiger Regiment". It sneaked into the Tibetan camp without anyone noticing it, until it got into the tent of the headman Shakedao, and captured the headman alive.The Tibetan cavalry have no leader and are unable to attack the Red Army.Li Xiannian met Xia Ke Daodeng and publicized the Red Army's ethnic policy to him.Xia Ke Daodeng thanked the Red Army and wrote a letter to Chieftain Dege requesting an armistice.Chieftain Dege authorized Xia Ke Daodeng to sign a "Non-Aggression Agreement" with the Red Army. The Red Army would not enter Dege, and Chieftain Dege would not be an enemy of the Red Army.Xia Ke Daodeng also participated in the local government of the Red Army, raised food for the Red Army, and sent the Red Army northward. On the way to the west, the Red Army paid good attention to the ethnic policy, and received the support and support of the three major lamasery, Lingque Temple, Shouling Temple, and Ganzi Temple, which played an important role in stabilizing the situation in this area.Nona Living Buddha, who insisted on being hostile to the Red Army, was desperate and fled to Zhanhua.The chieftain of Zhanhua was unwilling to fight the Red Army for him, so he fought back and handed over the captured Nona to the Red Army.Chen Changhao met Nona in Ganzi and told him that the Red Army was not bandits who murdered and set fire, and protected Tibetans' freedom of religious belief.Nona's thinking has changed, and she is willing to get along with the Red Army in a friendly way.Wang Weizhou and his wife, who were in charge of taking care of him, took good care of Nona.Later, Nona died of typhoid fever, and the Red Army held a grand ceremony and funeral for him in accordance with Tibetan customs. After the Red Fourth Front Army entered Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi, in view of previous lessons, it particularly emphasized ethnic policies.At the cadre meeting on April 1, 1936, Zhang Guotao specifically talked about this issue.He said: "Fan people are superstitious about religion, they believe in Sakyamuni's Lamaism. No matter what the Fan people have to do, whether it is planting, herding animals, disease, wedding or funeral, or having children, they always go to the lama. Therefore, The supreme authority of the Lama has been established among the Fan people. No wonder every Fan family has exquisite scripture halls and scriptures. It is no wonder that destroying his scripture hall is more severe than digging his ancestral grave. Fight to the death." "When we laid down Daofu, all the lamas in Lingque Temple ran away. Later, the lamas sent people to us and asked not to destroy their scripture halls, scriptures, and Bodhisattvas. He promised to send our horses alone. Give away one. But when the lama’s representative entered the Lingque Temple and saw that we had destroyed their scriptures and bodhisattvas, he ran away! Comrades, why do we do such stupid things? We must destroy them Scriptures, Bodhisattvas? Why do we have horses and don’t know how to ask for them? Why do we want to sacrifice the masses? This is really confusing. Comrades, horses are very precious things here. You have a horse, it’s like begging for a wife ! Why do you have wives and don’t know how to want them?!” Zhang Guotao’s words caused everyone to burst into laughter. Zhou Chunquan, director of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army, issued more specific regulations in the "Instructions on the Work of Ethnic Minorities".Emphasizes "to adopt a more lenient policy for chieftains and chieftains", "not to infringe on their religious freedom", "the people have the freedom to believe in religion, and at the same time have the freedom to manage themselves".Stressed that "the attention of all fighters must be brought to the attention of all fighters, especially regarding food and respect for the customs and religions of ethnic minorities. We must resolutely correct those who use the name of searching mountains, collecting food, etc. The behavior of burning people and houses will naturally cause the masses to run farther and farther, making all our propaganda efforts in vain. For this kind of behavior, we will not hesitate to punish it severely and even execute it." The General Political Department will also implement the requirements of ethnic policies and disciplines and compile them into songs, the lyrics of which are as follows: Through the propaganda and education of various situations, the consciousness of the cadres and soldiers of the Fourth Front Army in implementing the ethnic policy has been greatly improved.Ethnic conflicts and conflicts have changed a lot since they first entered Tibetan areas.This is the result of the Fourth Front Army's emphasis on political and ideological work, which provides a reliable guarantee for the Fourth Front Army to rest here and prepare for going north. While stationed in Daofu, Luhuo, and Ganzi, Zhang Guotao restored his "Northwest Federal Government".And established several small ethnic autonomous "republics" below.Before going south in November 1935, the "Gradesa Republic" was established in Suijing County (now Dajin County Chengguan).The People's Congress was held, and county and district local governments were established.The scope roughly includes appeasement, Maogong, Danba, Dajinchuan, Xiaojinchuan, Aba and other areas.红军南下之后，留守后方的金川省委仍然继续开展工作。 1936年4月，红军在道孚建立了“波巴人民共和国道孚县独立政府”。5月1日，来自德格、道孚、炉霍、甘孜等地的代表在甘孜举行波巴共和国第一次代表大会，产生了波巴共和国中央政府。虽然这些“自治政府”和党团组织是临时搭起来的架子，形式大于实质。但或多或少地起了一些作用。例如，它们负责维护地方治安，帮助红军筹粮，宣传红军的政策等等。张国焘还将藏民武装组织起来，成立了“革命军”、“自卫军”和金川、丹巴两个独立师，配合红军进行筹粮、肃反、站岗放哨等任务。一大批藏族青年就是在那时参加红军的。天宝就是当年从独立师转入红军的，建国后任成都军区副司令员，成为我军中少有的少数民族将领。 总的说来，四方面军第二次进入藏区，在民族政策上比前一次有了改进，缓和了红军与藏民之间的紧张局势。所以，四方面军在道孚、炉霍、甘孜的日子，过得相当平静。不像前一次与一方面军在一起时，到处遭到藏民的袭击，时刻处于紧张的战斗状态之中。这三个多月是四方面军长征中少有的一段安宁的生活，一旦摆脱了战争，人们心中最纯洁的感情——男女之爱，悄悄在军营中复苏了。 当红四方面军在甘肃会宁与中央红军会师时，一位美国医生马海德目睹了当时的盛况。他惊讶地发现：红军中居然有一些怀孕的女战士。1984年索尔兹伯里夫妇在长征路上采访，向很多当年的长征老人询问这个情况。在美国人眼里，这非常浪漫，又有些不可思议。长征中那样艰苦，活下来都很不简单，怎么会有时间谈爱情呢？遗憾的是，没有人给他一个满意的答复。没有理由说马海德大夫在说谎，恰恰相反，这是红四方面军长征途中一段富有人情味的故事。 在长征红军各部队中，四方面军的女兵是最多的。1933年在通南巴时期，就成立了妇女团。张琴秋回忆说：“四川的妇女是很受压迫的，男人在家抽大烟、管家务，女人担负主要劳动，且大部分为童养媳。她们参加革命队伍很踊跃，斗争地主也很积极。”“我去时已经有两个团的编制，说是让我去当政委。这次成立后，担任过许多艰苦的战勤工作。”妇女团的主要任务，是做战地运输和勤务工作。如挖工事，当警卫，运送伤员、弹药和粮食。还要经常派公差。当时红军男战士都要上前线打仗，妇女团上千战士解决了后方人力不足的问题。四川女子力气大，能吃苦，很受上级赞扬。她们平时和男兵一样，剪短发，穿军装，背枪扛刀，几乎与男儿无异。所以，她们跟随大部队一起参加了长征。 本来，四方面军中是严禁结婚的。在北上南下的战斗生活中也的确无法考虑这些问题。但是当他们在道孚、炉霍、甘孜过上了一段安定生活后，年轻人的心就开始活动起来了。 恋爱和婚姻是四方面军高级干部开的头。陈昌浩政委与总政治部组织部部长张琴秋曾是留苏的同学。当时张琴秋与沈泽民（著名作家茅盾的弟弟）结为夫妻，一同回国到鄂豫皖苏区担任领导工作。红军撤出鄂豫皖时，沈泽民因病（也是因为和张国焘对立）被留在苏区坚持斗争，不久病逝。陈昌浩一直爱慕张琴秋，又是同在总部工作，朝夕相处，两人便产生了爱情。没举行什么仪式，平平静静地成了一家人。 陈伯钧从红军大学调到4军任参谋长。他去时许世友军长调去组建骑兵师，由王宏坤继任军长。从1936年4月到6月，他们一直住在瞻化。从陈伯钧的日记里看到，这段时间他喝了不少喜酒。 4月13日，“是晚，宏坤同志与办事处之冯明英同志正式结婚，我们也趁此机会大笑一场”。 4月23日，“中午，在政府吃明英同志的回门酒”。 6月1日，“晚，洪（学智）主任与军供给部张兴侧同志结婚，我们在政治部吃喜酒、打牌”。 6月3日，“晚，去四科吃四科科长李定灼同志与张大义同志的喜酒”。 6月5日，“晚，去卫生部吃何辉燕、张清秀两同志的喜酒”。 6月初这段时间，是四方面军中结婚的高潮。陈伯钧记的仅是4军军部和直属队的情况，其他部队想来也是如此。口子一开，上行下效。陈伯钧觉得这样下去部队就不好管了，便去找政治部主任洪学智。 6月7日，“上午上课。归来与主任谈及部队中的婚姻问题，实在影响不好，当即决定设法制止”。 虽然下达了禁止结婚的命令，公开喝喜酒的场面不见了，但是私下的往来却是禁不住的。四方面军的基层干部和战士，一直不允许结婚。男女之间的约会却逐渐成了半合法的事情。以后虽然没闹出什么大麻烦，但在与红一方面军会师的时候，四方面军的队伍中引人注目地增添了一些小孩和孕妇。