Chapter 27 Confrontation and Contest - Deng Xiaoping and Khrushchev (4)

"I had already fulfilled my historical mission to go abroad. At that time, I had decided not to leave China. If the obstacles in Sino-Soviet relations were removed, I was ready to withdraw my decision and meet Gorbachev on Soviet territory. I I believe that this meeting is of great significance to the improvement of Sino-Soviet relations and the normalization of Sino-Soviet cooperation." Khrushchev, mentioned in Uli Franz's article, put his hands on the shoulders of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping for reporters to take pictures, and it is true.Thanks to the photographer for giving us this precious moment.This photo has been used as an illustration for this article for your enjoyment.

After the publication of the Open Letter of the CPSU Central Committee, the Soviet side published a large number of anti-China articles.For this reason, from September 1963 to July 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in the name of the editorial department of the People's Daily and the editorial department of the magazine Red Flag, successively published nine articles commenting on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU (referred to as "Nine Commentaries"), the two sides once again engaged in a big debate on the international communist movement on an unprecedented scale.Since then, the relationship between the two parties in China and the Soviet Union has been tense until March 1966 when the relationship between the two parties was officially broken off. In 1969, another serious armed conflict broke out between the two countries.In this way, the two great powers of China and the Soviet Union moved from an alliance to an all-out confrontation.It was not until the 1980s that the relationship was improved again, and the normalization of the relationship between the two countries was realized in 1989.At this time, Deng Xiaoping was already the top leader of the CCP, and the Soviet Union was already in the era of Gorbachev.

More than 20 years later, when Deng Xiaoping recalled the Sino-Soviet debate and differences, he said: "From the first Moscow talks in 1957 to the first half of the 1960s, the two parties in China and the Soviet Union had a fierce debate. I was one of the parties to that debate. First, it is not an insignificant role. After more than 20 years of practice, looking back, both sides have talked a lot of empty words. When a party comments on the rights and wrongs of foreign parties, it is often based on existing formulas or certain stereotyped plans Facts have proved that this will not work. Any big party, medium party, or small party must respect each other's choices and experiences. Everyone should explore according to their own conditions and cannot blame each other. Even if they are wrong, they must Summarize experience and re-explore by ourselves. They should do the same to us, allowing us to make mistakes, and after we make mistakes, we will correct them ourselves. We are opposed to others giving orders to us, and we must not give orders to others.”

Deng Xiaoping also said frankly: "Looking back, we were not all right in the past, and we expressed some incorrect opinions on parties in other countries; these foreign comrades also said: not all of them are correct. This is One aspect of past debates, the aspect of ideological differences. The key to this issue lies in the combination of the universal principles of Marxism with the specific practices of revolution and construction in various countries, and in the face of the ever-changing development of the world situation, with new ideas and viewpoints. To understand, inherit and carry forward Marxism-Leninism. If the foreign policy of a party and the country led by it interferes in the internal affairs of other countries, invades or subverts other countries, then any party can express its opinions and make accusations. We have always opposed The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is following the old-fashioned party and the chauvinism of great powers. What they pursue in foreign relations is the line and policy of hegemony.”

But Deng Xiaoping also pointed out: "The real real problem is inequality, and the Chinese feel humiliated." Deng Xiaoping summed up the lessons of the Sino-Soviet debate: "What changes have taken place over 100 years after the death of Marx, and how to understand and develop Marxism under the changing conditions have not been clarified." He pointed out: "The real Marxism-Leninism Readers must understand, inherit and develop Marxism-Leninism according to the current situation." "After the success of the revolution, each country must build socialism according to its own conditions. There is no fixed model, and there cannot be one. Conventional views can only lead to lagging behind and even failure.”

Deng Xiaoping's words are a politician's summary of historical experience.This experience is closely related to the series of correct ideas and theories that Deng Xiaoping put forward and insisted on in dealing with the relationship between the state and the party after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee.Deng Xiaoping was good at summarizing and drawing lessons from history, always kept a clear head, saw and dealt with practical problems accurately, this is the demeanor of a mature statesman. Therefore, from a certain perspective, the confrontation and contest between Deng Xiaoping and Khrushchev laid a solid foundation for Deng Xiaoping to enter the international arena more maturely.On the issue of how to scientifically evaluate the status of Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought in the future, Deng Xiaoping’s wonderful talk when he met with the Italian female journalist Farage and the “Resolution on Certain Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China” passed later, Khrushchev Undoubtedly became a "negative teaching material" for Deng Xiaoping.