Chapter 8 Chapter 7 This King Khan is not simple

Just as an authoritative figure in the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties said: The Manchus, the Jurchen who founded the Qing Dynasty, were indeed an outstanding nation.They are particularly good at learning, they are especially good at taking care of the overall situation, and they are especially good at fighting.At least for a long period of time before and after they entered the Central Plains, this was indeed the case.Therefore, some people once sighed: If they did not learn from the Ming Dynasty, if they had already had Western strong ships and guns and a democratic system when they entered the Central Plains, then China in the early seventeenth century and later may change completely.

It's just a lament, assuming nothing about history. The historical fact is that they later copied the Ming system almost entirely.The seriousness of the learning process is overwhelming. According to the principle of royal lineage and election system, Huang Taiji successfully inherited the Khan position of the Later Jin Khanate left by Nurhaci.Today, he is called Tiancong Khan, or Emperor Tiancong.Before and after he succeeded to the throne, Huang Taiji did several meaningful things, which may have been not stipulated or explained by Nurhachi before his death, but it seems that they are very similar to Nurhachi's meaning.

One thing is that, according to Nurhachi's legacy of "eight major belors governing the country together", Huang Taiji proposed that when electing a new Khan, the eight major belors should negotiate with the younger generation of ministers and generals who participated in the discussion of politics.This proposal was immediately supported by this group of young men.This is a group of young people who have fought on the front line together with Huang Taiji in the wars in recent years, and have emerged one after another and held actual power.In the years to come, it was this group of people who firmly supported Huang Taiji's cause, which made Huang Taiji much stronger in the mutual restraint with Daishan, Amin and Mangurtai.

It is very likely that Nurhachi hopes that after his death, the eight big and small and Shuobeile will each lead a flag.Only when they are evenly matched can they achieve the effect of clamping the balance, so that the elected Khan will not act recklessly. Otherwise, it is easy to be impeached and replaced according to his "Khan's Edict".But when he was dying, he only distributed the population, land, property, and cattle records of the Two Yellow Banners that he personally led to Azig, Dorgon, and Duoduo brothers, and their brothers did not take over as the owners of the Two Yellow Banners.The adjustment of other flags has not been carried out either.Huang Taiji proposed at the right time that the three brothers should immediately take over as banner owners, which made the three brothers very happy.In the past, Huang Taiji was originally only the owner of the white flag and one flag. Now, he imitated Nurhachi's practice of holding the two flags himself, and took both white flags into his own hands.

How he did this, the historians are so vague that they can only say that "we only get it by coercion".Presumably, it may be citing the precedent that King Khan led two flags alone when Nurhachi was alive, and received the Zhengbai flag led by Du Du into his own hands.We know that Du Du is Chu Ying's son.And Chu Ying's death is related to being unanimously disgusted by everyone. In this way, the pattern of the banner owners of the Eight Banners has evolved into: Huang Taiji alone leads the two white flags, Dai Shan and Yue Tuo and his son lead the two red flags, Azige, Dorgon, and Duoduo brothers lead the two yellow flags, Amin and Jierhalang and his sons lead the inlaid blue flag, and Mangurtai leads the Zhenglan flag.Daishan and his son supported Huang Taiji with all their strength, Azig had no interest in anything other than fighting and fighting, and brothers Dorgon and Duoduo were still young. Obviously, Huang Taiji's prestige changed immediately.

Related to the previous thing, he did another thing: without changing the population, land, property, etc., with the acquiescence of Zhubeile and the consent of the three brothers, he used his own two white flag colors , and exchanged the colors of the two yellow flags that Nurhaci left to his "undivided sons" Azig, Dorgon, and Duduo in accordance with the "young sons' inheritance" system into their own hands. Compared with the previous matter, this seems to be a trivial matter, but in fact, it has deep meaning.It is said that yellow is the color of "sweat", "yellow clothes call me", and yellow is the color exclusively used by the royal family.Huang Taiji's reuse of Hanchen seems to be a conclusion in history, and it has been praised as a great merit in recent years.It is very likely that this was the first idea of ​​the Han advisers he used after he succeeded to the throne.

The Chinese pay attention to the rectification of names. If the name is not correct, the words will not go well, and if the words are not right, nothing will be done.Now that Huang Taiji's name has been corrected, how can the color be wrong?Doesn't the wrong color mean that the words are not right?If the words don't go well, the matter will not be completed?Apparently, the psychological suggestive effect of color has long been understood by our ancestors. The ancestors of the Europeans and Americans who invented this theory today might have been still on trees at that time. If the wisdom of the Han counselors can only stop at such trivialities, it would be too unfair to their talents.Evidence shows that the results of their mental work were active in the formulation and implementation of many military plans since then.

After succeeding to the throne, the various situations that Huang Taiji faced were not particularly satisfactory. For example, in the southwest direction, Yuan Chonghuan was in charge of the customs alone, and he claimed to be lying alone in the isolated city of Ningyuan, which blocked the road from the Houjin Khanate to Shanhaiguan and into the Ming Dynasty.In the battle of defending Ningyuan, Yuan Chonghuan stood out and became the pillar of the empire in the northeast direction, making the gloomy horizon of the Ming Empire in the east, revealing the dawn of inspiring morale, and even causing the strategy and diplomacy of the post-Gold Khanate to fall into a "four The passive situation of "under pressure".The reason comes from his two most important neighbors—Korean and Mongolian tribes.

North Korea in the southeast is the most reliable ally of the Ming Empire. It has stood unswervingly on the side of the Ming Dynasty for many years, and its attitude is as tough as twin brothers.Once, the king of Korea sent an envoy to Houjin, and Nurhachi asked the envoy: "You keep calling me a thief, why?" What is it if it’s not a thief?” Everyone laughed. (Li Kenyi's "Records of the Burning Li Chamber", Volume 21) North Korea has always maintained an attitude of not infringing on the waters of wells and rivers towards the Houjin Khanate, or else it is earnestly persuading Nurhachi to bow his head to the Ming Dynasty and admit his mistakes.If it weren't for the fear of fighting on two fronts at the same time, Nurhachi might have crossed the Yalu River long ago.

Now, after the Battle of Ningyuan, the King of Korea has once again cooperated tacitly with the Ming Dynasty, stationing troops on the Yalu River, and seems to be ready to put his hand on the back of the Houjin Khanate at any time.In the north and northwest, there are Mongolian tribes that are good and bad, and sometimes broken.Although these descendants of Genghis Khan no longer have the demeanor of the ancestors, they often gather in groups and come and go like the wind. Whether it is against the Ming Empire or the Houjin Khanate, they all form a group that no one dares to underestimate. strength.

For example, the five Khalkha tribes originally formed an alliance with the Houjin Khanate.Now, seeing that Nurhachi had suffered a defeat, he gloated at his misfortune, and soon reconciled with Chahar Lindan Khan, and went to the Ming Dynasty again.Back then, when Nurhachi captured Guangning, Wang Huazhen and Xiong Tingbi left hundreds of miles of land outside the pass and retreated into Shanhaiguan.Nurhachi was afraid to throw the mouse, but he couldn't figure out what the method was. He was worried that the battle line would be too long, so he even ignored the vast fertile land he got.As a result, these Mongolian tribes took advantage of the situation and used these lands to exchange large sums of silver from the Ming Dynasty and Yuan Chonghuan. It is said that when Nurhachi was alive, he regretted it so much.Thinking of these now, Huang Taiji's heart may still be bleeding.If Father Khan hadn't been too cautious and made a wrong step at the beginning, Ningyuan City should have been the advance base for the Later Jin Khanate to attack Shanhaiguan. Although these make people sleep and eat, they are not considered serious troubles. For Huang Taiji, the real trouble is not outside the tiger watching the wolf, surrounded by powerful enemies, but between his elbows and armpits, and within the Houjin Kingdom. Huang Taiji said to his courtiers: "The way to govern a country is the same as building a house: if you lay a solid foundation and choose good materials, it will definitely not collapse early, and your children and grandchildren will live here. If you cut corners and make do with everything, It’s a wonder if it doesn’t collapse.” (Volume 36 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") The foundation mentioned by Huang Taiji generally refers to the will of the people; the so-called good materials can be understood as talents and systems. At that time, the proportion of the population in the Liaodong area was about 90% of the Han population, and 10% of the Jurchen, Mongolian, and Korean ethnicities.After Nurhaci occupied Liaoyang, the capital of eastern Liaodong, he issued an order to the local people: "Don't think that the Han people can rule for a long time, and we only occupy it temporarily. This is delusional. If you really think so, you will kill yourself." "Secret File") Based on this concept, after Nurhaci fought the Sarhu War, after the Kaiyuan, Tieling, Shenyang, Liaoyang and other large-scale battles, he carried out genocidal massacres of different degrees.Moreover, those who escaped from the sword were also treated as trophies and "assigned to the armored men as slaves"-that is, to serve as slaves to the soldiers of the Eight Banners. According to Nurhaci's policy of "making Han men into slaves", every thirteen adult Han men were organized into a village, and seven cattle were given to them. 80% of the cultivated land was used for their own food, and 20% was handed over to the government.Then, these Zhuangzi were rewarded to Manchu officials according to their ranks. Even the lowest defense, that is, Niulu, which we are already familiar with, whose power is roughly between that of today's battalion and company commanders, was also rewarded with a Zhuangzi.Thus, these Zhuang Ding became their slaves.It is said that in front of their masters, these Zhuang Ding were very miserable, and they were generally in the state of letting their masters ask for anything. The situation of Han officials at that time was also quite miserable.Fan Wencheng, the successor of Fan Zhongyan, the famous official of the Northern Song Dynasty who first went to Nurhachi, although he was full of knowledge, was only mixed with the appearance of a Chinese clerk. Just like Zhuge's military adviser, this sad state lasted until Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne. According to data, these Han officials were assigned to the jurisdiction of Baylor ministers, and they rarely had the opportunity to make a speech in the court, because, except for a few people such as Nurhachi, too many Manchu princes and ministers could not understand Chinese.As a result, these Han officials who also did not understand the Jurchen language often had to face ridicule, scolding and beatings from the Manchu masters.There is even a record that their property is often forcibly taken by those who govern them; their horses cannot be ridden by themselves, but must be ridden by Manchu officials; After they died, their wives and children would be enslaved in the Manchu government's house; and when they were alive, they often didn't have enough food, so they had to sell their property and pawn their property to make ends meet. (Volume 17 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Judging from some records, at that time, the Han people and even the adult daughters and younger wives of Han officials may not have the right not to be physically and mentally violated.Or to put it more clearly, that is to say: if the Eight Banners warriors raped the wives and daughters of the Han people, they would not be punished during the ten years or even longer when Nurhachi was the Khan.The tragedy of this situation has stripped away the sense of shame of the Han scholar-bureaucrats who were deeply infected by the principles of Confucius and Mencius, etiquette, righteousness and shame. As a result, even Huang Taiji expressed the following emotion: These Han officials are "like in the midst of water and fire, and there is no place for suffering." ("Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 37) Again, it is impossible for such a situation not to provoke gnashing of teeth.The wells where the Manchus lived were poisoned; the salt they ate was mixed with poison; some pigs were poisoned to death, and the meat was sold to the Manchus, etc.This kind of thing may have happened more than three or five times, and finally it was so serious that the head of state of the Houjin Khanate ordered that all shop owners must engrave their names on the front of the shop. Record the name so that it can be searched after the accident. Then, things started to change. At that time, the Manchus were often attacked.Under the rule of Fenghuang City (today’s Dandong City, Liaoning Province), a Manchu man was walking on the street in good health, but he was hit by someone on the back of the head with a stick and died on the spot; Gai County, Liaoning Province) went on a business trip and was killed inexplicably; three Manchus who went to Guangning (today’s Beizhen County, Liaoning Province) on business also died in broad daylight. Therefore, Nurhachi ordered again: from now on, it is not allowed to walk alone, but must be accompanied by more than ten people, otherwise it will be fined a certain amount of money.At the same time, the Han people who caused the trouble were dealt with severely, and often implicated and killed not only the perpetrator alone, but the whole family and family. In this way, Nurhachi finally used his policy of iron and blood to prompt the people of Liaodong to start a series of large-scale riots.Originally, "Scholars can't rebel if they fail in ten years", which means that scholars can't afford to rebel.Now, from the sixth year of Destiny to the eleventh year of Destiny when Nurhachi died, Jinzhou (now Jin County, Liaoning Province) was the first place, and it happened that the two most timid scholars gathered ten people to "conspire to cause chaos". (Jin Liang's "Manchurian Secret Archives", Aita's meritorious service) Then in a few years, the firewood was like a fire: Zhenjiang (near Dandong, Liaoning today), Fuzhou (now Fuxian County, Liaoning Province), Haizhou (now Haicheng, Liaoning Province), Feng Riots broke out in at least ten places including Chengcheng, Xiuyan, Changdao, Shuangshan, Pingdingshan, Tangzhan, Xianshan, Anshan, Shoushan, Shisanshan, and Zhangyi. Nurhachi's reaction was to shoot and kill. In October of the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven, which was ten months before this person died, he even ordered that all the guards should search their villages closely, and that they had the right to immediately kill those rebellious people once they were found, especially Those old officials, scholars, scholars, and squires who were dismissed from their posts and lived at home in the Ming Dynasty may be the ones who incited the troubles. Therefore, all the above-mentioned people should be executed.This order may still be being executed until Nurhachi's death. Obviously, this policy can be regarded in the main as a policy of suicide by killing.Its stupidity, its cruelty, and its brutality must cause pain to both the ruler and the ruled. By the spring of 1627 A.D., which was the seventh year of Mingqi and the first year of Tiancong in the Houjin Khanate, half a year after Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, the evil results of Nurhachi's iron-blood policy had been fully revealed. Like war, tyranny must be the first to eliminate the best, the most elite, the most enterprising and energetic, and the healthiest young and middle-aged part of a nation.In order to avoid a tragic fate, these young and middle-aged population began to flee in large numbers.The result accumulated year by year is a sharp decline in the number of young adults, and the countryside is barren.And natural disasters also arrived at the right time.As a result, there was a "great hunger in the country" in the Houjin Khanate, food was scarce, and prices soared, and a bucket of rice was sold for eight taels of silver. Converted with an inaccurate algorithm, this price is roughly equivalent to 160 yuan a catty of rice sold today when our income remains unchanged. In this way, the scene of "human cannibalism" appeared in the Liaodong area, which has always been called affluent.The social order is chaotic, theft is prevalent, and murder and robbery are commonplace.At that time, some people suggested that Huang Taiji take severe measures to suppress it.Huang Taiji sighed and said: "The common people are going to starve to death, that's why they steal and rob." (Wang Xianqian's "Donghualu") Therefore, he has repeatedly issued orders not to use violent suppression, but to implement a policy of national reconciliation.In all fairness, under the thousands of years of imperial system in our country, there are not many emperors who are so sensible. The measures taken by Huang Taiji were gentle but firm.He sent people to measure the land and return the extra land to the public, and no more farms were allowed. Then, he ordered that the original farm be compiled into one farm and given to one cattle record—thirteen strong men of the Han nationality plus seven cows for the imperial guard. Change to eight strong men plus two cows.The remaining strong men were classified as private households, and they were resettled on the extra land after measurement, restoring their status as free farmers.Then, Han officials were sent to manage it, which reduced the torment and hatred among the races. (Volume 1 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Like the Huns, Turks and other nomadic fishing and hunting tribes in history, the Jurchen Houjin Khanate also relied on war and plunder as the main way to obtain slaves and wealth, which is also the main reason why these tribes failed to achieve success.Historical records show that the statement that "at the beginning of the founding of the Later Jin Dynasty, all the captured people of Liaodong became Manchu slaves" is true to a large extent. (Zhao Lian's "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records") and turned slaves into people, resolved inter-ethnic hatred, gradually increased the number of free people, reduced the number of people who were made into slaves, and more and more severely restricted the Manchus from discriminating against and poisoning other peoples. Policies such as ethnic groups may have been implemented after Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne.Since then, during his seventeen years in power, his state affairs have generally developed in this direction. If there is no such thing, if the Hou Jin Khanate wants to develop and grow, and finally enter the Central Plains, it may not be so easy like Nurhaci's unification of the Jurchens and the unification of the Northeast. Facts show that Huang Taiji's efforts have achieved very good results.By the middle and late period of his reign, historical materials had already begun to praise: "You are the Han people who live in peace and praise the paradise" - because of these policies of Huang Taiji, the Han people in Liaodong lived and worked in peace and contentment, and everyone began to praise this place as a paradise. In terms of selecting and using Han talents, Huang Taiji did an extraordinary job. His deeds can be compared with those of the best emperors in Chinese history. For example, Fan Wencheng, whose ancestor was Fan Zhongyan, a famous official in the Northern Song Dynasty, once wrote a famous sentence through the ages: Worry about the world's worries first, and enjoy the world's joy later, making "Yueyang Tower" an eternal swan song.Fan Wencheng's great-grandfather was the Minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, and his grandfather and father were officials in Liaodong, so he was born in Shenyang County at that time. Fan Wencheng came to the Houjin Kingdom after the Battle of Fushun, and he may be the first Han intellectual who has both a bureaucratic family background and an academic background in the Ming Dynasty, but defected to Nurhachi.It's not easy. At that time, in the eyes of the monarchs and ministers of the Ming Empire, Nurhachi was a heinous rebel, a clown who jumped on the beam, and if he failed, he would be executed by Ling Chi and punished by the bandit chieftain of the nine clans.If he hadn't been courageous, truly farsighted, and had seen through the corruption of the Ming Empire, and thus been completely disappointed, it would be hard to imagine that such a person who had read a lot of poetry and books would actually vote for a thief.You are a beautiful woman, how can you be a thief?This is even more regrettable, more unforgivable, and more outrageous than a pure and innocent girl who falls in love with a little rascal with all her heart. After Fan Wencheng came to vote, it is said that Nurhachi was very happy and said to everyone on the spot: "He is a descendant of a famous minister, we must treat him well." So, for a while, Baylor, the kings, competed for preferential treatment.A small banquet every three days and a large banquet every five days made Fan Wencheng really messed up.However, after a long time, this group of ferocious fighters, including Nurhachi, who only feel happy when galloping on horseback, licking blood with knives and women's belly, may find it really boring to hang out with this celebrity. Therefore, he put this scholar who was full of knowledge and knowledge of the world without going out of the house into a seat of Zhang Jing, and he was released for eight years.Zhang Jing's official title can be big or small, and generally the little Zhang Jing refers to the kind of clerical clerk, which made Fan Wencheng feel very boring and lonely for eight years, until after Nurhachi's death. After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he quickly found Fan Wencheng by his side and let him participate in the military affairs. It is said that in order to show respect, Huang Taiji always referred to Fan Wencheng as "Fan Zhangjing" regardless of his predecessors or descendants; whenever a meeting was held, if Fan Wencheng was not present, Huang Taiji would definitely ask, "Does Fan Zhangjing know about this?" If there is something inappropriate in the courtier's memorial, Huang Taiji would suggest to him: "Why don't you go to Fan Zhangjing to discuss it?" If the minister replied: "Fan Zhangjing has already agreed to this matter." do it.Sometimes, if Fan Wencheng fell ill, Huang Taiji would even postpone some matters, and make a ruling after Fan Zhangjing recovered.Later, Huang Taiji's trust in Fan Wencheng had reached such a point: he would approve any document drafted by Fan Wencheng without looking at it. He said, "I believe that Fan Zhangjing will not make mistakes." Da Zhang Jing. History books have recorded many deeds of the tacit understanding between the monarch and his ministers, which are indeed very touching.It is said that Huang Taiji often called Fan Wencheng into the palace for discussions, which often lasted for several hours.We know that one hour is two hours.In other words, the pair of monarchs and ministers often discuss matters together for five or six hours, or even more.Sometimes, Fan Wencheng just left the palace late at night, and just after returning home to rest, Huang Taiji sent someone to invite Fan Zhangjing to the palace to discuss matters.In the history of our country, if the emperor can work normally during the day, it is already a blessing for the subjects of the empire.Monarchs and ministers are so upbeat and sleepy all night, except for Emperor Chongzhen, Huang Taiji's deadly rival, it is rare for a country to not prosper. Once, Huang Taiji rewarded Fan Zhangjing and asked Fan Wencheng to accompany him to eat. The food was extremely rich, and there were many "special delicacies", which can be understood as very rare local specialties, delicacies of mountains and seas, etc.Fan Wencheng hesitated to move his chopsticks.When Huang Taiji saw it, he immediately ordered the delicacy to be removed from the table, and quickly delivered to Fan Zhangjing's mansion, where he rewarded Fan Wencheng's father and his family to eat.Fan Wencheng thanked Ruyi to Huang Taiji. Huang Taiji has come to an end.The encounter between Liu Xianzhu and Zhuge Kongming back then was nothing more than that. Generally speaking, all decent and promising Chinese scholars have been looking forward to this kind of occasional meeting between the monarch and his ministers all their lives, and their heads are hanging on the beams and bones for this day.They do not have the philosophical minds of Socrates and Plato, the humanistic sentiments after the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and the awakened spirit of "there are thousands of princes in the world, but I am the only Beethoven".The most outstanding elements among them are also penniless and worry about the world, they are concerned about taking the common people in the world as their own responsibility, they are concerned about the kindness of a drop of water, they should be repaid by the spring, and they are concerned that if they are treated by the country, they must be repaid by the country. In other words, although there are thousands of people, I will go there, but if you pay attention to your confidant, you will live and die for it... As the first Han Chinese bachelor in the history of the Qing Dynasty, Fan Wencheng has worked hard for Huang Taiji and the Qing Dynasty.From the Later Jin Khanate to the Qing Dynasty to the entry into the Central Plains, every major development in Chinese history at that time seems to be able to see the shadow of Fan Zhangjing.Yuan Chonghuan's death had extremely complex social and psychological factors, but the original countermeasure may have been his idea to help Huang Taiji.After Huang Taiji's death, Fan Wencheng wrote a letter to Dorgon at an extremely critical moment in historical development, pointing out the direction for Dorgon with his profound insight into Chinese society.In all fairness, the impact of this letter on Chinese history is probably no less than Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui".Without this letter, the gang of Daqing Baylor and the adults might still be groping in the dark. Under Nurhachi's iron and blood policy, too many Liaodong Han people became slaves to the Jurchens. In order to avoid the massacre, the scholars kept their names incognito and became slaves.Huang Taiji ordered that, in the name of imperial examinations, to select learned people from among these slaves, and strictly prohibited any princes and relatives from stopping their slaves from taking the exams.As a result, hundreds of talented people came to the fore and were enriched into government departments at all levels.Among them are famous officials from the former Qing Dynasty, such as Ning Wanwo and others. The story that happened to Zu Dashou should be regarded as another type of typical—— Just like Zhong Shidao, who was born in a prominent military family in the late Northern Song Dynasty and became an excellent soldier himself, Zu Dashou, a famous general in the empire, was born in the Zu family in the late Ming Dynasty.This is also a prominent military family. Among the outstanding senior generals of the empire, several of them came from this family.That Wu Sangui, who was famous and respected at the time, but whose reputation became extremely bad later on, was Zu Dashou's nephew. Also an excellent soldier, Huang Taiji admired Zu Dashou very much, maybe it was because of sympathy for each other, or maybe it was to show the soldiers of other Zu clans. During the Daling River defense battle, Zu Dashou ran out of ammunition and food, not to mention the army and horses, the soldiers and civilians in the city also ate up all the grass roots, bark, and leather armor, and burned all the wood and firewood. Eat old people and children.In order to protect more than 10,000 soldiers and civilians who followed him, Zu Dashou hardened his heart and killed He Kegang, an assistant who vowed not to surrender, and surrendered to Huang Taiji.Then, he lied to Huang Taiji, saying that he wanted to go back and recruit his relatives, and Huang Taiji agreed.As a result, after Zu Dashou ran back to Jinzhou, the defense area of ​​the Ming army, he had nothing to say.More than ten years have passed, and in the Songjin Grand Battle, Zu Dashou once again ran out of ammunition and food, and once again fell into the hands of Huang Taiji. will be treated with great courtesy. At that time, the deputy general Zu Zeyuan was with Zu Dashou twice.Facing Huang Taiji, Zu Zeyuan was extremely terrified, because he not only broke his promise last time and lied to Huang Taiji together with Zu Dashou, but also pointed the muzzle at Huang Taiji when the two armies confronted each other.Huang Taiji showed great generosity towards Zu Zeyuan, who was dying of panic, and said: "You know it's me, but you still want to shoot me. You are really sorry for me. It's too much. Otherwise, I wouldn't blame you. I What you think about people, you always have to weigh it over and over again in your heart, and then say it outright, and it will no longer exist in your heart after the past. You are young, work hard in the future, and you will repay me." It is said that Zu Zeyuan I was moved to tears. (Wang Xianqian's "Donghualu") This kind of thing is easy to talk about, and it seems that no one is difficult to do it verbally, but if it is really necessary to do it, it is not so simple. In the fourth year of Tiancong and the third year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1630 AD), when Yongping (today's Lulong County, Hebei Province) was attacked, Chen Xinxin, a doctor in the household department of the Ming Dynasty, wanted to escape after surrendering. He was arrested and sentenced to death after interrogation.Huang Taiji said: "Since he doesn't want to stay here, let him go back to his place of origin." In the end, not only did he not be killed, but he was also given two horses, four donkeys, and twenty taels of silver, and asked him to take the money with him. With his wife and family, wherever he wants to go. ("Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 6) Huang Taiji has a rule with Northeast or Chinese characteristics: Whenever a Ming official comes to surrender, the Eight Banners must take turns to hold a banquet every five days.At that time, there will be a feast of slaughtering animals, staggering toasts, drinking to a certain extent, and everyone will have fun, so that the whole city of Shenyang seems to be drunk, and there are drunkards staggering everywhere. There are often several banquets in one day, and there are many rewards: houses, land, livestock, clothing, money and so on.It even happened that Manchu officials vacated their houses and let the Han officials live.He said to the princes Baylor more than once: I don't hesitate to reward these Han officials, and I don't tire of it, just to make people feel convincing and to achieve great things. (Volume 22 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") "The most gratifying thing is to get more talents. When the gold, silver and jewelry are all used up, if you get one or two talented people, it will help the country. But it’s endless.” ("Manchu Old Documents", Taizong Volume 27) Evidence shows that at that time, many Han officials enjoyed treatment and accumulated wealth that even surpassed Manchu officials of the same level. In order to better implement these policies, Huang Taiji enacted laws to severely punish the behavior of harming the Han people at will: "Where the Minister of Baylor has plundered and surrendered local property, he will be killed without mercy; For those who do not, the compensation will be doubled." (Volume 5 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") For this reason, he made many speeches and told Lord Belle who did not strictly enforce the decree in person: If he is as unscrupulous as before, he will be regarded as the culprit of the chaos, and he will be regarded as the culprit of the chaos along with All wives will be executed without mercy. ("Donghualu" Tiancong seventh year in June) The reason why Erbeile Amin was unlucky, it should be said, has something to do with Huang Taiji's thinking. After carefully reviewing the historical materials, in all fairness, there is no evidence that Huang Taiji had a dark and dirty mind when he did these things.He acted frankly and openly, and his mind seemed to be comparable to that of ancient Ming emperors such as Tang Taizong Li Shimin and Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin.If there is no scale, mind, ambition and ambition of such a large scale, I am afraid it will be absolutely impossible.Compared with Nurhachi, there is too much difference in its level.According to historical records, these practices of Huang Taiji really convinced many Han officials at that time, even to the point of tears of gratitude-"It seems that such a kindness of support, although heartbroken, it is really difficult to repay it in case." (Volume 17 of "Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty") Although the words make people's skin crawl, they may indeed tell the truth of that day.In particular, if you think about the situation where Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Empire tortured those courtiers of the same race and race like pigs and dogs, it is even more impossible not to feel a lot of emotion. Observing the political practice of countries in the past dynasties, we have to admit that the situation that can please those who are near and make those who are far away is a very high state of governing the country.Judging from the historical data, in a short period of time, Huang Taiji did partially achieve this. After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he vigorously adjusted his policies internally; his first major move externally was to send troops to North Korea. From the death of Nurhaci and the ascension of Huang Taiji to October of that year, for more than a month, North Korea, as a neighboring country, did not send anyone to mourn the dead, nor did it come to congratulate the new Khan on his enthronement. According to Korean historical records, there may have been hundreds of thousands of Liaodong Han people who fled the country, and more than 3,000 people in Sichuan alone. (Volume 14 of "Records of the Li Dynasty" Renzu) These people changed from free people to slaves under Nurhachi's policy of making Han slaves, and then fled unbearably. people".For this reason, the Later Jin Khanate and later the Great Qing State enacted a severe "escape law" in an attempt to curb their escape with harsh laws, and it spread until many years after the entry of the Qing army, becoming a veritable evil in the former Qing Dynasty. Politics and evil.The reason why the Qing Dynasty was particularly notorious in history is definitely one of the reasons for the vile governance and laws that began in the Nurhachi era. At this time, the Later Jin Khanate negotiated with North Korea and asked North Korea to expel all these "fugitives".North Korea ignored them and sent these Liaodong Han people who escaped the Yalu River to the Ming Dynasty.In this regard, Huang Taiji definitely felt not only contempt, but also a heavy loss of interests, because these people were all slaves of the Manchus. Huang Taiji, who had just succeeded to the throne, had to bear these losses while he himself had to bear the losses. Manchu complaints and pressure. In the past, during the Nurhachi era, there were several proposals to send troops to North Korea, but they were not implemented in the end.There are two most important reasons: one is to avoid the enemy in two-front combat, and the other is that there is no pressure and consideration of real interests.Now, having negotiated peace with Yuan Chonghuan, the strategic concerns have been relieved; the princes and princes Baylor are full of resentment because of the loss of "fleeing people", and when they send troops to North Korea at this moment, they can immediately gain the favor and support of these guys. And all are ready for me.Probably this is the reason why Huang Taiji locked his first major military operation in North Korea after he succeeded to the throne.Moreover, it is said that when Nurhachi was dying, he also told those big Baylors to give top priority to solving the North Korean issue. Another reason is that Huang Taiji must be like a thorn in his back, like a thorn in his throat.For a long time, the king of Korea has allowed the Ming army to station in his territory, and he has generously supported them in terms of supplies, food, and military equipment.Later, whenever the Golden Khanate wanted to accommodate North Korea, North Korea pushed back.Looking at the historical atlas, we will find that Phi Island, where Mao Wenlong, the general of the Ming Dynasty, was stationed, is very close to the Houjin Khanate.Therefore, Mao Wenlong kept sending troops to attack and harass on the eastern flank, and even from time to time he would hit only a hundred miles away from Shenyang. Go west. ("History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 147, Biography of Yuan Chonghuan) This time, Huang Taiji made a heavy blow, hoping to "two birds with one stone": sanction North Korea, and attack Mao Wenlong's troops in the Ming Dynasty, and win the hearts of the people along with it. (See the first month of the first year of Tian Cong in "Dong Hua Lu") Another reason is to use war to divert internal conflicts and use looted materials to ease economic distress.This point is proved by the facts that happened later: after the war, the two sides have become brothers.Amin still sent troops to plunder in North Korea.During this period, Huang Taiji once sent him an urgent letter, showing the extreme demand for materials in the Houjin Khanate.皇太极在信中殷切叮嘱阿敏，赶快清点抢来的粮食数量，以便派人前去搬运云云。可见，其经济状况已经到了不抢劫便很难维持的地步了。 （《清太宗实录》卷二） 大明天启七年、后金汗国天聪元年（公元1627年）正月初八日，皇太极继位四个月零八天，刚过完春节，皇太极就派遣三万大军，在堂哥阿敏率领下，征伐朝鲜。 此时的朝鲜，其内政不修的程度，和其铁哥们儿般的坚强盟友大明帝国差相仿佛。从打完萨尔浒大战开始，朝鲜国内的有识之士就预见：未来，朝鲜在努尔哈赤那儿会遇到大麻烦。无奈，朝鲜国内政局不稳。战争开始时，朝鲜毫无准备，他们希望大明朝如三十多年前的抗倭援朝一般，再来一次抗金援朝。 殊不知，此时的大明朝早已不是彼时的大明朝，自顾尚且不暇，哪里还有力量照顾别人？其实，大明朝应该比谁都懂得唇齿相依、唇亡齿寒的道理；他们也应该比谁都清楚，没有人能够像朝鲜那样连自身安危都不顾，坚定地相信并站在自己一方，给予了后金汗国极大的牵制。可是，他们真的是心有余而力不足了。只有在经历过这种情势之后，人们才会辛酸地明白，一个残破而腐烂的大国，将会如何地对不住那些全心全意信任自己的兄弟。 而朝鲜自己，此时也腐败得可以。国王身边最亲近的大臣们，不是闻风而逃，就是称病在家，要不然就给自己找到了海岛、山城之类的差使，史书记载说：这帮家伙纷纷抢占了“便安自全”之地。而那位受命抗敌的大臣，则在接受任命，向国王辞行之后，走了七天，才走到离京城并不太远的开城。（《李朝实录》，仁祖卷十五） 这场战争进行了不到两个月就结束了，没有什么悬念，大体上可以用“势如破竹”、“所向披靡”之类词形容。朝鲜自己的史料以一种似赞叹、似犹有余悸的口吻记载道：八旗“铁骑长驱，一日之内，可行八九息之程”。（《李朝实录》，仁祖卷十五）敌人，在自己的国土上长驱直入，除了表明这个国家腐烂的程度之外，很难说明其他东西。 三月初三日，两国按照满洲习俗，举行了会盟仪式：杀白马、黑牛，将酒、肉、牛马骨、血各自装在容器里，然后焚香，双方各自宣读誓约，读毕，将誓约焚烧给上天，把祭品深埋入大地。誓约中，双方约为永远的兄弟之国，后金为兄，朝鲜为弟；朝鲜要断绝与明朝的关系；要将后金汗国的“逃人”如数送回去；春秋两季和元旦，朝鲜弟弟要向后金哥哥纳贡，后金哥哥则需给朝鲜弟弟回礼等等。 这个兄弟之约十分勉强，双方可能在盟誓时，就在想着怎样违背誓约了。但是过去，皇太极面对大明时，侧后翼便暴露给了朝鲜；面对朝鲜时，侧后翼便暴露给了大明。此时，通过这个哪怕只是徒有虚表，但却远胜于无的盟约，在面对朝鲜的一翼，他至少为自己争取到了近十年无战事的时间。 当时，后金汗国的领兵主将阿敏烧杀抢掠已经成癖成瘾，明明双方已经结成兄弟之邦，他这个做“哥哥”的却以自己并没有亲自参加该盟誓为理由，下令部队在“弟弟”的土地上大索三日，就是命令部队连续烧杀抢掠三天的意思。然后，带着“弟弟”的财物、牛羊、妻子女儿胜利返乡。回到沈阳后，阿敏把一个从“弟弟”那儿抢来的漂亮朝鲜女孩儿，送给了自己真正的汗王弟弟，过了没几天，又觉得实在舍不得，想跟弟弟要回来。搞得皇太极也觉得好生无趣，说：哪里可以因为一个女子而影响了兄弟情分？于是，下令把这女孩儿嫁给了一个作战勇敢的青年军官，弄得阿敏大发雷霆又毫无办法。 另一方面，朝鲜君臣则满腔悲愤，从第一天起，就没有好好对待过这个蛮不讲理又惹不起的大哥。八旗兵撤走后，他们似乎就忘了还有这么个“哥哥”似的，既不遣返“逃人”，也没断绝和明朝的来往，纳的贡不是种类不全，就是数量不足。那一年，后金汗国是个灾荒年景，十二月，皇太极派人去朝鲜传达谕旨，要他们低价出卖粮食，帮助归降的蒙古部落度荒。朝鲜哼哼唧唧拖来拖去，费了极大的劲儿，最后终于平价卖出了一千石粮食。而在此前后，供给驻扎在朝鲜的明朝军队时，国王虽然也不是特别痛快，却也一次就无偿拿出了一万石。和皇太极结成兄弟之邦后，朝鲜国王照旧允许明军在朝鲜屯垦，拨给船只，供应粮食。而皇太极派来和国王商量借船借粮的使臣，连续三天见不到国王，直到最后，两样东西一样也没借到。后来，明朝将领孔有德、耿仲明在山东举兵叛乱，航海前来投奔后金汗国时，朝鲜竟公然出兵帮助明军截杀叛军。 大明天启七年，后金汗国天聪元年（公元1627年），大明二十三岁的天启皇帝朱由校死去，由于没有子嗣，他十七岁的弟弟朱由检继位，是为崇祯皇帝。当年九月，朝鲜国王就向刚刚继位的大明皇帝通报了与后金汗国盟誓的事情，并小心翼翼地将其形容成是“羁縻之术”，意思就是说：为了制服野牛，既要给它串牛鼻绳，也要给它喂饲料的意思。难为这一对难兄难弟，就连矫情做作的功夫都一模一样。 谁知，这位对自己臣子极尽锋锐刻薄的十七岁小皇帝，对盟国的元首倒是十分体贴。崇祯皇帝颁发谕旨给朝鲜国王，勉励他要畜养威武，励节弥坚。就是卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴的意思。 有了大明皇帝的支持，朝鲜国王十分感奋，继续坚持大明第一，后金第二，以明为君，以金为兄的外交路线，并在写给皇太极的国书中，差不多是直截了当地拒绝了要他履行盟誓、与明朝绝交的要求。此后，两个兄弟之邦的国家间麻烦不断，从重大的原则立场，到鸡毛蒜皮，几乎没有一件是能够顺利解决的。皇太极烦不胜烦，差不多又要忍无可忍了。 大明崇祯九年、后金汗国天聪十年（公元1636年）二月，随着皇太极准备将大金国改为大清国，一批满贝勒汉高官和蒙古诸部王公联名致书朝鲜国王，请他派宗室子弟来沈阳，大家一起向皇太极劝进，上皇帝尊号。一位特使为此率领一个一百七十人的庞大代表团，来到朝鲜京城，希望不管怎样，只要能够让朝鲜承认皇太极的皇帝地位就好。结果，该代表团一进入朝鲜，就被监视起来，驻地周围也被军队严防死守，一出门，就要陷入围观群众的汪洋大海之中，时不时就要挨几下砖头瓦块。代表团长绝望了，深知不但难以达成使命，恐怕就连基本的体面都难保住，遂率全团不辞而别。朝鲜国王既不劝阻，也不欢送，只是派人追上使团，命其将写给皇太极的国书带走，同时，下令全国动员，准备战争。 同年四月，皇太极举行隆重的皇帝登基大典，将国号的汉语称呼大金改为大清，改年号为崇德元年。从此，后金汗国的天聪汗皇太极成了大清帝国的崇德皇帝、清太宗皇太极。 据说，大金和大清只是汉字不同，在满文中是一个字，在满语中的发音也一模一样。有一种说法认为，皇太极志在天下，方有这中文的一字之变，以防止中原人民将对宋时大金国的深刻恶感，转移到如今的大清国身上来。为此，皇太极还在写给大明帝国皇帝的信件中，专门申明自己和当年的大金是两回事儿，没有什么太大的关系。 又据说，在整个盛大典礼中，所有外国来宾和使节中，只有朝鲜使臣拒绝参拜，不行大礼，为此，甚至和皇太极负责礼宾的部下们撕扯起来。急于表现对皇帝无限忠诚的礼宾官员们推搡殴打这些外国使节，摁着他们的脑袋，强行让他们下跪。这些朝鲜外交官“衣冠尽破，虽或颠仆，终不屈腰”。就是说，他们的衣服被撕坏，人被打翻在地，却始终不肯屈膝。这些朝鲜使节公然宣称：他们只知道有一个大明皇帝，不知道还有其他皇帝。为此，皇太极切齿痛恨，曰：“朝鲜国王这是成心和我过不去。”（《清太宗实录稿本》，崇德元年）由此，下定了再征朝鲜的决心。 此时，朝鲜国王殷切期盼大明帝国皇帝能够像当年鼓励自己时所说的那样，励节弥坚之后，出兵干掉大清国。可惜，大明皇帝只是给他派来了一位军事顾问，帮助他视察防务，共同制订防御战略，并给他带来了许多鼓励的言辞。除此，没有一兵一卒。 当年十二月一日，改大金为大清、正式称帝半年多的皇太极，御驾亲征朝鲜。战争进行得十分惨烈。朝鲜军民在明知不敌的情况下，仍然拼死抵抗，用鲜血和生命坚持维护自己心中的正义。朝鲜都城被围困四十七个日夜，京城附近和京城以北之各道、州城全被践踏破碎，变成废墟。蒙古八旗攻取咸镜道，一路死者遍地，房屋尽毁为灰烬，数月之后，犹不闻鸡犬之声，三年以后，方才又见人烟。最后，朝鲜国王宣布投降，并经受了极大侮辱。 当时，皇太极要求朝鲜国王必须举行投降典礼。于是在京城郊外的汉江边上，背山面水筑受降台。正月三十日，朝鲜国王在满城痛哭声中，出西门，来到受降台下的后金大帐。从大帐直到受降台边，两旁站立着数百名身穿艳丽服装的朝鲜美女，泪眼婆娑地注视着她们的国王亦步亦趋走向受降台，向皇太极行君臣大礼并谢罪。 和上次战争一样，早已没有了袁崇焕的大明帝国这一次也是毫无作为，毫无悬念。战争进行的时间表也差不多，正好两个月时间，完成了所有军事、政治、外交行动。 不同的是，这一次，朝鲜被后金汗国彻底征服了，双方由兄弟之国，变成君臣之国。还有一个不同是：皇太极下令班师回銮时，朝鲜国王率群臣出京城十里跪送。 朝鲜这回真的成了大清国的附属国。从此，大明帝国的忠实属国，变成了大清帝国的藩属。大明帝国再也没有能够信得过并给予自己有力支持与援助的朋友了，哪怕是声援都没有了。非但如此，那只顾自己、置朋友于危难之中而不顾的巴掌，现在必然地打回到了自己的脸上：在未来大清对大明的战争中，朝鲜每次都要出兵、出军马钱粮帮助大清来打大明。 战争结束后，朝鲜几位力主抗金的大臣被交给了皇太极。这些大臣坚贞不屈，至死不向皇太极屈膝下跪，并口口声声称后金汗国使臣为“胡差”，称后金汗国为“贼奴”，称后金汗国的书信为“虏书”，甚至称皇太极为“贼酋”。他们在皇太极面前侃侃而谈，坚持认为只有大明朝才是天朝，只有大明皇帝才有资格称为天子，后金汗国不过是寇虏、是夷狄之邦而已，哪怕就是入主了中原，也绝无百年气运。史书记载说，皇太极盛怒，将这几位志士斩之；然而，气却不能不为之所夺。 战后，皇太极命令汉军八旗和投降的朝鲜水师围剿留在朝鲜的大明军队，战斗进行了数月之久，直到弹尽粮绝。此役，驻朝明军全军覆没，战死者共计四万七千余人，被俘者约三千人。这些战俘最后全部被朝鲜军队杀死，而且据说杀戮得极其惨烈。 史书记载，当时受刑者大呼：“我大明天朝有什么对不起你们朝鲜，你们这么对待我们？”行刑者告诉他们说：“朝鲜对大明朝忠贞不贰，仁至义尽；而大明朝见死不救，袖手旁观，实乃猪狗不如。” 就此，大明帝国，终于只剩下孤零零的自己了。 只是，不管朝鲜变成了什么，大明帝国已经都顾不得了。事实上，此时大明帝国皇帝的苦恼，决不会比朝鲜国王的更少。他一再痛苦地发现：没有什么人能够帮助自己摆脱那恼人的境地。