Chapter 22 Two stone walls in Xiamen

Although Yishan's lies deceived Emperor Daoguang, he did not deceive his neighbor Yan Botao, the governor of Fujian.When the British fleet arrived with the wind, Yan Botao was waiting in Xiamen. Yan Botao, a native of Lianping, Guangdong, has been an official for generations, and his grandfather and father were all first and second rank officials in the Qing Dynasty.He was a Jinshi in 1814, entered the Hanlin Academy, and worked as an editor after the museum was dismissed. In 1822, he was released from another post and was granted the title of Yanyu Sui Dao in Shaanxi Province.He once handled military supplies, reimbursement and other affairs in the battle of pacifying Zhang Geer, which was highly praised by Emperor Daoguang.

In 1837, Yan Botao moved to the governor of Yunnan and was subordinate to the governor of Yunnan Yilibu. In 1839, Yilibu was changed to Liangjiang, and he was once the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. In September 1840, Emperor Daoguang dismissed Deng Tingzhen and had no generals in his hands, so he transferred Yan Botao to take charge of Fujian and Zhejiang. After Yan Botao received the decree, he immediately went to Beijing to ask for training, and within three days, Wumeng summoned him, "The instructions of the lotus are detailed and deeply engraved in my heart."Emperor Daoguang also had great hopes for him, and in his thank you note, Zhu commented: "Everything should be rectified seriously, and he should do his best, and he should be appointed as a deputy."

Judging from Yan's life, he doesn't seem to be considered an outstanding figure, and his politics is nothing more than ordinary.But in dynastic politics, the Holy Majesty's Long En will indeed arouse the frenzy of his subordinates to repay.Before he came to office, he did something impressive. At the beginning of 1841, Yan Botao passed through Changzhou and Hangzhou on his way to his post, and met with Governor Yuqian of Jiangsu and Governor Liu Yunke of Zhejiang respectively.The British army occupied Dinghai for a long time, but Iribu did not move, which aroused his anger.Therefore, he and Liu Yunke joined forces to request the use of Lin Zexu, "to prepare for the attack and suppression with Yilibu".Yilibu was Yan Botao's boss in Yunnan for many years. Yan's way of turning his face and denying the old chief was not in line with the official rules at the time, but it showed the interests of the dynasty and the severity of personal grievances in his heart.

On February 17, 1841, Yan Botao came to Fuzhou to take office. After making some arrangements, he went to Quanzhou to deploy defense according to Emperor Daoguang's will.However, he was keenly aware of the special status of Xiamen at this time, and unexpectedly handed over the province's affairs to the newly appointed governor of Fujian. He himself devoted himself to Xiamen's defense construction. Located in the south of Fujian Province, Xiamen is a rare natural port, only 80 kilometers away from Quanzhou, a famous international port in history, in the north.After the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou declined, and Xiamen sprang up suddenly, and once became one of the trading ports opened to the outside world in the Qing Dynasty.Even after the Qing government closed Xiamen to the outside world, its shipping and shipbuilding industries were able to maintain and develop because of its business relationship with Taiwan.As for private shipping owners and businessmen, the economic and trade exchanges with Southeast Asia, Japan and other places have never stopped.Their commercial courage and sailing experience were outstanding in China at that time, making this place where there were almost only stones a prosperous market.It can be said that before the Opium War, Xiamen was the third largest shipping center in China after Shanghai (mainly for domestic trade) and Guangzhou (mainly for international trade), and became the treaty port sought by the British side.

As far as the military is concerned, due to the Qing Dynasty's wars against the Zheng family of Taiwan and the Gunn family of San Francisco, as well as the continuous wars to suppress pirates, Xiamen's status is very prominent.The headquarters of the first large-scale maritime armed force in the Qing Dynasty, the Admiral's Office of the Fujian Navy, was located here.There are a total of 4,300 people in the Fifth Battalion stationed in Xiamen and its vicinity. Just like a baby who grows too fast, clothes often can’t keep up. Although Xiamen is only an island with an area of ​​only 109 square kilometers, it is not a prefecture, not a state, and not a county. However, the Qing government sent Xingquan Yongdao (management of Xinghua Prefecture, Quanzhou Prefecture, and Yongchun Prefecture) here, and opened an office here with the Tongzhi of Quanzhou Prefecture, directly governing this place, called Xiamen Coastal Defense Same knowledge.The magistrate of Tong'an County is the seventh rank, and the Tongzhi of Xiafang is the fifth rank. Xiamen belongs to Tong'an and the rank of local officials is higher than that of Tong'an. This is because the body is too big and needs corresponding clothes.In fact, Tong'an County has been unable to manage this area.In this sense, Xiamen has long been a "special zone".

On March 2, 1841, Yan Botao arrived in Xiamen.Although he does not have the vision of modern international economy and trade, from the prosperity of the shipping industry and commerce, he can see the deep-seated factors of the British coveting Xiamen; however, the two battles of Xiamen in July and August 1840, and the news from Guangdong The rumor that the British wanted to make Xiamen a treaty port made him intuitively feel that there would be a war here in the future.Therefore, he decided to station himself here and deploy defense.Under the management of him, Liu Yaochun, Xingquan Yongdao, and Dou Zhenbiao, the new naval admiral, Xiamen began the construction of unprecedentedly regulated and grand defense projects.

Before the Opium War, Xiamen's fortifications were negligible, almost zero.On the south bank of Xiamen Island, there is a fort, commonly known as the "big fort", but it is only "big" to 25 normal guards. The Gaoqi Fort in the northwest of the island has 30 normal guards. , Usually there is only one guard.After the First Battle of Xiamen, Deng Tingzhen strengthened the defense of Xiamen Island, and urgently built gun piers (sandbag forts) on the south coast of Xiamen Island, Gulangyu Island, and Yuziwei in Haicheng County (now Longhai County), and installed artillery 268 people, deployed more than 1,600 defense troops along the south coast of Xiamen Island, and hired more than 1,300 brave soldiers to assist in the defense.Deng Tingzhen's measures undoubtedly strengthened Xiamen's defense.

However, Yan Botao is not satisfied with this, what he likes is big money. The gun pier supervised by Deng Tingzhen and others has been erected near the sea for half a year. This kind of temporary fortification has been washed away by wind, rain and sea tides, and "the sandbag will rot after a long time".Yan Botao simply demolished it and opened a new one. Granite was the strongest building material in the world at that time, and southern Fujian was its famous origin.Yan Botao used granite instead of sandbags to build the most solid linear permanent artillery fortification in China at that time, the stone wall, on the south coast of Xiamen Island (in the vicinity of Xiamen University today), using the strongest materials in the world.

According to Yan Botao's memorial, the stone wall is about 1.6 kilometers long, 3.3 meters high, and 2.6 meters thick. A hole is left every 16 meters for a total of 100 cannons.In order to prevent the British ship's artillery from hitting the stone wall and blowing up the flying stones to injure the defenders, the outside of the stone wall is protected with soil, which means "to overcome rigidity with softness".Behind the stone wall, there is a barracks for the defenders to live in; and behind the stone wall and the side of the barracks, there is a wall for protection. A military engineer of the British Army inspected the structure of the stone wall after the war and spoke highly of its anti-gun capability and firmness.He also made drawings of the stone walls in his writings, so that we can clearly see the internal structure of this kind of fortification today.Another British officer commented on the ability of the stone wall to defend against artillery, which is quite literary: "Based on the method of making the fort strong, even if the big ship fires the cannon to the end of the world, it is very likely that there will be no actual harm to the people guarding the fort. "Although the stone wall still has its flaws, in terms of its firmness and artillery resistance, it was indeed unmatched in China at that time.

In addition to the main position of Shibi, Yan Botao built a number of forts in the east and west of Shibi, Gulangyu Island, and Yuzaiwei, making a total of 279 artillery positions in the three artillery positions on the south bank of Xiamen Island, Gulangyu, and Yuzaiwei, forming a three-dimensional formation. Point the cross-fire network to meet the enemy invaders from the South Waterway of Xiamen.According to the lessons learned from the Battle of Shajiao (the information is inaccurate and will be analyzed later), Yan Botao deployed 1,410 defense troops and 100 artillery pieces on the north and east coasts of Xiamen Island, preparing to fight the enemy's landing force and cover the main force on the south coast of Xiamen Island. The security of the position.

In order to prevent the British army from attacking the west waterway of Xiamen (that is, Yundang Inner Harbor) by detour from the north waterway of Xiamen with small boats, Yan Botao stationed 10 sentry ships and 300 soldiers in Gaoqi area in the northwest corner of Xiamen Island to guard the west waterway. (See Figure 6 for the above geographical situation and military deployment) Around the end of April 1841, Yan Botao basically completed the above deployment, but still felt dissatisfied.Therefore, he decided to expand the scope of defense and set up defenses on the outer island chain of Xiamen South Waterway to keep the enemy out of the country. The outer side of Xiamen Island is the big and small Kinmen Islands, and the Qing army also set up Kinmen Town, which was defended here.To the south of Kinmen Island, there are Dadan, Erdan, Qingyu, and Wuyu islands, which are like a chain, guarding the South Waterway of Xiamen.Yan Botao built a "stone fort" on the above four islands, that is, a round stone fort, and moved it to a battalion of the Qing army.And because the above-mentioned islands were far apart, the range of the artillery at that time was limited, and it was difficult to form a cross-fire force that could cooperate in combat. Yan Boshou also built large warships to cooperate with the islands to jointly defend against the enemy.In this regard, his battle plan is: if a British ship breaks into the South Waterway of Xiamen from the open sea, the outer island chain "fires on each island, then the big ship also fires to meet it, and the small boats drive separately to attack", repelling the intruder from the periphery. enemy. Before the Battle of Xiamen in August 1841, Yan Botao had completed the fortification of the "Stone Fort" on the islands of the outer island chain, and built a total of 50 large warships and merchant ships.However, the 1,300 cannons needed for the "Stone Fortress" and the warship have not yet been cast. The result is "empty platform and empty ship", and Yan Botao's plan for a decisive battle in the periphery had to be abandoned. Through the above measures, Yan Botao installed more than 400 shore guns and deployed 5,680 defenders in the Xiamen area; in areas where the Qing army was unable to fortify, another 9,274 soldiers were hired to protect the localities.It can be said that Xiamen has become one of the most powerful coastal defense fortresses in the territory of the Qing Dynasty. The purpose of narrating Yan Botao's various preventive measures in such detail is to whiten the unfavorable comments on Yan's family in some later treatises.We can judge from Yan Botao's above performance that he has exhausted his intelligence, ability, power, and financial resources, and he has indeed spared no effort.Under the conditions of the time, he was beyond reproach. Of course, everything in the world depends on two factors: one is time and the other is money. As far as the former is concerned, it took nearly half a year from Yan Botao to Ren to the start of the war, and he was much calmer than Qishan, Yilibu, Yang Fang, Yishan and others. As far as the latter is concerned, contrary to the harsh and frugal Emperor Daoguang, Yan Botao was a good spender, and he used money like running water. In early 1840, when Deng Tingzhen took office as governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, he used 15,000 taels of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou treasury silver in order to strengthen coastal patrols and catch opium smugglers.After the Opium War began, funds were needed to deploy defense troops and build fortifications.Deng Tingzhen carefully presented to Emperor Daoguang in July 1840, requesting to borrow 100,000 taels of silver from the Fujian vassal treasury for military expenses, which would be deducted yearly from the Fujian officials’ money to support honesty.Emperor Daoguang approved this military expenditure, and generously allowed "regular expenditure", which will not have to be deducted in the future. But not long after, the 100,000 taels of silver were exhausted, and Deng Tingzhen had to play again in September 1840, asking for 150,000 taels of silver.When this memorial was sent to Beijing, just as the British army was heading south from Tianjin, the situation eased. Emperor Daoguang ordered the provinces to withdraw their defenses, and it happened that Emperor Daoguang was angry with Deng Tingzhen at this time. . In January 1841, Wu Wenrong, the governor of Fujian and acting governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, couldn't hold on any longer. Although he had spent 60,000 taels of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou treasury silver, it was too much to save the salary.Therefore, he bit the bullet and asked to use 200,000 taels of silver from the Fujian treasury and 200,000 taels of silver from neighboring provinces.At this time, Emperor Daoguang insisted on "suppressing", and Wu Wenrong's request was approved. So far, Fujian's military expenditure has reached 500,000 taels. Yan Botao is by no means so petty. Not long after he took office, he asked the Ministry of Accounts to transfer money, and the lion opened his mouth, asking for 1 million.Together with the previous figures, Fujian's military expenditure reached 1.5 million taels.What's even more extraordinary is that, in disregard of the Qing Dynasty's past conventions, he asked for an increase in the salt and vegetable rations of the defense soldiers.The stingy Emperor Daoguang feared that Fujian would create an example, and Guangdong and Zhejiang would cite it, so he asked him to "reduce and save."But Yan Botao didn't buy it, and still insisted on his own opinion. As a result, the Minister of Military Aircraft and the Minister of the Ministry of Households discounted his request, and then it was settled.Yan Botao became angry because of this, and he simply refused to do anything, and continued to do so. Regardless of the original "Imperial Military Supplies Regulations" issued by the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Industry, he formulated a "Military Supplies Regulations" with a total of 40 articles. , wages, material costs, freight and other items to be set separately.The military ministers who followed the decree to discuss the resumption were very dissatisfied with Yan's move, and they ridiculed the replay.Seeing this, Emperor Daoguang issued a warning to Yan Botao in his upper edict, asking him to "strengthen his austerity".But not long after, the 1.5 million taels of silver was about to run out. According to Yan Botao's instructions, the new governor of Fujian, Liu Hongao, requested another 3 million taels of military expenses on the seventh day after Xiamen fell! With so much money piled up, Xiamen's defense project should have a greater improvement.With time and money, Yan Botao's performance is outstanding, and it is because his opportunities are better than others.However, then again, it is doubtful whether the money was actually spent.Historically, military affairs, river work, and disaster relief have all been sources of personal pockets for officials.But Yan Botao is the most suspected of this. At the beginning of 1842, Yan Botao was dismissed and returned to his hometown.Zhang Jixin, who was in charge of Tingzhang Longdao at that time, recorded in detail when he passed by Zhangzhou: ... (emphasis is marked by the citer) Yan Botao arrived in February 1841 and was dismissed in January of the following year.In this only one year, there are so many luggage (including things like taking goods from merchants and merchants, using stage coaches and horsemen to make money, etc.), it can be said that there is no limit to the search.Among them, there is no such thing as Haiphong silver or both? However, it should also be explained that in the political operations at that time, "corrupt officials" and "loyal officials" did not contradict each other.Yan Botao's greed does not hinder his loyalty to the Qing Dynasty. Although Yan Botao devoted all his energy to Xiamen's defense, he kept his eyes on Guangdong from time to time, paying attention to the changes in the "barbarian sentiment" there. In June 1841, Yishan's lie-making memorial, which concealed defeat and claimed victory, aroused the righteous indignation of this awe-inspiring border minister.He disclosed the truth on July 14. Not only did he present Wang Tinglan’s letter to Zeng Wangyan, 2 Guangdong people’s oaths, and 5 English documents (it can be said to be solid evidence); Be the post of Guangdong".However, his act of loyalty not only did not achieve the effect of Yiliang's impeachment of Qishan half a year ago, but on August 13 he received an order from Emperor Daoguang ordering Fujian to withdraw its troops because of the military affairs in Guangdong. Yan Botao held true feelings in his hands, and faced with the imperial decree of withdrawing troops, he still did not hesitate to do something else.After pressing for more than 10 days, he played back on August 25, saying: He has ordered officials from all over Fujian to "conduct surveys" (1), and wait for the reports from various places to arrive (2), and then according to "the situation in Guangdong is a bit foregone." (3), let him "deliberate" (4), and then "ask for an order" (5).With such a complicated five-step procedure, none of the soldiers were withdrawn in the end, but he just reported the number of troops he was going to withdraw for Emperor Daoguang to confirm.Obviously, his purpose is to delay time, let time prove his right. On the night of Yan Botao's apocalypse, the British fleet led by Pu Dingcha sailed outside the gate of Xiamen. It was Yan Botao's expectation that the British army would attack Xiamen again.He is not afraid of this, but instead feels that he has the opportunity to make meritorious deeds on the battlefield.Regarding Xiamen's defense, he is extremely confident. Although the defense of the outer island chain has not yet been deployed, the area around Xiamen Island is already solid.He once triumphantly declared in a memorial: "If Gaiyi throws himself to death, he can only attack painfully so that no one will be left behind and no one will live, so that he can please the sky to please people." Yan Botao still didn't realize it.His self-confidence is because he is sitting on a thick cushion of ignorance ignorant of modern military technology and tactics. However, no matter how powerful the power of ignorance is, it is still just reckless action. Reckless action can produce a powerful destructive force that brings disaster to the country and nation, but it cannot defeat the enemy of modernization.The British army outside the gate of Xiamen is a large-scale modernized force, with a total of 10 warships, about 310 guns, 4 armed ships, and 22 transport ships, carrying the 18th Regiment, 26th Regiment, The 49th Regiment, the 55th Regiment and other departments have a total of 2,500 people. After the British army arrived on the evening of August 25, they were immediately led by the ancestor of the captain of the Brandy, who had already entered Hong Kong, and passed through the outer island chain and sailed into the South Waterway of Xiamen.Although the Qing army on Wuyu and other outlying islands fired a few shots, it did not have any effect because the defense project was not completed and the firepower was insufficient.The British army also ignored. In the early morning of August 26, British Plenipotentiary Pu Dingcha, Navy Commander Baga, and Army Commander Guo Fu took a ship to reconnaissance the situation of Xiamen's fortification and formulated a battle plan.Yan Botao sent a businessman surnamed Chen, who had done business abroad, to the waters where the British army was anchored, and asked about his intentions.The British handed over an ultimatum to the Admiral of the Fujian Navy signed jointly by Pu Dingcha, Baga, and Guo Fu, demanding that the "Xiamen City Fort" be surrendered.Yan Botao ignored this and did not reply. At 1:45 pm on August 26, the wind picked up in the harbor.All the ships of the British army raised anchor and sailed to launch an attack.Yan Botao was stationed on Xiamen Island, and personally commanded the defenders on the south bank of Xiamen Island, Gulangyu Island, and Yuziwei to open fire and "strike from three sides" to invade the British army. As far as the tactics of the British army were concerned, the battle in Xiamen was similar to the battles in Guangdong. The superior naval guns were still used to attack the Qing army's forts, and the army landed and attacked from the flanks of the forts.This tactic of the British army was successful again. On Gulangyu Island: British warships engaged in a fierce artillery battle with Qing army forts on the island.At this time, the quantitative ratio of the artillery of the two sides was 106:76, and the British side was far superior to the Qing army in both quantity and quality.After an artillery battle of 1 hour and 20 minutes, the British ships basically hit the three Qing army forts on Gulangyu Island. Impact from the side.The Qing army guarding the platform had no obstacles, and fought back with shotguns, bows and arrows, and even stones, but finally retreated without support.The British occupied the forts. On the south coast of Xiamen Island: British ships and warships bombarded Qing army forts on the front of the stone wall and at the east and west ends.The absolute superiority of British firepower caused the Qing army's position on the south bank of Xiamen Island to be completely submerged in the smoke of gunfire.At 3:45 p.m., the British army landed on the beach east of Shibi, and then rushed from east to west. Fifteen minutes later, although the solid stone wall position was not destroyed by the fierce artillery fire of the British ship, it fell due to the British army attacking from the flank.Before long, all the positions of the Qing army on the south bank of Xiamen Island fell. Yan Botao, who was in charge of the battle, witnessed the unstoppable flames of "against the barbarians", endured seeing all the efforts of the past six months turned into ashes in an instant, and "cryed together" with Xingquan Yongdao Liu Yaochun.At this time, he changed from extreme self-confidence before the war to extreme fear, leading civil and military officials to cross the night and flee to Tong'an.The Qing army on the island lost its command, fell into chaos, and broke up one after another.However, the British army stopped attacking after occupying the highland northeast of Xiamen City because it was already dark. In the early morning of August 27, the British army attacked Xiamen City, but when they entered the city wall, they found that the defenders had fled and occupied the city without fighting, and sent troops to search the whole island. In this battle, the Qing army lost 1 general soldier and 7 officers below the lieutenant general level. Although there is no accurate statistics on the casualties of the soldiers, judging from the number of soldiers stationed before the war and returning to the camp after the war, a total of 324 soldiers were lost.The British report stated that only one British soldier was killed and 16 were injured. This battle is really lost. Let us calmly think about it, can the disastrous defeat in the Battle of Xiamen be completely attributed to Yan Botao?Under the conditions at that time, what else could Yan Boxi be expected to do?In the half a year that Yan Botao supervised Fujian, didn't Xiamen's defense and the morale of the Qing army have greatly improved?The facts of the Battle of Xiamen remind people that the problem cannot be solved by eliminating certain bad habits and improving discipline. World military history shows that in regular warfare, modernized means can only be used to win against a modernized enemy. Of course, if we conduct a strict military academic review today, Yan Botao is by no means blameless. The first stage of the Battle of Xiamen was a confrontation between the naval artillery of the British army and the shore artillery of the Qing army.The quality of the artillery occupies an absolutely important position.Although the disadvantages of the artillery and ammunition of the Qing army in Xiamen involved modern industrial technology, it was beyond Yan Botao's ability; but in terms of the technology that the Qing side had mastered in this period, Yan Botao still hadn't built gun carriages (cannon carriages), cannon There are two errors in the opening of the hole. Zhang Jixin, who took over Tingzhang Longdao after the war, revealed: "The gun body is extremely heavy, and it cannot be pulled by dozens of people. The army (referring to Yan Botao) spared no expense and did not build gun carts. My colleagues said that using guns outside the wall should not be used. When the cannon carts were pulled back, the soldiers would not dare to go out to charge the guns. The army said that they were arrogant, thinking that one cannon would kill the bandits, so why bother to load the guns?” Although Zhang Jixin’s words were distorted in many details, but It is unbelievable that the artillery does not have a cannon carriage.Although the cannon carriage (gun mount) is also a complex technical issue, and the traditional Qing style cannon carriage also has various disadvantages, but Yan Botao believes that "one cannon can destroy thieves" and "do not build a cannon carriage", which is actually true. It's ridiculous. From the stone wall pattern drawn by the previous British engineer, we can see that the hole in the stone wall is just a square hole without fan-shaped angles.Liang Tingfu also recorded this, which can be used as a verification: "The platform wall opened the door and placed the cannon. The wall is thick and the door is deep, and it can't move left and right, but it can hit directly." The artillery can't turn left and right, which greatly limits the shooting range.The artillery can neither turn left or right, but also greatly limits the role of the cannon carriage.This may also be another reason why Yan Botao did not build artillery vehicles. Although the artillery positions on the south coast of Xiamen Island are extremely strong, they can only be used as anti-cannon after all. The artillery itself lacks power, so it is at best a solid target.Yan Botao lied after the war that he had sunk one British ship and five warships, but in fact they were all nonsense.Of course, if Yan Botao did not make mistakes in the cannon carriage and the cannon hole, it would be a partial improvement, and judging from the course of the battle, it would still not help the overall situation. The second stage of the Battle of Xiamen was a land battle between the landing British army and the Qing army.Since the Qing Dynasty despised the British army's land combat capabilities at that time, Yan Botao was no exception.He only considered how to fight against strong ships and guns, but did not consider how to defend against landing British troops, lacking corresponding fortifications and troops.Although he also deployed troops and set up artillery in the east and north directions of Xiamen Island, the defenders were not British troops, but traitors.Due to erroneous information, he believed that those who copied the rear in the Battle of Shajiao were traitors hired by the British army. Yan Botao's ignorance caused the Qing army to be in chaos in the second stage of the battle.According to the Qing army guarding the stone walls, forts and other fortifications, they used shore artillery to fight against the British ships. They were suddenly attacked by the British troops who landed on the side. Only a few soldiers resisted with shotguns, bows and arrows, knives and spears, and stones. Even in hand-to-hand combat, most of them run away when they see the enemy because they are not psychologically prepared before the battle.Judging from the course of the battle, the landing British army, which should have been more dangerous, seemed to be luckier than its ships and did not encounter strong resistance. The most dumbfounding thing is Emperor Daoguang.He received the memorial of Yan Botao's fall of Xiamen, and saw the words "Pseudo Land Admiral Guo", and he discovered the New World, that is, the British army would also fight on land!Therefore, he immediately issued an order to the governors of the generals along the coast, and ordered all localities to pay attention to land defense: "If the rebellious barbarians dare to lead the crowd to land, all artillery and all ambush opportunities must be prepared in advance, and the right to win must be used to rape the barbarians. Courage." The war has been going on for more than a year, and Emperor Daoguang was deceived by the former enemy's coaches until this time. Although it was too late, it was still a way to make up for it.However, Emperor Daoguang was still skeptical about this, and it seemed that he did not think that the British army really had soldiers who could fight on land without tumbling, and he still faintly said in the edict: , for the purpose of landing and fighting. (The emphasis is marked by the citer) The ignorance of the monarchs and ministers has reached such a field, how can the war be undefeated?