Chapter 27 Appendix Chronology of events in this volume

In 2 BC (the first year of Yuanshou of Emperor Ai of the Western Han Dynasty), the envoy of Da Yuezhi dictated the "Buddha Sutra" to Jing Lu, a disciple of the Ph.D. From 57 to 75 A.D. (Eastern Han Emperor Ming Dynasty), Chu King Liu Ying admired the pagoda, and it is said that Emperor Ming sent envoys to India to seek Buddhism. From 125 to 144 (the period of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Zhang Ling created the Tao of Tianshi (Wudou Rice Road), and Yu Ji created the Taiping Road. In 189 (the sixth year of Zhongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty), Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, the world was in chaos, and the era of division actually began.

In 220 (the first year of Cao Wei and Huang Chu), Cao Pi replaced Han and Wei Shi. In 258 (the third year of Caowei Ganlu), the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei held a meeting in Shengle at the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain and began to settle here. In December of 265 (the second year of Cao Wei Xianxi, the first year of Taishi in the Western Jin Dynasty), Emperor Wei and Yuan abdicated, Sima Yan became emperor, Cao Wei died, and the Western Jin Dynasty began. In 304 (the third year of Tai'an in the Western Jin Dynasty), Li Xiong, a marshal of the Di tribe, became the king of Chengdu, Liu Yuan, the chief of the Xiongnu, became the king of Han, and the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms began.

In 306 (the first year of Guangxi), Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, and the country was established. In 308 (the second year of Yongjia), Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, and moved his capital to Pingyang the following year. In 310 (the fourth year of Yongjia), Liu Yuan died, and his son Liu Congli.Chief Tuoba was named Daigong by Jin Dynasty.Fotucheng went to Luoyang to preach. In 311 (the fifth year of Yongjia), Liu Yao, Shi Le and other generals of the Xiongnu Han Dynasty captured Luoyang and captured Sima Chi, Emperor Huai of Jin. In 314 (the second year of Jianxing), Zhang Gui, a Han native of Xiping, died, and his son Zhang Shi (read truthfully) succeeded to the throne and established a separate regime.

In 316 (the fourth year of Jianxing), Liu Yao captured Chang'an, Emperor Min of Jin Dynasty Sima Ye surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty died. In 318 (the first year of Taixing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Sima Rui took the throne, the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Liu Cong died, his son Liu Can succeeded to the throne, was killed, and Liu Yao succeeded. In 319 (the second year of Taixing), Liu Yao changed his country name and was called "Qian Zhao" in history. In 329 (the third year of Xianhe), Shi Le killed Liu Yao, and the former Zhao died. In 330 (the fifth year of Xianhe), Shi Le, a man from Jie, proclaimed himself emperor, known as "Later Zhao" in history.After Shi Le proclaimed himself emperor, he respected Buddha Tucheng as a great monk.

In 335 (the first year of Xiankang), Roman Emperor Constantine allowed the Vandals to settle in Bennonia (mostly in present-day Hungary and Yugoslavia). In 337 (the third year of Xiankang), the Xianbei marshal Murong Hao (read Ruhuo) was called the King of Yan, and his capital was Longcheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning), and he was called "Qianyan" in history. In 347 (the third year of Yonghe), Huan Wen conquered Shu, Li Shi surrendered, and Cheng Han died. In 350 (the sixth year of Yonghe), Ran Min, the adopted son of Emperor Shihu of the Later Zhao Dynasty, usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor.

In 351 (the seventh year of Yonghe), Later Zhao died.Fu Jian, a hero of the Di tribe, claimed to be the king of heaven, Da Shanyu, with his capital in Chang'an, and his country was named Daqin, which was called "Former Qin" in history. In 352 (the eighth year of Yonghe), Ran Wei died.Murong Jun, king of Yan, proclaimed himself emperor, and his capital was Ye, known as "Former Yan" in history.In the same year, Fu Jian proclaimed himself emperor. In 370 (the fifth year of Taihe), the former Qin defeated the Yan army, and the former Yan died. In 374 (the second year of Ningkang), the Huns crossed the Volga River, and the Germanic barbarian tribes began to invade the Roman Empire on a large scale, and the European nationalities migrated.

In 376 (the fourth year of Ningkang), Qianliang was conquered by the former Qin Dynasty, and Qianliang died.Afterwards, the former Qin Dynasty attacked the Dai state established by the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei, and the Dai state fell.So far, northern China has been completely unified by the former Qin Dynasty.In the same year, the Visigoths crossed the Danube and set off a great riot because of the oppression of the Romans. In 378 (the third year of Taiyuan), the Roman Emperor Valens was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople. In 383 (the eighth year of Taiyuan), the Battle of Feishui between Qin and Jin Dynasties.

In 384 (the ninth year of Taiyuan), Murong Chui, a Xianbei general of the former Qin Fujian, called himself the King of Yan, and was known as "Later Yan" in history.Murong Hong was called the king of Jibei, and was called "Xiyan" in history.Yao Chang, a Qiang native, was called the King of Qin, and was called "Later Qin" in history. In 385 (the tenth year of Taiyuan), Yao Chang captured and killed Fu Jian.In the former Qin Dynasty, Xianbei people begged Fu Guoren to build the country, which was called "Western Qin" in history.Di Shuai Yang decided to establish himself as a public, proclaimed himself a vassal in Jin, and was known as "Chou Chi" in history.

In 386 (the 11th year of Taiyuan), Tuobagui, the chieftain of Xianbei, proclaimed Wang Jianguo in Niuchuan (now Hohhot), known as "Northern Wei Dynasty" in history.Yao Chang, king of the later Qin Dynasty, entered Chang'an and proclaimed himself emperor.Lu Guang, a member of the Di tribe, founded the country and was known as "Houliang" in history. In 392 (the seventeenth year of Taiyuan), Christianity became the state religion of Rome. In 394 (the nineteenth year of Taiyuan), the Western Qin Dynasty destroyed the former Qin Dynasty, and the former Qin Dynasty perished.The Later Yan destroyed the Western Yan, and the Western Yan died.

In 395 (the 20th year of Taiyuan), the Roman Empire split. In 397 (the first year of Long'an), Xianbei's bald-haired Wugu was called Wang Jianguo, and it was called "Nanliang" in history.Juqu Mengxun, the handsome Xiongnu in Houliang, founded the country, and it was called "Northern Liang" in history. In October of 398 (the second year of Long'an), Hou Yan Murong De proclaimed Wang Jianguo, known as "Nan Yan" in history.In July, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi).In December, Tuobagui proclaimed himself emperor.

In 399 (the third year of Long'an), Sun En was in chaos.Fa Xian went to India to seek Buddhist scriptures. In 400 years (the fourth year of Long'an), the king of Western Qin descended to Qin, and Western Qin died.Li Hao (a variant of Hao), the prefect of Dunhuang in Northern Liang, founded the country and was known as "Xiliang" in history.Angles, Saxons and Jutes begin to invade the British Isles. In 402 (the first year of Yuanxing), the Huanxuan Rebellion broke out, and Sun En was defeated and committed suicide. In 403 (the second year of Yuanxing), Nanliang and Beiliang attacked Houliang, and Houliang surrendered to Houqin, and Houliang died.Emperor Jin'an was forced to abdicate, Huan Xuan proclaimed himself emperor, and the country was named Chu. In 404 (the third year of Yuanxing), Liu Yu challenged Huan Xuan, who was defeated and killed. In 405 (the fourth year of Yuanxing and the first year of Yixi), Qiao Zong rebelled against Jin and became king. According to Chengdu, he was called "Western Shu" in history.Xiliang moved its capital to Jiuquan to force Beiliang. In 406 (the second year of Yixi), Nanliang moved its capital to Guzang (Wuwei, Gansu). In 407 (the third year of Yixi), He Lianbo, a general of the Later Qin Dynasty who was a Hun, rebelled against the Later Qin and became king.Murongxi, the king of Houyan, was killed, and Houyan died.Gao Yun is Emperor Yan, known as "Northern Yan" in history. In 410 (the sixth year of Yixi), Nan Yan died.The Visigoths captured Rome. In 413 (the ninth year of Yixi), Liu Yu sent troops to attack Xishu, and Xishu fell. In 414 (the tenth year of Yixi), the Western Qin Dynasty attacked Nanliang, and Nanliang died. In 417 (the thirteenth year of Yixi), the Eastern Jin Dynasty attacked Later Qin, and Later Qin died. In 418 (the 14th year of Yixi), the Eastern Jin Dynasty granted Liu Yu the Duke of Song. Liu Yu poisoned Sima Dezong, Emperor An of Jin, and appointed his younger brother Sima Dewen as Emperor Gong of Jin. In 419 (the first year of Yuanxi), the Visigothic Kingdom was established. In 420 (the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the first year of Yongchu in Liu Song Dynasty), the Eastern Jin Dynasty died.Liu Yu proclaimed himself emperor, the country was named Song, and the history was called "Liu Song".The Southern Dynasties began.The Franks began to settle in Gaul, and the Burgundians began to settle in the Rhone Valley. In 421 (the second year of Yongchu), Beiliang attacked Xiliang, and Xiliang died. In 422 (the third year of Yongchu), Emperor Wu Liu Yu died, and the young emperor Liu Yifu succeeded to the throne. In 423 (the first year of Jingping), Tuoba Tao, Emperor Mingyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty died, and his son Tuoba Tao, Emperor Taiwu, succeeded to the throne. In 424 (the second year of Jingping), Liu Song Shaodi was abolished and killed, and Xuandu King Liu Yilong succeeded to the throne as Song Wendi.Kou Qianzhi built the Tianshi Dojo in Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was called Xin Tianshi Dao, also known as Bei Tianshi Dao. In 429 (the sixth year of Yuanjia), the Vandals entered North Africa. In 431 (the eighth year of Yuanjia), Hu Xia attacked Western Qin, and Western Qin died.Tuyuhun attacked Hu Xia, and Hu Xia died. In 436 (the thirteenth year of Yuanjia), the Northern Wei Dynasty attacked Beiyan, and Beiyan died. In 439 (the sixteenth year of Liu Song Yuanjia, the fifth year of Taiyan in the Northern Wei Dynasty), the Northern Wei Dynasty attacked Beiliang, and Beiliang died.The era of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms ended, and the era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties began.The Vandals founded their kingdom on the site of Carthage. In the first month of 442 (the 19th year of Liu Song Yuanjia, and the third year of Taiping Zhenjun in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Tuoba Tao, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, went to the Taoist altar to accept the talisman. In 443 (the 20th year of Liu Song Yuanjia, and the fourth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty Taiping Zhenjun), Attila, King of the Huns (God's Whip), entered Constantinople. In 444 (the 21st year of Liu Song Yuanjia, and the 5th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty Taiping Zhenjun), Buddhism was banned in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 446 (the 23rd year of Yuanjia in the Liu Song Dynasty and the 7th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty's Taiping Zhenjun), Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an edict to burn all Buddhist scriptures and scriptures, and killed monks, young and old. Buddhism was almost wiped out. In 450 (the 27th year of Liu Song Yuanjia, the 11th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty Taiping Zhenjun), Tuoba Tao, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, killed Cui Hao.Liu Song conquered the Northern Wei Dynasty.Attila led an army of 500,000 across the Rhine to invade Gaul and arrived at the city of Orleans. In 451 (the 28th year of Liu Song Yuanjia, and the 12th year of Taiping Zhenjun in the Northern Wei Dynasty), the Huns fought fiercely with the Roman, Visigothic and Frankish allied forces at the Battle of Sharon, with a total of millions of troops invested by both sides. In 452 (the twenty-ninth year of Liu Song Yuanjia, the second year of Zhengping in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first year of Taiping, and the first year of Xing'an), there was civil strife in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Taiwu was killed, and the emperor's grandson Tuoba Jun succeeded to the throne as Emperor Wencheng. In 453 (the 30th year of Yuanjia in Liu Song Dynasty and the second year of Xing'an in Northern Wei Dynasty), Liu Shao, the crown prince of Liu Song Dynasty, killed his father, and Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty died.Liu Jun, the king of Wuling, proclaimed himself emperor, and he was Emperor Xiaowu.Emperor Xiaowu killed Liu Shao.Attila died, and the Hun Empire collapsed. In 455 (the second year of Xiaojian in Liu Song Dynasty and the second year of Xingguang in Northern Wei Dynasty), the Vandals captured Rome and plundered it for 14 days. In 464 (the eighth year of Liu Song Daming, the fifth year of Heping in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song died, and his son Liu Ziye succeeded to the throne. In 465 (the first year of Liu Song Yongguang, the first year of Jinghe, the first year of Taishi, and the sixth year of Heping in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Tuoba Jun, Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty died, and Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xianwen, succeeded to the throne.Liu Ziye, Emperor Song of the Southern Dynasty, was violently killed, and Liu Yu, King of Eastern Hunan, succeeded him as Emperor Song Ming. In 466 (the second year of Liu Songtai's first year and the first year of Tian'an in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty launched a palace coup and took power. In 471 (the seventh year of Liu Songtai, the fifth year of Huangxing in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the first year in Yanxing), Emperor Xianwen Tuobahong of the Northern Wei Dynasty abdicated and his son Tuobahong succeeded him as Emperor Xiaowen. In 472 (the first year of Liu Song Taiyu, the second year of Northern Wei Yanxing), Song Ming Emperor Liu Yu died, and his son Liu Yu succeeded to the throne. In 476 (the fourth year of Yuanhui in the Liu Song Dynasty and the first year of Chengming in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty died.The Germanic mercenaries abolished the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire fell. In 477 (the fifth year of Liu Song Yuanhui, the first year of Shengming, and the first year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Liu Yu was violently killed in the Southern Dynasty, and his younger brother Liu Zhunli was named Emperor Shun. In 479 (the third year of Liu Song Shengming, the first year of Jianyuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty, and the third year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Liu Song named Xiao Daocheng King of Qi, Xiao Daocheng forced Emperor Song Shun to abdicate, and Liu Song died in the Southern Dynasty.Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor, and he was Gaodi.The name of the country is Qi, and it is called "Southern Qi" in history. In 482 (the fourth year of Jianyuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty and the sixth year in Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of the Southern Qi Dynasty, died, and his son Xiao Yu succeeded him as Emperor Wu. In 490 (the eighth year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty and the fourteenth year in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty), Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty died, and Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong took charge of the government. In 493 (the 11th year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty and the 17th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Prince Zhaoming of the Southern Qi Dynasty died, Emperor Wu of Qi Xiao Yu died, and his son Xiao Zhaoye succeeded to the throne.The Ostrogoths captured Rome and established the Ostrogothic Kingdom. In 494 (the first year of Longchang in the Southern Qi Dynasty, the first year of Yanxing, the first year of Jianwu, and the eighteenth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), there was civil strife in the Southern Qi Dynasty, and Emperor Xiao Luan of Qi Ming was established.Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, officially moved his capital to Luoyang. In 496 (the third year of Jianwu in the Southern Qi Dynasty and the 20th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an edict to change his surname. In 498 (the fifth year of Jianwu in the Southern Qi Dynasty, the first year of Yongtai, and the 22nd year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Qi Ming Emperor Xiao Luan died, and his son Xiao Baojuan succeeded to the throne. In 499 (the first year of Yongyuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty and the 23rd year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty died, and his son Emperor Xuanwu succeeded to the throne. In 501 (the third year of Yongyuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty, the first year in Zhongxing, and the second year in the Jingming Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Xiao Yan made Xiao Baorong the emperor of Qihe.Xiao Baojuan was killed. In 502 (the second year of Zhongxing in the Southern Qi Dynasty, the first year of Tianjian in the Southern Liang Dynasty, and the third year in the Jingming Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Xiao Yan was named King of Liang in the Southern Qi Dynasty.Xiao Yan forced Emperor He to abdicate, and Southern Qi died.Xiao Yan proclaimed himself emperor, he was Emperor Wu, the country was named Liang, and it was called "Nanliang" in history. In 506 (the fifth year of Tianjian in Nanliang and the third year of Zhengshi in Northern Wei Dynasty), Qiu Chi died. In 509 (the eighth year of Tianjian in the Southern Liang Dynasty and the third year in the Northern Wei Dynasty), the Northern Wei Dynasty worshiped Buddhism. In 515 (the 14th year of Tianjian in the Southern Liang Dynasty and the 4th year of Yanchang in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Empress Dowager Hu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was proclaimed in the imperial court. In 527 (the eighth year of Tongtong in Nanliang, the first year of Datong, and the third year of Xiaochang in Northern Wei Dynasty), Emperor Wu of Liang sacrificed himself to Tongtai Temple for the first time.Bodhidharma went to Guangzhou. In 528 (the second year of Datong in the Southern Liang Dynasty, the fourth year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first year of Wutai, the first year of Jianyi, and the first year of Yong'an), Er Zhurong killed Queen Mother Hu, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was in chaos. In 529 (the third year of Nanliang Datong, the first year of Zhongdatong, and the second year of Yong'an in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Emperor Wu of Liang sacrificed himself to Tongtai Temple for the second time.The Encyclopedia of Civil Laws of the Eastern Roman Empire was completed. In 534 (the sixth year of Zhongdatong in the Southern Liang Dynasty and the third year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty went west from Luoyang to Chang'an.The Vandal Kingdom was conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Vandals gradually merged with the local population. In 535 (the first year of Datong in the Southern Liang Dynasty), Emperor Yuwen of the Northern Wei Dynasty established Wei Wendi, known as the "Western Wei Dynasty" in history.The Northern Wei Dynasty officially split. In 546 (the 12th year of Nanliang Datong and the first year of Zhongdatong), Emperor Wu of Liang sacrificed himself to Tongtai Temple for the third time. In 547 (the second year of Datong in Nanliang, the first year of Taiqing), Emperor Wu of Liang sacrificed himself to Tongtai Temple for the fourth time. In 548 (the second year of Taiqing in the Southern Liang Dynasty), the Hou Jingzhi rebellion broke out. In 549 (the third year of Taiqing in the Southern Liang Dynasty), in March, Hou Jing captured Taicheng, and Emperor Wu of Liang appointed him as the prime minister.In May, Emperor Wu of Liang died tragically, and his son Xiao Gang succeeded him as Emperor Jianwen. In 550 (the first year of Nanliang Dabao), the Eastern Wei Dynasty died.Gao Huanzi Gao Yang proclaimed himself emperor, the country was named Qi, and was known as "Northern Qi" in history.Nanliang granted Hou Jing the title of King of Han.The Northern Qi Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty made Xiao Lun and Xiao Xi the Kings of Liang respectively. In 551 (the second year of Dabao in Nanliang), Hou Jingfei killed Liang Jianwen Emperor Xiao Gang, and then abolished Xiao Dong, and established himself as emperor with the country name Han. In 552 (the first year of Chengsheng in Nanliang), the chaos of Hou Jing stopped. In 556 (the second year of Shaotai in Nanliang, the first year of Taiping), the Western Wei Dynasty died. In 557 (the second year of Taiping in the Southern Liang Dynasty), Yu Wenjue was called the king of heaven, the country was named Zhou, and it was called "Northern Zhou" in history.Emperor Jingdi of Nanliang gave way to Chen Baxian, who proclaimed himself emperor, and the country name was Chen. In 574 (the sixth year of Chen Taijian), Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty banned Buddhism, which was the second of "Three Wus to Exterminate Buddha" and the second major disaster in the history of Chinese Buddhism. In 577 (the ninth year of Chen Taijian), the Northern Zhou Dynasty captured Yecheng, the capital of the Northern Qi Dynasty. The Northern Qi Dynasty fell, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty unified the north. In 578 (the tenth year of Chen Taijian and the seventh year of Jiande in the Northern Zhou Dynasty), Yuwen Yong, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, died, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty began to fall into chaos. In 581 (the thirteenth year of Chen Taijian, the first year of Sui Kaihuang), Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty gave way to King Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty died.Yang Jian proclaimed himself emperor, he was Emperor Wen, and his country was named Sui. In 582 (the fourteenth year of Chen Taijian, the second year of Sui Kaihuang), Emperor Chen Xuan died, and his son Chen Shubao succeeded to the throne as the queen master of Chen. In 583 (the first year of Chen Zhide and the third year of Sui Kaihuang), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty moved his capital to Daxing (in today's Xi'an, Shaanxi). In 589 (the third year of Chen Zhenming and the ninth year of Sui Kaihuang), Chen died, Sui unified China, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties ended. stay tuned Following the second part of "The First Empire" in "Yi Zhongtian's History of China", The third "World Civilization".