Chapter 6 1. The Warring States Period

It started in 403 BC in the 500s BC and ended in 959 AD in the 1050s AD, recording a total of 1362 years of historical sites.In this century (the first five centuries), there are only three years of chapters, but the major event that the state of Jin was divided by the three major families of Zhao, Wei, and Han occurred.Sima Guang thought it was a great change, that is, it started from that year. 1. For a long time, Jin State (the capital Xintian) has been under the control of Wei, Zhao, and Han.This year (403 years ago), Ji Wu, King of the Kingdom of Zhou (the capital of Luoyang) (the thirty-eighth king of Wei Lie), ordered the promotion of the patriarchs of the three major families, that is, the three state officials (doctors) of the Jin State: Wei Sidang Wei The country (capital Anyi) is the king, Zhao Ji is the king of Zhao State (the capital is Jinyang), and Han Qian is the king of South Korea (the capital is Pingyang).After Jin was partitioned by the Three Kingdoms, only a small piece of land remained.

Sima Guang said: The most important responsibility of the Son of Heaven is to maintain the ethics. The most important key in the etiquette is to strictly observe the rank (point); the most important key in the rank is to correct the name (name).What is "ethics"?Etiquette is discipline.What is a "level"?The level is the monarch, the ministers, the officials and the people, and there is a difference between the upper and lower levels.What is "name"?Fame is the size of the official rank and the level of social status.The vastness of the world, hundreds of millions of people, are governed by a certain person on the top. Even if the people have unrivaled martial arts and high wisdom, they are willing to obey his command and serve him. What is the reason?It lies in the strict "ethics" as the "discipline".Therefore, the Son of Heaven rules over the three princes, the three princes rule over the feudal monarchs (vassals), the feudal monarchs govern the state officials (doctors), and the state officials govern the people.Step by step, control layer by layer, the rich and powerful dominate the poor and the humble, and the poor and humble accept the domination of the powerful and powerful.High officials and nobles drive small officials and small people, just like the body drives the limbs, and the roots of a tree control the branches and leaves.Small officials and small people serve high officials and nobles, just like the limbs protect the body, and the branches and leaves protect the roots of a tree.In this way, with mutual cooperation, the country can enjoy long-term peace and stability.So I specifically point out: The most important responsibility of the emperor is to maintain ethics.

In the past, Zhou Wen Wang Jichang studied the arrangement and believed that Qian (Yang) and Kun (Yin) belonged to the first order.Confucius explained: "Heaven is high and supreme, earth is low and low, and Yin and Yang are positioned. The high is self-exalting, and the low is low, and the position of high and low is emphasized." It is the same as the relationship between the land and the position, and it must not be changed.Therefore, when "Spring and Autumn" recorded history, it deliberately belittled the monarch of the feudal country and respected the royal family.All relatives of the emperor, even if they are not talented, should be placed above the king of the country, which is enough to show that the sage (Confucius) has always paid special attention to the division between the king and his subjects.Unless you meet a tyrant like Si Lugui (Xia Jie) and Zi Shouxin (Shang Zhou); or you meet a benevolent monarch like Zi Tianyi (Tang) and Ji Fa (Wu), the people will return to heaven Bless, can change.Otherwise, the status between the king and the people should be maintained forever, and he will not hesitate to sacrifice his life to maintain this status.In the past, if Ziqi (Zi Shouxin's elder brother) replaced Zi Shouxin (Zhou) as king, the Shang Dynasty would not perish, and the glory of the ancestor Zi Tianyi (Cheng Tang) would be able to match the emperor forever.If Wu Jizha became the king of the Wu Kingdom, the sacrifice of his ancestor Wu Taibo would not be interrupted.However, Mr. Ziqi and Wu Jizha would rather their country perish than become kings. The reason is that they believe that the great festivals of etiquette should not be destroyed.Therefore, the most important thing in etiquette is that the rank will never change.

The essence of etiquette lies in distinguishing between high and low, closeness and estrangement, and using it to judge right from wrong and deal with things.Without an official position (name), one cannot perform well, and without power (vessel), one cannot succeed.The official positions are not the same, the power is different, the upper and lower levels are clearly defined, and the order is naturally established. This is the main connotation of etiquette.If the official position (name) and power (vessel) are lost, how can ethics exist alone?In the past, Zhong Shu Ding Yuxi of the State of Wei made great contributions to the country (Qi State attacked Wei State, in the battle of Xinzhu, the Wei Army was defeated, Xinzhu civilian Zhong Shu Yuxi gathered soldiers and people, repelled the Qi army, and rescued Wei State Sun Liangfu, the state official in power, was rewarded by the state of Wei with a village (city). Uncle Zhong Yuxi was unwilling to accept the benefice, but wished that the king would allow him to use a kind of sword worn on the neck of a horse that only nobles could use. Hongying.Confucius thought that it would be better to confer more villages on him than to allow him to use Hongying.Without him, there are only official positions (names) and powers (vessels), which cannot be given to others casually.This is the responsibility of the king. If the principle is not adhered to, the country will perish.At that time, the monarch of the state of Wei was looking forward to Kong Qiu's appointment as a government official. Confucius proposed "the doctrine of rectification of names", thinking that the people would feel uneasy if their names were not correct, and they didn't know what to do and what to do.The red tassel on the neck of the horse is just an ornament, a gadget, but Confucius cherishes it.Determining the status seems to be a trivial matter, but Confucius put it in the priority.Just because of titles and ranks, if there is confusion, the relationship between the upper and lower levels cannot be maintained.There is no one who can build a great deed without starting from a small place. The sage (Confucius) has long-term considerations, so he starts to manage in small programs.Ordinary people have short-sightedness, and they must wait until a defect occurs before attempting to remedy it.Correct small programs with little effort but great results.To remedy the disadvantages that have caused disasters, we must use all our strength, but we may not be able to succeed.It is said: "Walking on the frost is as hard as the ice", and the "Book of Books" says: "Ten thousand a day or two", which refers to this kind of incident.So I specifically pointed out: the best way to stabilize the level is to rectify the name.

Since the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, Ji Hu (the tenth King of Li) and Ji Gongni (the twelveth King of You), were politically corrupt, the Zhou Dynasty went downhill sharply, and the laws and disciplines were completely destroyed. Dignity is declining day by day.Almost all the feudal states have become independent kingdoms, fighting and killing each other.Very polite, has lost seven or eight points.However, the regime left by Ji Chang (wen) and Ji Fa (wu) can still continue continuously, only because the descendants of Ji surname can still maintain the title of "Son of Zhou".This requires an example: In the past, Ji Chonger, the king of Jin (24th Duke Wen), made great contributions to the Kingdom of Zhou. When King Zhou (20th King Xiang) Ji Zheng wanted to reward him, Ji Chonger asked for permission. After death, use the "tunnel burial" ceremony that only the emperor can use.Ji Zheng refused, saying: "This is a traditional royal system, and there has never been an emperor's etiquette. If there is such a phenomenon, even my uncle (Ji Chong'er) will object. Otherwise, you have a lot of land. How do you want to bury it?" Just bury it as you like, and ask the king for approval?" Ji Chong'er was afraid of etiquette and did not dare to insist. (In 636 B.C., Ji Dai, Ji Zheng's younger brother, committed adultery with Di Shukui, wife of Ji Zheng's empress, and Ji Zheng went into exile in Siyi. In the Zhou Dynasty and the Zhou Kingdom after its decline, the kings always called uncle or uncle to the monarch of the country. It was probably a kind of political art. But a tunnel must be dug first, and the coffin should be carried in through the tunnel.) Therefore, the territory of the Zhou Kingdom is not larger than that of Cao State (Dingtao County, Shandong Province) and Teng State (Tengzhou City, Shandong Province); the people of the Zhou Kingdom, Not more than Zhu State (Zou County, Shandong Province) and Ju State (Ju County, Shandong Province).However, after hundreds of years, it is still implicitly the co-lord of the world. Although Jin, Chu, Qi, and Qin are powerful, they dare not invade it. What is the reason?But it's because of the surviving status.As for the Ji family of Lu, the Tian Heng family of Qi, the Mi Sheng family of Chu, and the Zhi family of Jin, they were powerful enough to depose the monarch and stand on their own, but they dared not.Could it be that they are not strong enough and can't bear it?Of course not, it's just a fear of violating one's status and causing death.Now the state affairs officer (doctor) of the state of Jin regards the king as nothing, and divides the state of Jin into three parts.The kings (sons of heaven) of the Zhou Kingdom, not only could not send troops to crusade, but openly granted them official titles, promoted them to be the kings of the country, and made them members of the international community.Not only can we not maintain the little reputation that remains, but we will ruin it.The rites and rites handed down by the ancestors (previous kings) have disappeared here.Or some people think that at that time, the Zhou Kingdom was weak, and the three families of Zhao, Wei, and Han were strong, and it would be impossible to do so without enfeoffment.Yes and big, otherwise, even if Zhao, Wei, and Han are stronger and stronger, if they are not afraid of the world's punishment, and they will do it to the end, he doesn't need to ask the emperor to seal him, he can just do it himself.The problem is: if you take the position of monarch without asking the emperor to entrust you, you will become rebellious. If there are monarchs like Jiang Xiaobai (Huan) and Ji Chonger (wen) in the world, they must use etiquette and righteousness as a call and launch a large army to attack.But today it was approved by the emperor, and he was appointed as the king of the country by the order of the emperor. Who can say that he is wrong?Who can attack him?Therefore, the three major families of Zhao, Wei, and Han were named the monarchs of the country, not because the three families of Zhao, Wei, and Han violated the etiquette, but because the emperor Zhou himself violated the etiquette.The official rank and value of the king and the people cannot remain unchanged. Of course, they must resort to strength to see who has the most resourcefulness and who has the biggest fist.As a result, the descendants of sages who became the kings of the country were finally wiped out.The people have suffered so much that they are almost dead, don't they mourn.

Bo Yang said: Sima Guang never had a single book or article to fully express his political thoughts and standpoints, but in the comments of "Zizhi Tongjian Sima Guangyue", it was revealed one after another, sporadically and sporadically. (It was written for the emperor, so it is called "Chen Guang".) When Wang Anshi, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty in the eleventh century, was implementing political reforms to save the empire from the valley of death, Sima Guang led the traditionally conservative The scholar-bureaucrat group resolutely resisted.As a result, reforms failed, decay accelerated, and half of China lost the hands of the newly rising Jin Empire in the north.

In "Sima Guangyue", we can fully see Sima Guang's ideology. He has a fanaticism for advocating the ancients and a stubbornness to maintain the status quo.What he cares about is the interests of bureaucrats and big landlords, far more than the interests of the people.Only after we understand his basic position can we understand the purpose of his earnest efforts. What Sima Guang admired the most was Confucius’ doctrine of rectification of names. We interpreted the meaning of rectification as: “whatever you are.” Before the president-elect took office, he was the “president-elect”; after he took office, he was the “president”; Street stalls are "hawkers".But Kong Qiu’s recognition of rectification of names is just the opposite: “What is what is not what.” To be more specific: “What was once, will always be.” He was called the king, but "Spring and Autumn" gritted his teeth and insisted that the king of Chu was "Chuzi". Didn't you say you were the king, but I just called you the official position when the king of Zhou first granted you five hundred years ago— —"Viscount", because you are a "Viscount" in the first place.This kind of glue-pillar-style etiquette and name rectification was just a means to fight against turmoil at the time. However, it developed into a kind of political obscenity, which is unrealistic and puts oneself in a trap. The dilemma of being ridiculed.

In 478 BC, Jiang Ao, the ruler of the state of Qi (the 30th Duke of Ping), and Ji Jiang, the ruler of the state of Lu (the 28th Duke of Ai), held a high-level meeting in Mengyi (Mengyin County, Shandong Province). When they met, Jiang Ao kowtowed to Ji Jiang (Before the eighth century, the Chinese sat on the ground—to be precise, sitting on their own calves: the so-called kowtow is just bowing their heads deeply. It is the same as those who must be humiliated after the eighth century Kowtow is different from kneeling on the knees), which is the most respectful of all etiquettes.However, Ji Jiang, the monarch of the state of Lu, arched both hands and only made a bow.This situation is the same as in modern social communication situations, where you extend your hand first, but the other party does not extend his hand, but only slightly nods his head.Jiang Ao and his ministers were furious.Lu Guobin quoted the scriptures and said: "According to the regulations of etiquette, the monarch only bows to the monarch when he sees the king, and the monarch only kowtows when he sees the king. Why don't you even understand this?" Qi Guo did not understand, but he soon understood.Four years later, in 474 B.C., the monarchs of the two countries met again in Guyi (Juancheng County, Shandong Province). He was forced to kowtow to Jiang Ao.At this time, the school of etiquette was useless, so Ji Jiang had no choice but to kowtow.Qi Guo also compiled a poem about this matter: "The people of Lu are stubborn / have been awake for many years / make us feel embarrassed / they stick to Confucianism / cause unnecessary disputes."

Sima Guang not only used the etiquette that became a laughing stock in the 520s BC to comment on the division of the three families of Jin in the 590s BC, but also used it in the eleventh century 1,500 years after the laughing stock occurred. , take it to the desktop to worship. Sima Guang was an orthodox Confucian school scholar who strenuously opposed anything and any reformation of the status quo that was not in ancient times.There was a vivid dialogue between him and Zhao Xu, the sixth emperor of the Song Dynasty (Shenzong), which fully demonstrated this kind of thinking.Zhao Xu once asked him: "If the Western Han Dynasty in the second century BC had kept the laws and regulations formulated by its first prime minister Xiao He without changing them, do you think it would be okay?" Sima Guang replied: "Of course it is possible. It is okay to stick to the Western Han Dynasty, even if the laws and regulations formulated by the kings of the 24th century BC and the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties are still used today (the 11th century), they are still very appropriate. Liu Che (the seventh Emperor Wu ) changed the law of the ancestors, and bandits spread all over China. Liu Shi (the eleventh Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty) changed the laws of his father, and the Western Han Dynasty weakened. Therefore, the laws and regulations formulated by the ancestors must not be changed in any way.”

Sima Guang's political thought is a fanatical and paranoid reactionary of the times. Like Lu Guojun (the twenty-eighth Duke of Ai) Ji Jiang, he can only make things worse.The three major families of Zhao, Wei, and Han divided up the state of Jin. Sima Guang concluded that if the king of Zhou did not add titles and they called themselves the kings of the country, they would be rebellious. People like Ji Chong'er (the twenty-fourth king of the state of Jin), Wen Gong, will launch a crusade.However, the facts are all there. The leader of the Kingdom of Chu claimed and was called the king a long time ago, and no one named him. That was the earliest and most typical rebellion, and it was the same era as Jiang Xiaobai and Ji Chonger. How dare the two of Ji slap the king of Chu?The rebellion of the "King" is staring blankly. How can one predict the rebellion of the "King" and kill him?The monarchs under the feudal forest fight and kill each other, the big eat the small, the strong eat the weak, and no one has ever spared the other party because of who is the "descendant of the sage" that the king has sealed.Why did Zhao, Wei, and Han meet because no one dared to touch them because they were sealed by the king?And on the contrary, there are many people who touch them. In the second year after the canonization (401 BC), Qin State attacked Wei State.

Sima Guang also made a mistake in presenting evidence.The reason why the Zhou Kingdom survived was not because their king obeyed his status—only by obeying his status, he could keep his power from falling. There is no such thing in the world.Rather, it is too weak and too small to constitute strength, yet it has residual use value.The Kingdom of Wei survived longer than the Kingdom of Zhou. Could it be that the Kingdom of Wei is more beautiful than the Kingdom of Zhou?As for Zi Qizhi, who would rather die than be a king, who told him that?The historical facts are: when Zi Shouxin inherited the throne as a legitimate son, no one supported his concubine Ziqi to seize power. It wasn't that he didn't dare, but that he couldn't.Just like Bo Yang, it's not that I dare not be the president of the United States, but that I cannot be the president of the United States.Wu Jizha is another situation. If he becomes a king, he will abide by the etiquette; if he refuses to be a king, he will destroy the etiquette, because the father ordered brothers to die, and all brothers strictly abide by it. Only Wu Jizha openly betrayed " King" and "Father" led to a bloody coup. In the Confucianism represented by Sima Guang, a master of the Confucian school, there is no concept of democracy, let alone the concept of human rights, only the strong servility of the vested interests.What he requires is that the common people must be content with the status quo of being ruled.The rank cannot be changed, and the status cannot be changed; the king will always be the king, and the common people will always be the common people. The intellectuals who belong to Sima Guang and whose sole occupation is to be an official-the scholar-bureaucrat class will always be the scholar-officials.The division of the state of Jin by the three families of Zhao, Wei, and Han was a loud noise that might wake up the common people, and debunked the myth that etiquette, rank, and status could not be changed.Because etiquette, rank, and status all come from official positions and power.If Ji Fa didn't make Chao Ge (Qi County, Henan Province) "bleed and drift", where did he and his father Ji Chang come from?Where did the dignity level come from?Where does the noble name come from?When the common people wake up and understand that ethics are just a barbed wire fence to protect the vested interests, and that the dignity level and noble status can also be won by themselves, the scholar-bureaucrats will have a real crisis.Sima Guang found that commoners could develop independent thinking ability through the revelation of the division of the three families. He couldn't help being angry and afraid, so in "Sima Guang's Day", he asked the emperor to rebuild the eternal authority of the rulers and vested interests.However, even Sima Guang himself could not stick to his position. In the face of the rebellious leader of the Chu Kingdom, he had no choice but to call him "King of Chu" instead of "Son of Chu". 2. In the beginning, it was not only the three families of Zhao, Wei, and Han that controlled the Jin government, but four families—the other was the Zhi family.At the beginning, Zhishen, the patriarch of the Zhi family (Xuanzi), appointed his son Zhiyao as his successor.Zhiguo, a member of the tribe, objected, saying: "Zhiyao is not as good as your other concubine Zhixiao. Zhiyao has five superhuman advantages and only one disadvantage. The five advantages are: a good-looking talent, good at riding and shooting, and proficient in various skills , the article is fluent, resolute and decisive. One shortcoming is: narrow-minded, mean and ungrateful. Five talents plus no tolerance, who can live in peace with him? If you want Zhiyao to be your heir, the family with the surname Zhi It must be destroyed." Zhishen ignored this suggestion, so Zhiguo registered with the government, set up a separate genealogy, and changed his surname to "Fu". The patriarch of the Zhao family (Jianzi) Zhao Yang has two sons, the eldest son Zhao Bolu, and the youngest son Zhao Wuxie.When Zhao Yang wanted to decide on an heir, he didn't know which son was better, so he carved a general admonition on two bamboo slips, handed them to study and keep them, and told them: "Keep it in mind." After three years, ask them again, Zhao Bolu He was tongue-tied and forgot all about it, and even dropped the bamboo slips.Zhao Wuxie recited it fluently, asked him for the bamboo slips, and immediately took them out from his sleeves (the ancients took off their clothes and had big sleeves).Therefore, his father Zhao Yang was deeply impressed by Zhao Wuxie and appointed him as his heir. Bo Yang said: There is no doubt about Zhao Wuxie's talent.But immediately taking out the bamboo slips from his sleeve was a bit strange.Bamboo slips are bulky things, and they have been kept in the sleeves for three years. How can there be such a strange thing in the world.It seems that there is only one possibility, Zhao Wuxie has a spy buried beside his father, and he has got the news long ago.It can only prove his cunning, but not that he can endure humiliation as expected. Zhao Yang appointed Yin Duo to guard Jinyang (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province), the base of the Zhao family. Yin Duo asked, "Are you teaching me to search for wealth? Or teach me to make Jinyang your reliable retreat?" Zhao Yang said He said: "Of course, Jinyang must be my reliable escape route." After Yin Duo took office, he immediately reduced taxes and reorganized his war preparations.Zhao Yang said to Zhao Wuxie: "There is a catastrophe in the state of Jin. Remember, don't think that Yin Duo is young, and don't think that Jinyang is too far away from the capital (the air distance between Xintian and Jinyang is 300 kilometers). You must go to defect." After Zhao Yang's death, Zhiyao (Xiangzi) took over the power of the Jin government. One day, Han Hu, the patriarch of the family surnamed Han (Kangzi), and Wei Ju, the patriarch of the family surnamed Wei (Huanzi), held a banquet at Lantai to drink and have fun.Zhiyao teased Han Hu, and insulted Duan Gui, the chief minister (phase) of the Han family.After Zhiguo heard this, he warned: "If you provoke the other party and don't guard against retaliation, disaster will inevitably come." Zhiyao said: "I am a disaster. If I don't cause disaster to others, it is considered luck. Who dares to give me disaster?" Guo said: "I'm afraid this is not the case. There is a saying in "Xia Shu": "A person who makes mistakes repeatedly, and the grievances formed are not in the open. You can't be careless just because you can't see them." Only when a big man can be cautious about small things can he avoid big things. Now, at the public banquet, the head of the Han family and the important ministers of the Han family are humiliated all at once, and they don't guard against their backlash, just comforting themselves: 'They dare not!' The ending must be bad. Even wasps and ants can harm people, let alone the leader of a huge armed corps and his assistants?" Zhi Yao couldn't listen. Soon, Zhiyao asked Han Hu to cede the territory, and Han Hu trembled with anger.Duan Gui said: "Zhiyao likes to take advantage of small things, and his temperament is very stubborn. If he refuses, he will definitely attack us. Why don't we give it to him? After he has tasted this kind of sweetness, he will definitely do the same to others. If others don't give it to him, there will be a war." We can not only escape disaster, but also sit and wait for changes." Han Hu gave Zhiyao a city with 10,000 households, and Zhiyao was very happy.Then he asked Wei Ju, the patriarch of the family surnamed Wei (Huanzi), to cede the territory. Wei Ju was going to refuse, but his manager (xiang) Ren Zhang asked, "Why not give it to him?" Wei Ju said, "There is no reason to force Of course we won’t give it to him.” Ren Zhang said, “It’s because he has no reason to force us to cede the land, so we should give it to him. After giving it to him, Zhiyao must think that he is smart and invincible. Once he is invincible, he will definitely underestimate the enemy Only those families that we have been persecuted can be united with sincerity. Zhiyao's life will not last long if we treat the enemy with sincerity and unity. "The Book of Books" says: "When you defeat him, first make him full of evil. You will devour him Then, feed him something first.’ It’s better to agree to his request and make Zhiyao dazzled by the victory. Then, we will do it secretly. Why did the Wei family get hit by the Zhi family first?” Wei Ju agreed with him. , and also gave Zhiyao a city with 10,000 households. Zhiyao is very satisfied with her clever strategy and correct judgment.So he intensified his efforts to ask Zhao Wuxie, the new patriarch of the Zhao family (Xiangzi), to ask Linyi (west of Lishi County, Shanxi Province) and Gaolang (northwest of Lishi County, Shanxi Province) by name.This time, he hit a snag, but Zhao Wuxie refused. This was an unbearable blow to Zhiyao who was used to winning.With the help of Wei and Han, he attacked Zhao Wuxie's house.When Zhao Wuxie was about to flee Xintian (Houma City, Shanxi Province), the capital of Jin, he was considering where to go. His attendants suggested: "The eldest son (Changzi County, Shanxi Province) is the closest (170 kilometers away from Houma City by air) , and the castle has just been built." Zhao Wuxie said: "The people have just finished a huge project and are exhausted. If they are asked to work hard to defend the city, who would be so stupid?" The attendants also suggested: "Handan (Handan, Hebei Province) It is also a good place.” Zhao Wuxie said: “The local officials have deprived the people of their wealth. Now we go to deprive the people of their lives. Who will help me? We can only go to Jinyang (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province), Jinyang is the old base of our Zhao family, and Yin Duo treats the people generously, and the hearts of the people must agree with us." So, he went to Jinyang. Zhiyao personally led three combined corps to attack Jinyang, surrounded on all sides, airtight.Then the Fenshui River was broken, and the waves were so violent that there was only a thrilling gap between the city and the top of the city with only three wall planks, and it was not filled.The city was supported by hardships, the flooded river gradually increased, the stoves of the people's houses collapsed, and fish and frogs were everywhere.However, the hearts of the people were resolute, and no one thought of surrendering.Zhiyao was patrolling on the high hill outside the city, accompanied by Wei Ju and Han Hu. Seeing the flood rolling and the waves surging, Jinyang City was like a lonely boat that was about to sink. I know that water can be the country of the dead." Hearing this, Wei Ju lightly touched Han Hu with his elbow, and Han Hu lightly touched Wei Ju with his foot. It can be used to irrigate Anyi (Xia County, Shanxi Province, the base of the Wei family), and Jiangshui can also be used to irrigate Pingyang (Linfen City, Shanxi Province, the base of the Han family). The counselor of the Zhi family, Ji Zhe (絺, sound chi), warned Zhiyao: "The two families of Han and Wei may rebel." Zhiyao said, "How do you know?" Chi Zhe said, "I just judge by common sense. Obviously, they will definitely think that once the Zhao family is destroyed, the next target will be Han and Wei. We have agreed with the two families that after the Zhao family is eliminated, the three families will jointly carve up the Zhao family's territory. The city will not be submerged, only three dollars away The plank, the people are hungry, they are killing and devouring each other, Jinyang is falling, and they should be happy, but the two of them are worried, if there is no conspiracy, it will be strange." Zhiyao didn't believe it.The next day, Zhiyao told Han Hu and Wei Ju what Ji Zai had said.The two were so wronged that they swore to the sky: "This must be the Zhao family's countermeasures to provoke the feelings between the allies and make you slack off the military action to attack Jinyang because of doubts and precautions against our two families. Just think about it." No matter how stupid we are, we will not be so stupid as to abandon the territory of the Zhao family that has already arrived, and engage in ridiculous and dangerous activities that are absolutely impossible." When the two left, Yu Zai came in and asked Zhiyao, "What's going on? , You told them what I said yesterday?" Zhiyao was surprised and said, "Hey, how do you know?" Ji Zhe said, "I noticed that they looked up at me, staggered, quickened their pace, bowed their heads and walked away. Obviously, they already know that I have seen through their hearts." Zhiyao refused to admit that her observation was wrong.Seeing that a catastrophe was about to happen, Ji Zai asked to be sent as an envoy to the state of Qi to get out of danger. Zhao Wuxie, who was trapped in the dangerous city, sent Zhang Mengtan, a secret envoy, to sneak out of the city in the dark night, to meet Wei Ju and Han Hu, and remind them: "The ancients said that when the lips are dead, the teeth are cold. You." Wei Ju and Han Hu said: "Why don't we understand, what we are afraid of is that if the news is leaked before the matter has started, a catastrophe will come immediately." Zhang Mengtan said: "The strategy comes from the two masters. What harm will it do if it comes into Zhang Mengtan's mouth?" Wei Ju and Han Hu formed an alliance with Zhang Mengtan, agreed on a launch date, and sent him back to the city.On the agreed date, Zhao Wuxie dispatched elite troops to assault the Zhijia defenders, and broke the embankment. The flood flooded the Zhijia army's position. Attacking from both wings, Zhao Wuxie personally led a strong force, went forward bravely, captured Zhiyao alive, and immediately beheaded him.Then all the Zhi surnamed families were slaughtered.Zhiguo was the only one left alive, and he expected that under the leadership of Zhiyao, the Zhi family would end up like this, so he had already changed his surname to Fu, so he was able to escape the catastrophe. Sima Guang said: The reason why Zhiyao fell was that his talent surpassed his character.Talent and morality are two different things, and it is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish them.Seeing that a person is capable, he praises him for being wise, so he often misunderstands the person.The meaning of talent is "intelligence and strong perseverance" (intelligence, discernment, courage, perseverance), the meaning of morality is "integrity and harmony" (justice, fairness, impartiality, peace and gentleness), and talent is the foundation of character , Morality is the master of talent.The bamboo of Yunmeng (South of Anlu City, Hubei Province) is the toughest. However, if you don't straighten its bends and scrape its joints to make arrows, you won't be able to pierce hard armor.Gold (copper) in Tangxi (northwest of Xiping County, Henan Province) is the most valuable. However, if it is not melted and tempered, it cannot produce a strong striking force.A person who has both talent and character is a "sage", a person who has neither talent nor character is a "fool", a person whose character exceeds talent is a "gentleman", and a person who has talent over character is a "villain".Appointing a person to take on important tasks, if you can't find a "sage" or a "gentleman", then it is better to use a "fool" than a "little man".What is the reason?A "gentleman" uses his talents for good deeds, but a "villain" uses his talents to do evil deeds.Putting talents to work that benefits society is like icing on the cake.It is a disaster to use talents for evil. Although a "fool" wants to do bad things, he lacks neither wisdom nor strength. He is like a newborn puppy who wants to bite someone, but he can be subdued by raising his hand.The "little man" is otherwise, wise enough to bring out his evil, and capable enough to accomplish his tyranny. It's like a tiger with wings, and the disaster it brings to people is even more serious. "Character" makes people respect, and "talent" makes people love.Those who respect are easy to alienate, but those who love are easy to become confidantes. Therefore, many people in authority are deceived by talented people and forget about virtuous people.Since ancient times, there are too many examples of the country's rebellious officials and traitors, and the family's prodigal sons, because of their excess talents but lack of morality, contributed to their downfall, and Zhiyao is not the only one.Here, I specifically point out that if the country's leaders can truly understand the difference between talent and morality, and know the order of choice, they will not repeat the same mistakes. Bo Yang said: Sima Guang regards human nature as an inorganic body, so the definitions of talent and morality are specious. "Strength" is both a talent and a virtue; "justice" is both a virtue and a talent.Especially in actual political operations, is it judged whether a person's "talent" is better than his "character"?Or "character" over "talent"?It simply cannot be done.Which king and leader does not affirm that his cronies and subordinates are the most wise and loyal in the world?If he had known that he was an evil villain, how could he have given him a heavy responsibility?Traditional Chinese administration of personnel has always revolved around this circle of "talent", "moral character", "gentleman" and "little man". Even Zhuge Liang emphasized the need to be "close to a gentleman" and "far away from a small man".Hey, all living beings, all the officials, all look similar, who is the "gentleman"?Who is the "little man"?As a result, a law of "I am a gentleman, you are a villain" is formed, accusing each other.Several well-known dynasties, such as the Song and Ming dynasties, paralyzed the central government and finally perished in this mutual accusation.Moreover, purely in theory, a "fool" is worse than a "villain". As the saying goes: "The harm of a stupid official is better than that of a corrupt official." His talent is also enough to do good things for the people.As for the faint official, he cannot function at any time.Sima Guang's argument made successive dynasties and governments try their best to emphasize "moral character", and as a result, most of them were destroyed by the hands of mediocrity.Because the human heart is complicated, the dichotomy is naive and simple, and the evil and nobility in a person coexist at the same time. Before the coffin is closed, it cannot be tested or analyzed.There is only one way to prevent evil, and that is the democratic system and the spirit of the rule of law. Use elections and laws to control his evil level, and at the same time use elections and laws to inspire his noble character.However, in Sima Guang's era, there was no democracy, and the law had no power, so Sima Guang had to resort to abstract principles.So, we were puzzled (not blamed): With Sima Guang's profound questioning, why didn't any idea of ​​democracy and the rule of law come up? 3. The three major families of Zhao, Wei, and Han divided up the territory of the Zhi family.Zhao Wuxie hated Zhiyao to the bone, painted his skull and used it as a jug.Zhiyao's vassal, Yu Rang, to avenge his old master, disguised himself as a servant with a sharp knife, sneaked into Zhao Wuxie's residence and hid in the toilet.Zhao Wuxie wanted to go to the bathroom, but suddenly his heart beat, and he ordered people to search for Yu Rang. The guards demanded immediate execution.Zhao Wuxie said: "Zhiyao's whole family was slaughtered and there are no descendants. This man avenged his old master. He is a loyal minister and righteous man. I am willing to avoid him." He ordered his release.After Yu Rang returned, he smeared his whole body with lacquer. His skin became sensitive and he developed skin sores. He was afraid that people would recognize him from his voice, and swallowed charcoal to make his voice hoarse. know him.But when I met an old friend, the old friend saw his face, couldn't help crying, and said: "With your talent, if you join the Zhao family, you will definitely be able to get close to Zhao Wuxie, and then take the opportunity to strike, isn't it not easy? Why do you have to suffer yourself like this, you know, you have no hope of success at all." Yu Rang said: "If I take refuge in the Zhao family, I will become a retainer of the Zhao family. Since I am a retainer, murdering the master is disloyal. I don't do things that are unfaithful. What I have to do is of course difficult, so I just want to make those who are unfaithful feel ashamed." Zhao Wuxie went out, and Yu Rang lay in ambush under the bridge he must pass.Zhao Wuxie was about to reach the bridge, when his mount was torn apart suddenly, after the guards searched, they found Yurang again.Zhao Wuxie didn't spare him this time and beheaded him. Zhao Wuxie misses his elder brother Zhao Bolu, so even though he has five sons, he has been unwilling to designate an heir.But Zhao Bolu's son was sealed in Daicheng (Yu County, Hebei Province), honored as Dai Chengjun, and died very early, so he appointed Dai Chengjun's son Zhao Huan as his successor.等到赵无恤逝世（前四二五年），赵浣（献子）继位，只几个月，赵无恤的老弟赵嘉（桓子），就把赵浣逐走，自己继位。一年后逝世（前四二四年），赵姓家族长老们决定：“赵嘉当主人，不是赵无恤的意思。”为了避免争位，于是把赵嘉的儿子诛杀，重新迎接赵浣（献子）复位。赵综生赵籍，赵籍就是本年（前四〇三年）封国建立时的赵国第一任国君（烈侯）。 4、魏斯，是魏驹（桓子）的孙儿，魏国第一任国君，称文侯。韩虎（康子）生韩启章（成子），韩启章生韩虔。韩虔，是韩国第一任国君，称景侯。 5、魏国国君（一任文侯）魏斯，敦请卜子夏、田子方，作他的教师。每次经过段干木的住所，一定低头致敬（段干木是当时道德之士）。四方英雄豪杰，听到魏斯如此的尊重贤能，纷纷投奔魏国。 魏斯跟政府高级官员举行盛宴，心情十分愉快，而天忽然降雨。魏斯教备马出发，前往近郊，左右官员劝阻说：“今天大家喝酒，正在快乐，而天又降雨，主上却要去什么地方？”魏斯说：“我跟农林部长（虞人）约定今天打猎，虽然余兴未尽，怎么可以不见一面？”于是，亲自前往，面告农林部长改期。 韩国邀请魏国帮助，进攻赵国。魏斯拒绝说：“魏国跟赵国是兄弟之邦，不敢从命。”赵国得到韩国方面准备进攻的消息，也要求魏国帮助，攻击韩国。魏斯用同样的话回答，两国都愤怒异常。到了后来，当他们知道魏斯对他们的感情时，十分感动，都向魏国朝觐。从此，魏国成为一个强大的国家，其他封国不能跟它争锋。 魏斯任命乐羊当武装部队统帅，攻陷中山王国（首都顾城），并入魏国版图，作为儿子魏击的封邑。有一次，魏斯问他的臣僚说：“我是什么样的君主？”大家一致回答说：“仁慈的君主。”只有一位名叫任座的，独持异议，插嘴说：“你得到土地，不封你弟弟，而封你儿子，怎么能称仁慈？”魏斯勃然大怒，任座一看苗头不对，立即告辞退出。魏斯再问另一位臣僚翟璜，翟璜说：“你当然是仁慈的君主。”魏斯没好气说：“你怎么知道？”翟璜说：“我知道的是，君主仁慈，臣僚才能正直。所以任座那么毫无忌惮，那么直爽坦率，我就由此推断。”魏斯大为舒服，派翟璜去请任座回来。魏斯亲自下台阶迎接，待作上宾。 魏斯跟田子方一块喝酒，宫廷音乐在旁伴奏。魏斯忽然说：“声音有点不调和，似乎'钟声'偏高。”田子方微笑不语，魏斯说：“你为什么笑？”田子方说：“作一个君主，只要了解管理音乐的官员（乐官）就够了，不必了解音乐。而今你了解音乐，恐怕会忽略去了解管理音乐的官员。”魏斯恍然大悟。 魏斯的儿子魏击，在路上遇到田子方，急忙下车，在道旁下拜。田子方却不还礼，扬长而去。魏击火冒三丈，抓住田子方，质问说：“普天之下，是富贵值得骄傲？还是贫贱值得骄傲？”田子方说：“这还用问，当然贫贱的人可以骄傲，富贵的人怎敢如此？国君骄傲则失去他的封国，国务官（大夫）骄傲则失去他的家族。失国的人，再没有国。失家的人，再没有家。像我们这些贫贱之辈，建言不被采纳，行为不合主人的要求，那可简单明了，穿上鞋子就走，反正走到哪里都是一样贫贱。”魏击为自己的孟浪道歉。 魏斯问他的大臣中山（河北省定州市）守将李克说：“你曾经说过：'家贫思良妻，国乱思良相（宰相）。'我现在想从两个人中，选择一位当宰相，不是魏成，就是翟璜，你以为哪一位比较合适？”李克说：“地位低微的人不参与决定尊贵的事，关系疏远的人不参与讨论关系亲密的人。我远在宫门之外，不敢向你提出意见。”魏斯说：“不要滑头，一定要你说出来。”李克说：“哪一位当宰相合适，条件至为明显，主上一时没有注意到罢了。平常日子，观察他亲近些什么人？有钱之后，观察他把钱用到哪里去？做了高官，观察他推荐些什么贤能？贫贱的时候，观察他是不是有所不为？穷困的时候，观察他接受不接受不义之财？从这五点，可以得到结论，还用我多说话？”魏斯欣然说：“好了，请你回府休息吧，我已决定任命谁当宰相了。”李克出宫，遇到翟璜，翟璜问：“听说主上召你进宫，向你征求宰相人选的意见，你推荐了谁？”李克说：“魏成。”翟璜脸色大变说：“主上担心西河（黄河西岸），是我推荐吴起。主上忧虑邺城（河北省临漳县西南邺镇），是我推荐西门豹。主上要攻击中山王国，是我推荐乐羊。占领中山后，物色不到守将，是我推荐你。主上的儿子没有教师，是我推荐屈侯鲋。仅这几点，我有什么地方不如魏成？”李克说：“你当初推荐我镇守中山，难道是把我当做党羽，纳入组织，用来培植帮派，以求更大的官？我想当然不是。主上问我谁适宜当宰相，我就依照实际情况回答。所以推测主上一定任用魏成，因为魏成千钟（一钟，六斛四斗）俸禄，却用九百钟广交圣贤豪杰，只留一百钟给家人，所以才发掘出卜子夏、田子方、段干木，介绍给主上，主上尊为师傅。而你所推荐的五位，主上都用作部属，你怎么能跟魏成相比？”翟璜大为惭愧，赧然说：“我真是一个粗线条，不该这么问你，愿追随你学习，做你的弟子。” 吴起，卫国（首府濮阳）人，在鲁国（首府曲阜）担任官职。鲁国物色大将，而吴起的妻子却是齐国（首府临淄）人，鲁国政府怀疑一旦跟齐国发生战争时，他能不能忠心不二。吴起就把妻子杀掉，结果把齐国的军队击败。于是有人向鲁国国君挑拨说：“吴起从前跟曾参上学，娘亲逝世，他不奔丧，曾参认为他不孝，跟他断绝关系。现今又把妻子害死，只为了当主上的大将，这种人残忍无耻。而且，我们鲁国是一个小国，一旦传开来说我们有力量大破强敌，恐怕各封国会联合抵制，打我们的主意，鲁国就吃不了兜着走。”吴起得到消息，恐怕被杀，听说魏斯贤明，就投奔魏国。魏斯征询李克的意见，李克说：“吴起既贪财而又好色，可是，如果率军作战，虽田穰苴（齐国名将）也不如他。”魏斯遂任命吴起担任大将，攻击秦国，占领五个城市。 吴起虽身为大将，可是却跟最卑微的士兵同甘共苦，穿一样的衣服、吃一样的食物，睡觉时睡在地上，不另外设床；行军时徒步，绝不骑马；亲自背负干粮，分担士兵辛劳。士兵中有害疽疮的，吴起亲自用口为他吸脓。士兵的娘亲听到这件事，痛哭失声。人们说：“你儿子不过一个无名小卒，而大将军给你儿子吸脓，你还有什么可哭的？”娘亲说：“当年，吴起曾为孩子的爹吸过疮脓，孩子的爹奋力杀敌，战死沙场。而今吴起又吸孩子的疮脓，不知道孩子将死在何所，怎不哀伤？” 6、燕国（首府蓟城）国君（三十四任）湣公（名不详）逝世，子僖公（名不详）继位（三十五任）。 1、周王国（首都洛阳）国王（三十八任威烈王）姬午逝世，子姬骄继位（三十九任），是为安王。 2、楚王国（首都郢都）发生大变故，强盗击杀国王（十六任声王）芈（音mi）当。贵族们共拥芈当的儿子芈疑，继承王位（十七任），是为悼王。 1、秦国（首府雍县）进攻魏国（首府安邑），大军进抵阳孤（山西省垣曲县东南）。