Chapter 25 Confrontation and Contest - Deng Xiaoping and Khrushchev (2)

Khrushchev's unreasonable attacks blushed, and Deng Xiaoping was neither humble nor overbearing. In August 1958, the Chinese People's Liberation Army shelled Quemoy and Matsu, the second Taiwan Strait crisis broke out, and Sino-US relations deteriorated.The leaders of the Soviet Union were dissatisfied with China because they were worried that China's actions would hinder the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States, and unilaterally tore up the Sino-Soviet Defense New Technology Agreement the following year. In August 1959, on the eve of Khrushchev's visit to the United States, armed conflicts broke out on the Sino-Indian border. On September 9, the Soviet Union's TASS news agency issued a statement expressing its neutral attitude and clearly favoring India. At the end of September, after Khrushchev's visit to the United States, he came to China, blatantly criticized China's actions on Taiwan and the Sino-Indian border issue, and taught Chinese leaders not to "use force to test the stability of the capitalist system."During the talks, the leaders of the two sides broke out fierce quarrels, and finally broke up unhappy. In 1960, Sino-Soviet conflicts became more open. In April, China published three articles, including "Long Live Leninism," criticizing the Soviet Union on issues of war and peace without naming names.

Against such a background, Deng Xiaoping came to the Soviet Union, it can be said that he came prepared. Unexpectedly, as soon as they met, Khrushchev began to criticize and criticize Huai Huai, but he did not take advantage of Deng Xiaoping at all.Two days later, Khrushchev attacked Deng Xiaoping again. At the welcome banquet held by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to welcome delegations from 26 fraternal parties to Moscow for a meeting, Khrushchev blatantly attacked the delegation of the Communist Party of China as soon as he raised his glass of wine: In fact, there are differences with Chinese comrades. Judging from the article "Long Live Leninism" published by China, we say that China has many wrong views."

While Khrushchev made an impassioned speech, he gave Deng Xiaoping a look out of the corner of his eye. Those who are kind do not come, those who come are not good.Although these words are not very appropriate to describe here, Khrushchev was indeed shocked by Deng Xiaoping's performance. As soon as Khrushchev finished speaking, Deng Xiaoping calmly and calmly walked up to Khrushchev with a cup in his hand and said: "Comrade Khrushchev, the views on the international communist movement are the current opinions of all countries. It is an important issue that all fraternal parties are facing. All parties can have their own opinions, and we cannot draw lines based on you.”

"I can't accept your point of view." Khrushchev was a little impulsive, "Your Chinese Communist Party says that the Soviet Union should lead the socialist camp, but you don't accept our opinion." Speaking of the Soviet Union as the leader, this is indeed Chairman Mao Zedong’s second visit to the Soviet Union, that is, the aforementioned November 6, 1957, at the meeting celebrating the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. In order to strengthen the unity of the socialist camp, he proposed The viewpoint of "the Soviet Union as the leader" strongly supports the Soviet Union.

Deng Xiaoping calmly asked back: "But we have never forced or asked you to accept our point of view!" "Comrade Deng Xiaoping, you played the opposite tune at the Soviet-U.S. Camp David talks." Khrushchev insisted. It was September 1958. Khrushchev visited China after attending the Soviet-US Camp David talks.During his conversation with Mao Zedong, he introduced with great interest the situation of the talks between the Soviet Union and the United States at Camp David.He said affirmatively: "Now the leaders of the capitalist countries have shown some tendency to understand the existing situation in the world with a realistic attitude. When I was talking with Eisenhower, I had this impression: get no The president of the United States, with little support, understands that international tensions must be eased."

After hearing this, Mao Zedong smiled slightly, and said slowly and lowly: "We have no objection when you talk to the Americans. The problem is some of your viewpoints, such as the Three No Worlds, and the spirit of Camp David. How could it be possible? Isn't that the truth?" When Khrushchev had a dispute with Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi, Mao Zedong calmly said to Khrushchev, who was almost roaring: "You put a lot of hats on us, you didn't keep track of Dalai, you didn't unite with Nehru , should not be fired, the Great Leap Forward is also wrong, and it is said that we want to flaunt the orthodox of Marxism-Leninism, etc., then I will also give you a hat, that is, right opportunism."

Therefore, Khrushchev has long been dissatisfied with the CCP, and today he finally found an opportunity to vent.The more he talked, the more excited he became, his face was really red and his neck was thick: "The leader is the leader, we are not just calling a meeting, we are not the leader." Deng Xiaoping still said unhurriedly: "The leader is not an old party. He can issue orders at will and dictate what other parties will do." Deng Xiaoping's words were neither humble nor overbearing, firm and forceful, beyond doubt, leaving Khrushchev speechless. In his speech at the congress, Deng Xiaoping comprehensively answered the Soviet Communist Party's previous attacks on the CCP with an uncompromising and firm attitude, and expounded the CCP's position on some important issues.Regarding the perfidious behavior of the Soviet leaders in withdrawing experts and tearing up contracts, Deng Xiaoping sternly pointed out: "Your actions not only caused huge losses to our national economy, but also seriously damaged the feelings of the Chinese people. You should not be myopic on this issue." , have a historical eye!"

When discussing the draft documents for the forthcoming meeting of the 81 Communist and Workers' Parties, heated debates arose at the meeting.In the end, the CCP and the CPSU made some compromises respectively and reached an agreement on the draft document.The agreement finally deleted the chapters on "Factional Activities", "Peaceful Transition", and "Stalin Issue" that the CCP delegation insisted on deleting. In this regard, Richard Evans, the former British ambassador to China, made the following description in his monograph "Deng Xiaoping and the Birth of Contemporary China":

In these three conferences, Deng Xiaoping has always been the main spokesperson of China.The original texts of his (many) statements and speeches have never been made public.But it appears from a number of citations and references that he strongly supported the views expressed in the Lenin anniversary article.His view of peaceful coexistence is that this is nothing more than an armed truce between socialism and capitalist imperialism; as for war, he believes that a new world war is unlikely (because the Soviet Union has nuclear weapons that can prevent the United States from launching or cause a world war), but local wars are inevitable; regarding the socialist line, he pointed out that violent revolutions are bound to occur in capitalist countries and their colonies.In terms of actual strategy, he advocated that the socialist camp must be more vigilant and armed.He believed that it was right (and safe) for the socialist camp and individual socialist countries to actively support national liberation movements, but it was wrong to encourage communist parties outside the camp to reduce their fighting power.At present, there is no sufficient written evidence to prove that Deng once adopted Mao's view on the possible consequences of a global nuclear war—that is, the worst result of a nuclear war is the destruction of imperialism, while the Not the destruction of all mankind.On the surface, he probably had a hunch that it would not be easy to dodge the issue during the eight-week debate.And if he really mentioned this issue, he would definitely quote Mao Zedong's statement.Nor is it seen in any other record that he ever supported Mao on this issue.It appears that Deng was skeptical of Mao's views on nuclear war.

The third meeting culminated in a manifesto covering all controversial issues that was agreed and signed by all participants.In the words of Professor Donald Zangrell, the first Western scholar who studied the Sino-Soviet conflict and analyzed it in depth In fact, it was a victory for the Russians.Not only is it full of the so-called basic positions and viewpoints of the Soviet Union, but it is also vague and ambiguous.It was only because Mao, who was overseeing these activities from Beijing, accepted the suggestion of Liu Shaoqi, the head of the Chinese delegation, that the smooth publication of this manifesto was possible.At that time, there were two options before the Chinese representatives: compromise and rupture.However, as subsequent events show, Liu's signing of the manifesto in no way changed Mao's view or judgment that Khrushchev and many others, both inside and outside the Soviet Union, had degenerated into "modern revisionist elements." ".

At the end of the meeting, Deng Xiaoping once again said to Khrushchev: "We have reservations about some formulations in the document, and we will discuss and resolve them at the World Communist Party and Workers' Party Congress in November. For the sake of the unity of the international labor movement , we have made some concessions, which also shows the sincerity of the Chinese Communist Party.