Chapter 16 Si Qi is good at negotiating with Guangdong

Qishan shares the same interests as Yilibu, but he does not have the same luck as Yilibu. There is only a dead end in front of him.The price difference between the British side and the Qing side's counter-offer was so wide that there was no room for reconciliation. As an official document of the British government, Palmerston’s Letter to the Prime Minister of China made the following requests to the Qing government: 1. Compensation for burned opium. 2. Chinese and British officials should have equal exchanges. 3. Ceding the coastal islands. 4. Compensation owed by the supplier. 5. Compensation for military expenses.

However, the above five items are not all requirements of the UK. On February 20, 1840, Palmerston's Instruction No. 1 was issued to the Plenipotentiaries Yilu and Elliot together with Palmerston's Letter to the Prime Minister of China, which included more requirements.In order for the plenipotentiary to fully understand and avoid mistakes, Palmerston also drew up a draft treaty with China for Yilu and Elliot to use in the negotiations.The draft has ten articles: 1. China opened Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Ningbo as treaty ports. 2. The British government can send officials to various treaty ports to have direct contact with Chinese government officials.

3. Ceding the coastal islands. 4. Compensation for burned opium. 5. China abolishes the merchant system and compensates merchants for debts. 6. Compensation for military expenses. 7. The unpaid indemnity shall be charged at an annual rate of 5%. 8. After the treaty was approved by the Chinese emperor, the blockade of the Chinese coast was lifted; after all the indemnities were paid, the British army withdrew. 9. The treaty shall be written in English and Chinese in duplicate, and the interpretation of the text shall be mainly in English. 10. The treaty shall be ratified by the sovereigns of both parties within the prescribed period.

If we compare these two documents, we will find that Articles 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the "Draft Treaty" are not included in the "Letter to the Prime Minister of China", while the second item adds stationed officials, and the fifth item Added the abolition of the Hongshang system to the item.For the Qing, the latter document was much harsher. So, which of these two lists, which are quite different in content, should prevail?Palmerston stipulated that the latter shall prevail. On the same day, he pointed out in Instruction No. 4 to Yilu and Elliot that Articles 1, 2, and 4 to 9 in the draft treaty were "indispensible conditions" and expressed no Inaccommodating attitude.Regarding the third clause that can be accommodated, that is, the cession of coastal islands, he proposed five additional conditions for exchange:

1. Allow the British to carry out extremely free trade and various activities in the treaty ports. 2. The Qing government promulgated regulations on import and export tariffs, and officials of the Qing government were not allowed to levy taxes higher than the regulations. 3. Give the British most-favored-nation treatment. 4. China shall not physically abuse British citizens engaged in illegal trade. 5. To grant British consular jurisdiction. Palmerston also clearly instructed that if the Qing government did not agree to cede the island, the above five articles must be included in the second article of the treaty, and the numbers of the remaining articles would also be changed accordingly.From this point of view, only Article 10, that is, the time limit for the ratification of the treaty by the two monarchs, is negotiable.

I still don't understand why Palmerston didn't list all the requirements of Britain in the "Letter to the Prime Minister of China"?Did he make two different lists out of some strategic considerations?However, I can say with certainty that if Palmerston listed all his requirements in his "Letter to the Prime Minister of China", he would be strictly rejected by Emperor Daoguang, and there would be no waves of the Lord's "calmness", let alone There will be Qishan's trip to Guangdong. The counter-offer of the Qing side is not like the offer price of the British side. There is a list of A, B, C, and D that can be listed.This is because Emperor Daoguang did not intend to offer much "gratitude" to Ying "Yi", who was "submissive in love words". Qi Shan, who presided over the arrangements, sometimes made concessions only to obtain de facto approval.Therefore, Qing Fang's counter-offer came from the Holy Order:

1. Punish Lin Zexu. 2. Allow the British to resume trade in Guangzhou.Those that were approved by Emperor Daoguang based on Qi Shan's suggestions or actual operations are: 3. Partial compensation for burned opium. 4. "Notes" are used for official documents between China and the UK. In addition, there is another item that is not found in any written materials, but what researchers today can hear is that Emperor Daoguang planned to open his eyes to the British opium smuggling that was rampant along the coast of China, and would no longer bring it to justice. Judging from the Qing side’s counter-offer, the first item was not originally a request of the British side, but the Qing side valued it the most. The difference between the two cultures reflected in this is deep-seated; the second item is just following the old rules. It was the exact opposite of the British side’s push for five-port trade; its third item could not satisfy its demand for full compensation; its fourth item solved the problem of equal documents, but did not establish other procedures for official exchanges between the two countries.Even that acquiescence to opium smuggling was not to Anglo-Saxon taste.Although they did not make a formal request at this time, Palmerston had instructed the British representatives to persuade the Qing government to agree to the legalization of the opium trade.

In short, the Qing side only answered the superficial requirements of the British side. Haggling in negotiations is a tactic, but the most important condition is that the negotiators have the right to make concessions.Elliot, the representative of the British side, and Qi Shan, the representative of the Qing side, who presided over the negotiations in Guangdong, obviously did not have such qualifications. The plenipotentiaries of the British side were originally Yilu and Elliott. In November 1840, Yilu resigned due to illness.Elliot became the sole plenipotentiary.Although he has the name of "full power", it can be seen from Palmerston's instruction that he has no right to lower the asking price of the British side.In fact, Palmerston himself did not believe in negotiation at all. In the order of February 20, 1840, he clearly advocated using cannons to speak.

As an imperial envoy, Qishan's scope of authority is smaller than Yilu's.Not only did he not have the full power to raise the counter-offer, but according to the laws and regulations of the Qing Dynasty, he also did not have the full power to sign treaties with foreign countries, and he had to ask orders for everything.During his training in Beijing, it is impossible to check what instructions Emperor Daoguang gave.However, it can be seen from Emperor Daoguang's edict later that Emperor Daoguang would never give in to the "rebellion" of the British "barbarians", and advocated immediate use of force.

Therefore, it is Palmerston and Emperor Daoguang who are really qualified to speak. Yilu and Qishan are just marionettes in their hands, and their every move should be manipulated by them.If the two brokers acted according to their original intentions, then the two sides should start a war immediately after negotiating, and there is no need for so many long-winded words.However, both London and Beijing are very far away from Guangdong. Once the string in the hands of the stringer is so long, the hands and feet of the puppet cannot be stretched too tightly.Therefore, both Yilu and Qishan took advantage of this small slack, negotiated round after round, and performed many programs that the directors of the two parties did not arrange.

What can be the result of such negotiations? The above analysis is the judgment of today's researchers after calm thinking, but the two parties involved at that time, Qi Shan and Yi Lu, were very devoted. On November 20, 1840, Elliott traveled from Zhoushan to Macao. On the 29th, he sent a note to Qishan.On this day, Qishan traveled from Beijing to Guangzhou in 56 days, 5 days less than his predecessor Lin Zexu. On December 3, he sent a note to Elliot. Sino-British Guangdong negotiations officially opened. The strange thing about this negotiation is Elliott.He seems not to have taken Palmerston's order to heart, and from the existing written materials, it seems that he has never clearly revealed the entire content of the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Palmerston.His first card was still the condition of the "Letter to the Prime Minister of China", and his subsequent cards kept changing.He seemed to be afraid of scaring his opponent away from the beginning, so he adopted a tactic of increasing the size step by step. Since 1834, Elliot has been in China for 6 years. He has been promoted from an attache to the general supervisor and plenipotentiary representative of China's commerce, and has never returned to China during this period.He has a good understanding of China's national conditions, and is good at using tortuous means to achieve his goals and make progress.After many unfavorable encounters with Deng Tingzhen, Lin Zexu and others, he was suddenly able to negotiate directly with a top figure in the "Heavenly Dynasty" like "Minister Juege Butang" Qishan, and he was overjoyed.Judging from his report to Palmerston, he was very interested in the pacification intention of the Qing court at this time, and tried to induce the development of this intention rather than thwart it.His report also gave people a vague impression that he seemed to want to be a weight that weighs heavily, thereby manipulating the trend of Chinese politics.Of course, all research on his behavior and motives has deviated from the main purpose of this book, so there is no need to delve into it further.But if I were to make a general comment, it would be that he had stayed in the "celestial dynasty" for too long, and his tactics inevitably had a bit of oriental femininity, and he was a little unfamiliar with the domineering methods of his mother country. Not so old. At the beginning of the negotiations, Qishan agreed to compensate the cigarette price of 5 million yuan, but declined all other demands from the British side.He thought that with the "special grace" of the price of cigarettes, he would be able to roughly close the deal, but he didn't expect his opponent to be so unreasonable and demanding.Therefore, after setting up defenses step by step, he made some concessions: 1. The price of cigarettes was increased to 6 million yuan; Not allowed to live ashore. What is particularly interesting is that Qishan kept changing roles in the notes, sometimes acting as a mediator between the British side and Emperor Daoguang, sometimes acting as a friend of Yilu, offering some "good faith" advice, rather than negotiating with the Qing government official representative.It must also be pointed out that although Qishan's notes are full of ridiculous "heavenly dynasty" terms in the eyes of today's people, Qishan's voice was still low-key in the background at that time.This is why Elliott can accept it, but Palmerston cannot tolerate it (see the introduction for details). In fact, since the negotiations in Tianjin in August 1840, Qi Shan did know more about Britain than many Qing officials, but he never figured out two points: 1. How much advantage does the "Celestial Dynasty" have in economic sanctions against Britain?The theory of tea and rhubarb defeating the enemy is no longer mentioned, and the idea that cutting off trade will surely lead to his defeat remains unshakable. Permitting trade is still the most important trump card in his hand.2. What was Britain's purpose in launching this war?Since the United Kingdom keeps claiming that they came here to avenge Lin Zexu, then, since Lin has been dismissed, Lin’s actions are no longer effective, and even the opium burned by Lin has been paid for, what is the “grievance” in the United Kingdom, and why is there any reason to demand endlessly?As for the reasons why the UK wants to enter the Chinese market and incorporate China into its global trading system, no one has explained to him, and even if someone explained it, he would not be able to understand it.Therefore, even though Qishan saw that the matter was very difficult, he still thought that he had some ability to control the situation in his hands, so he was still able to write freely in the notes. Such a pen-and-ink lawsuit has been going on for more than a month, with a total of 15 notes between the two sides.During the period, Elliot repeatedly asked for face-to-face talks, but Qi Shan, who had experienced a 6-hour quarrel in Tianjin, kept refusing. On January 5, 1841, Elliot finally brought out the trump card in Palmerston's instruction and sent a note to Qi Shan, "According to the law of war." On January 7, 1841, the British army captured Shajiao and Dajiao in Humenkou, and the Qing army was defeated (see the next section for details). The reality of the defeat seems to have calmed Qi Shan's still imaginative mind: he had no bargaining power in the first place.But his previously safe and orderly hands and feet were unavoidably flustered. On January 11, regardless of his own status and authority, he took the initiative and took note of Yilu and made major concessions: 1. "Guangzhou opened the port to resume trade on the condition that the British army returned to Zhoushan.It is likely that in his mind, exchanging the barren land outside Humenkou for Zhoushan, plus the retreat of the British army from Shajiao and Dajiao, is still a profitable business.Qishan's courage is really big enough. Elliot's performance at this time also lacked the grace of an Anglo-Saxon.He clearly knew that everything that Qi Shanzhao agreed to at the meeting was just a "representation", not a formal agreement, and had to be approved by the imperial decree, but he insisted on eating raw rice as cooked rice.As I mentioned in the introduction, on January 20, 1841, according to the ambiguous sentence in Qi Shan’s note, he announced that he had reached four preliminary agreements with Qi Shan: 1. ceding Hong Kong; 2. opium compensation of 6 million Yuan; 3. Sino-British equal diplomacy; 4. Sino-British trade in Guangzhou resumed on February 2, 1841. On January 26, the British army occupied Hong Kong. On January 28, Boehmer, the naval commander of the British Expeditionary Force, sent a letter to the generals of the Qing army, claiming that there was "documentary evidence" and requesting the withdrawal of the Qing army on Hong Kong Island. Palmerston was extremely dissatisfied with Elliot's surreptitious activities, and fundamentally doubted the existence of such an agreement. If it is said that the communication cycle from Macau to London lasted more than 6 months, which gave Elliot enough time to let go of his hands and feet and exceed his authority, then the express report from Guangzhou to Beijing, which took only 40 days or even less, should not have given Qi Shan So much room for freedom.However, Qi Shan resisted and refused to obey. On December 25, 1840, Emperor Daoguang received Qishan's first batch of memorials on the Guangdong negotiations (issued on December 7), and his attitude changed, and he ordered Qishan to prepare for the suppression. On December 30, Emperor Daoguang received Qi Shan's second batch of memorials on the Guangdong negotiations (issued on December 14). He believed that the negotiations had reached a dead end and there was no hope, so he ordered to "take the opportunity to attack and suppress, and do not show weakness."On the same day, Emperor Daoguang feared that the troops in Guangdong would be insufficient, so he ordered Sichuan, Hunan, and Guizhou to prepare 4,000 troops to wait for Qishan to dispatch. On January 6, 1841, Emperor Daoguang received Qishan's third batch of memorials on the Guangdong negotiations (issued on December 19), and he was very angry, and issued a strict decree without leaving any room: My will is set, and there is no hesitation. (The emphasis is marked by the citer) He also ordered Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen, who had been dismissed from their posts and were waiting to be dealt with in Guangzhou, to be used to assist Qishan in "proper handling". Since then, Emperor Daoguang's "suppression" tone has become more and more serious in his edicts, and his attitude towards Qi Shan has become more and more severe. It can be seen from this that as soon as Emperor Daoguang received the report of the Guangdong negotiations, his will suddenly changed, from "appeasing" to "suppressing".The decree on January 6 explicitly closed the door to negotiations.He originally advocated "caress" because of the "love words and obedience" of the British "Yi", and the changes in this period are also reasonable. Although the "changes in barbarian sentiment" before December 19 were still outside the scope of the requirements in the "Letter from Palmerston to the Prime Minister of China", it became a new thing for him at this time, which shows that he has great concern for this important matter. The British documents were not carefully analyzed and studied, and after a few months, they were almost forgotten. According to the archives of the Qing Dynasty, the first edict quoted above was issued at a speed of "five hundred miles", and the second and third edicts cited above were issued at a speed of "six hundred miles".It arrived in Guangzhou in mid-January 1841.According to Qi Shan's memorial, he received the edict of January 6 on January 20.Therefore, if things are done according to the will, Qishan should change course and turn to the main "suppression" on January 20 at the latest. However, Qishan's actions are just the opposite.Not only did he continue to "receive" notes from the British side and "send people" to negotiate with the British side, but he also changed his previous practice of refusing to meet and went to Humen to have direct talks with Elliott. On January 26, 1841, Qishan and Yilu met in Humen. On the 27th and 28th, the two sides conducted negotiations on the treaty, and the main point of dispute was the Hong Kong issue.The negotiations were at an impasse, and Qi Shan, seeing that the situation was not good, asked for the meeting to be postponed on the grounds of physical discomfort. After Qishan returned to Guangzhou, he drafted the amendment to the Sino-British treaty on January 31, that is, the "Draft Draft of Articles of Association" (to be analyzed later), and sent it to Elliot.But Elliot rejected the case, stuck to his guns, and threatened war.The two sides exchanged frequent notes.Later, according to Qi Shan's proposal, the two sides scheduled to meet again on February 11. Contrary to the situation in Guangdong, on January 27, when Qishan and Yilu were having talks at Lianhua Mountain in Humen, Emperor Daoguang of Beijing received a report on the defeat of Shajiao and Dajiao (issued on January 8), that is, by The cabinet clearly issued an edict announcing Ying's crime of treason, determined to attack and suppress it with all its strength, and sent an edict to Qi Shan by Jun Ji, issuing a death order: This edict arrived in Guangzhou on February 9, but Qi Shan still refused to turn back. On February 10, the second day after receiving the decree, he still left Guangzhou as planned. On the 11th and 12th, he held a second meeting with Elliot in Shetou Bay, Humen. Regarding this meeting, Elliott’s report said, “As a result of the 12-hour discussion between the two, they successfully drafted all the provisions.” However, Qishan did not sign the treaty and requested a 10-day extension.It seems that Qi Shan did not dare to openly boycott under the pressure of the British army, but just played a trick, and slipped back without signing at the critical moment.Qishan also reported on this meeting, but it was all lies.He said that he went to Humen to investigate the defense of the place, and when Yilu asked to see him, he had a meeting with him for "a strategy to delay the army".He also stated that the talks were completely centered on the Hong Kong issue. He criticized the British occupation of Hong Kong, and stated again that it was only "a residence, not the whole island." Since then, Qishan, like Yiribu mentioned above, relies on lies to make ends meet. On February 13, Qishan returned to Guangzhou from Humen and received two important documents: one was the decree of Emperor Daoguang on January 30, granting Yishan General Jingni, Longwen and Yang Fang as Counselors, and from All over the country mobilized troops to Guangdong to "suppress barbarians".The second is the draft treaty drafted by Elliot based on the talks in Shetou Bay - "Good Decision Matters", and requested an early meeting and joint signing in the note.After being attacked by two parties on the same day, Qishan had nowhere to go. In the memorial on February 14, he said that the meeting with Yilu was a "strategy to slow down the army", which was actually a "strategy" to "slow down" Emperor Daoguang; , On February 11, he impeached him for "privately agreeing to Hong Kong". It can be seen from the above that since January 20 at the latest, Qi Shan has been resisting the orders of Emperor Daoguang, refusing to attack the "suppression", and insisting on resolving disputes through peace talks.But at this time, the new general and counselor are coming soon, and the change of horses has become a fact. It is only a matter of time before he is deposed, and he has to change course and prepare for armed resistance.For this reason, he also assured Emperor Daoguang in the memorial on February 14: "After that, if the barbarian submits another article, he should obey the order and refuse." Later facts showed that Qishan did not give up on the peace talks. On February 16, 1841, Yilu sent a note to Qi Shan, saying that the British army had withdrawn from Zhoushan, and asked him to sign his "Shan Ding Matters" before February 20, otherwise "the battle will continue".Qishan couldn't bear the intimidation, so he immediately forgot his promise, and on February 18th, according to Yilu, he really exercised the "delay strategy": "I have been ill for a few days, and my mind is in a trance. As soon as I recover, I will go." handle." On February 19, Qishan sent Bao Peng, his envoy for negotiations, to send this note of "suspension of troops". Fearing that Yilu would not let it go, he wrote another document and made another concession: from the original "only allow A corner of Hong Kong", expanded to "Xu Ta Whole Island".He told Bao Peng: "Pay if you are obedient according to the situation. If you repeat it, don't give it to him." Officials arrested him by name, and according to folklore, he was a lucky boy from a big opium merchant in Diandi, and according to the observation of Qi Shan's messenger, "the situation is not good." As far as the conclusion of history is concerned, even if Qishan and Yilu reached an agreement, it would never be ratified by the governments of the two countries.However, as a historical investigation, it is not meaningless to analyze the final prices put forward by the two men, which can make people see their thoughts clearly. Qishan kept making counteroffers to the British side, and his highest counteroffer was the "Discretionary Regulations" submitted to Elliot on January 31, 1841. There were only 4 articles in this treaty, which read: 1. The British are allowed to do business in Guangdong, and the British are allowed to live in Hong Kong. 2. Since then, when the British came to Guangdong for trade, they were handled according to the old rules. 3. Those who smuggled opium and contraband on British ships, or evaded taxes and smuggled goods would be confiscated, and the person would be punished. Fourth, the British shall not have any objection to this handling in the future. Since Qi Shan planned to use a private settlement method to deal with the compensation for the burned opium, this matter was not involved in the treaty.Judging from the content of the treaty drawn up by Qishan, apart from giving Hong Kong a place to live, there are no other illegal clauses, but it clearly reiterates the old practice in the past.Under the conditions at that time, facing a vicious opponent, it can be concluded that Qishan has tried his best to safeguard China's interests. Elliot's final bid was the "Shan Ding Matters" sent to Qi Shan on February 13, 1841. There were 7 articles in this treaty, which read as follows: 1. When the British went to Guangzhou for trade, they obtained a license according to the old rules and were allowed to enter and exit freely.The Chinese government guarantees the safety of their lives and property.The owner of the British ship who found no contraband does not need a bond. 2. Official documents of the two countries shall be exchanged on an equal footing.The business of merchants is run by the merchants themselves, and they are written to the Chinese official constitution according to the old rules. 3. The Emperor of China approved the granting of the island of Hong Kong to the British monarch and allowed Chinese ships to trade in Hong Kong. 4. British nationals in China who commit crimes shall be tried jointly by British and Chinese officials and serve their sentences in Hong Kong.Chinese people in Hong Kong committed crimes and were extradited to China to be tried jointly by Chinese and British officials. 5. British ships sailed into Huangpu according to the old rules.The fee paid by British merchants is based on the first day of the first month in the 21st year of Daoguang (January 23, 1841), and no further increase is allowed.The articles of association, tax rates, etc. between the two countries were discussed and drafted by three Chinese merchants and three British merchants, and were approved by the Guangdong government for implementation.Chinese merchants will pay off their arrears within 3 years, and cancel the merchant system within 3 years. 6. In the future, British businessmen will bring contraband into the country, the goods will be confiscated, and criminals will be expelled from China or handed over to the British side. 7. The treaty was affixed by the British plenipotentiary and the imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, and then approved by the British government, and then affixed by the imperial scholar of the Qing Dynasty. Since Elliot also agreed to deal with opium reparations privately, the treaty did not address this. Compared with the requirements of Palmerston's Letter to the Prime Minister of China, the "Good Determination of Matters" drafted by Elliott reduced the item of compensation for military expenses, and compared with the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Palmerston, it reduced the number of additional treaty ports , The British stationed officials in the treaty ports, compensated for military expenses, occupied Zhoushan before the indemnity was paid off, and calculated interest on unpaid indemnity; correspondingly increased consular jurisdiction, another commercial charter, and abolished the trading system.If Elliot's "Shanding Charter" is compared with Palmerston's "Draft Treaty", the former is more beneficial to China.Elliot completely violated Palmerston's order. However, if one compares Elliot's price tag with Qi Shan's price tag, the gap between the two is still very large.From this point of view, even if there was no decree from Emperor Daoguang to stop the negotiations and start the war, it is still uncertain whether Qishan would agree to the law's request and sign the "Shan Ding Matters". According to the comparison between the so-called "Preliminary Agreement" announced by Elliot on January 20 and the later "Nanjing Treaty", some commentators believe that this period of Qishan diplomacy has achieved a great victory.I think this argument seems inappropriate. First, Qishan actually did not agree to either the "Preliminary Agreement" announced by Elliott on January 20 or the "Shandong Matters" submitted on February 13; Discretionary Charter”, Elliot did not agree.During the negotiations in Guangdong, China and Britain did not reach any agreement at all, so how can it be compared with the "Nanjing Treaty", and how can it be called a diplomatic victory? Second, the concessions made by Elliot during the negotiations in Guangdong seemed to be due to his own actions, not Qishan. Palmerston later criticized Elliot several times, which all showed this point.We have reviewed all the notes and documents related to the negotiations of Qishan, but we can't see any cleverness in his diplomacy, and it seems that his rhetoric of constantly changing roles cannot be regarded as a commendable tactic.The only difference between him and the vast majority of officials in the Qing Dynasty at this time was that others advocated "suppression", so there was no "diplomacy" at all; while he opposed "suppression", so he suffered from this "diplomacy". No matter what you say about Qishan's protest during the negotiations in Guangdong, it cannot be regarded as a detail.Therefore, according to Confucianism and the laws of the Qing Dynasty, Qi Shan's crime is beyond reproach. However, if we do not take the monarch's right and wrong as right and wrong, but instead review Emperor Daoguang's decision-making, we can see that, just like the previous shift from "suppression" to "suppression", this period's shift from "suppression" to "suppression" is still the same. Very flippant.Judging from his Zhu criticisms and decrees during this period, it seems that he did not pay much attention to the specific content of the conditions proposed by the British side, but was outraged by the British side's actions to propose conditions. "Love words respectful" gave birth to the main "Fu", and "rebellious" gave birth to the main "Suppression".His perspective of looking at problems is naturally determined by the style of the great emperor of the "celestial dynasty", and in some respects this expression is similar to the "attitude" during the Cultural Revolution. The monarch's likes and dislikes caused twists and turns. As a courtier, Qi Shan was fully aware of the risks of resisting the edict.But he insisted on the peace talks, on the one hand, out of self-confidence, thinking that he could persuade both Emperor Daoguang and Yilu, which is illusory; .Different from Yilibu's hesitating and hesitating, Qishan told the truth in the memorial and repeated it.This is also the only valuable thing about Qishan.