Chapter 3 Zhuge Liang reads "without seeking deep understanding"

There is something puzzling about Zhuge Liang.According to the habit of ancient literati, they usually use their own "words" to refer to them, but after looking at them, they can't find where Zhuge Liang called himself "Kong Ming". Zhuge Liang never left traces of "Kong Ming".What is the reason? According to the author's analysis, as Zhuge Liang grew older, although he respected the Tao of Confucius and Mencius, he did not appreciate it.Of the seventy-two sages taught by Confucius, which one is the master of the world?No.The way of Confucius and Mencius is a way of maintaining society, not a technique of making meritorious deeds.What Zhuge Liang needs is not the knowledge of how to settle down, but the strategy of national governance, which is the key to creating and establishing a situation of national prosperity and people's security.He doesn't want to be merely maintaining a glimpse of this turbulent society.

Politicians in the Three Kingdoms period, not only Zhuge Liang, but also Cao Cao, Sun Quan, etc., also did not appreciate the way of Confucius and Mencius.Especially Cao Cao, the reason why he killed Kong Rong was not without this factor. The characters Zhuge Liang admired were Jiang Shang, Guan Zhong and Le Yi.He doesn't like the pedantry of the so-called literati, especially after he came out of the mountain, he never thinks that he is a scholar or literati.This can be seen in the sharp words of the literati in Jiangdong when he went to Jiangdong to fight against the Confucians.His ideal is to become a statesman and strategist with far-sightedness and insights.

Some people may have doubts, since Zhuge Liang does not regard himself as a literati, how did he study and learn many classics?To say that Zhuge Liang's learning method is indeed different from that of ordinary literati and scholars.In the words of his teacher Sima Hui, it is contrary to the reading method of many literati and scholars who "focus on purity" and "see the outline alone". What Sima Hui meant was that when he was teaching, other good students, like Xu Shu, Cui Zhouping, Meng Gongwei and Shi Guangyuan, were very close classmates with Zhuge Liang, but in terms of the way of reading, they were not the same. road number.Those brothers pay attention to excellence, and they can't finish the book if they don't get rid of it.Where is Zhuge Liang?Turn it over, and you will get it if you know what it is.

Why does Zhuge Liang study like this?In fact, this is just a superficial phenomenon, an aspect that Sima Hui saw.Before Sima Hui taught Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang rummaged through the books he taught at home. When he came to the teacher, he said that he had read it, which embarrassed the teacher a bit: "Why do you still have to read it?" Come?You have to deal with it no matter what, roughly double it, and show the teacher. On the other hand, Zhuge Liang believes that some books are of little significance to the topic he is researching. It is not good not to read them, and it is not worth spending time and energy to study them. Therefore, he read the outline and read the introduction to get a general idea. It's just fine.

Zhuge Liang didn't "see the outline" of all books. He had to read some books repeatedly, read them carefully, and carefully study and analyze the viewpoints and expositions in the books.We might as well divide his reading into three steps according to Zhuge Liang's habit: The first step is to take a look at the title of the book and the outline or introduction of the book.This step doesn't take much time, but at least you know the title of the book, the author of the book, what kind of book it is, what form and technique of expression it uses, and what are its characteristics.

The second step is to browse the beginning and the end at will, roughly flip through, ten lines at a glance, and see if there is any interesting content. The third step is more complicated. If it is used for entertainment and boredom, then you can browse at will. It is nothing more than satisfying the visual needs.If the book in hand is similar in content to the books I have read before, then find out the differences between them, and ignore the parts with the same content.If it is a book that I am interested in, and it is a book that I can get the knowledge I need from it, and I hope to gain something from it, then I must read it attentively.After reading it, you may need to cover the book and meditate. Even if you don’t write any post-reading impressions, at least you should have some feelings, or think of some people and things, and you need to chew it over and over again.Some classics must be memorized.Just imagine, Zhuge Liang went to Soochow as an envoy to lobby Sun Quan and Zhou Yu. If he couldn't memorize the "Tongque Terrace Fu", could he fool Zhou Yu?

These three steps, I believe many people do the same.Zhuge Liang not only did so in reading, especially when he was a teenager, but also his "independent view" and his knack.What's the trick?Let's take another look at- Zhuge Liang settled down in Xiangyang, studying and farming every day, and his life can be described as comfortable.Eldest brother Zhuge Jin heard from Jiangdong and has become Sun Quan's staff.Not long after, cousin Zhuge Dan (son of uncle Zhuge Xuan) also got news.When he arrived in Xudu, he won the appreciation of the court, and his official position was promoted one after another.The news from relatives from all over the world is like throwing stones into a calm pool of water, causing ripples and arousing Zhuge Liang's series of reveries.

"Know yourself and know the enemy, and you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles." People have self-knowledge.With the skills I have now, if I go out to do things, what kind of responsibilities can I take on?If someone asks you Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain, what kind of job can you do?Zhuge Liang secretly measured his own level, looked for his own shortcomings and knowledge gaps, and deeply felt that his talents and knowledge were still very superficial.He thought: A blockbuster person must be a person with a plan in mind and a person who is fully prepared.Without the certainty of winning, how can you become famous in one fell swoop?

It was under such circumstances that Zhuge Liang made up his mind to calm down and continue his studies.He needs to understand what others don’t understand; he needs to know what others don’t know;It is to be one step ahead of others. When others see three moves in chess, he needs to see five moves. Since then, Zhuge Liang's mood has calmed down.He knows that if he wants to achieve the goal of struggle, he must work harder to make up for the lack of knowledge, find the gap in knowledge, and master the profound and unique skills as soon as possible.It was also from this time that he began to slowly realize that "there is no ambition without indifference, and no long-distance without tranquility".

In today's world, when a person achieves success, many people will inquire about the secret or trick of success.Some people will also say that half of this credit should be distributed to whomever, and how much should be distributed to whomever.Some are not unreasonable, and some are unavoidably greedy for credit. For Zhuge Liang's success, family influence, and teacher's teachings are all related, but such a rare capable minister, such a great wisdom, is by no means able to achieve a positive result just by cultivating someone.The key factor, or the decisive factor, lies in his own efforts.It is always heard that such and such school is the cradle of engineers and such and such school is the cradle of artists. Why didn't they say that such and such school was the cradle of marshals and the cradle of training national prime ministers?If you really want such a cradle, why not break your head?In other words, if someone really advertised himself like this, it would be 100% false advertising.

Zhuge Liang pays attention to active reading in reading, that is, self-learning.Zhuge Liang believes that there is a difference between reading and studying. Reading is just the beginning of literacy, just reading articles, don't expect to have a deep understanding of the articles, as long as you understand the literal meaning, you are a good student.Reading is different. A scholar should be a person who has the ability to get enlightenment, knowledge, wisdom, understand the world, and master skills from books. Zhuge Liang's self-study is divided into several time periods.When he was 4 years old, he was with his father in Mount Tai.Because my father had to deal with official duties, he didn't have time to watch him.After school, he has a lot of time, according to his own hobbies and interests, find a lot of extracurricular readings for entertainment, like Taoist works handed down from generation to generation.For children with a strong desire for knowledge, this will play an important role in their future development.After Zhuge Liang injured his leg, he returned to his hometown of Yangdu. Apart from tutoring from his mother and husband, he mainly studied at home.The biggest feature of this stage is the self-conscious thinking after reading.Think about and analyze the questions in the book and the problems in the book. The other stage was when I traveled around Huainan and Yuzhang with my uncle Zhuge Xuan, in order to help my uncle do things, I studied in a targeted and focused way.The purpose is very clear, reading must be applied.At this stage, you are not reading books based on interest, but reading books according to your needs.Another thing is to study in Xiangyang Jingsheng College, a systematic and formal institution.At this stage, the constraints on Zhuge Liang are relatively large, because he has already understood or even thoroughly read some books.When he thought there was no need to read these books, he dropped out of school voluntarily. The final stage is self-study research in Longzhong Wollongong.The highlight of this stage is to seek advice from an expert when you are confused.In addition to looking for classmates to discuss and research together, Zhuge Liang is looking for someone who understands for advice.He consulted many people at this stage, the most famous ones are: Sima Hui, Pang Degong and Huang Chengyan. Zhuge Liang returned from Taishan to his hometown in Yangdu. Although the wounds on his legs and feet healed, he was disabled and couldn't jump like a child his size.Therefore, he is unwilling to play with the children on the street, and likes to invite one or two children who can talk to each other, and go to the Wenhe River outside the city to watch the scenery together. He likes to sit on the bank of the river and watch the waterfowl soar through the air, circle, and then unexpectedly plunge into the water like a cluster of arrows to catch fish.When the weather is fine, Zhuge Liang also likes to roll up his trouser legs, wade into the river with his friends, and fish in the river for fun.He still likes to be quiet and likes to read at home. No matter what book Zhuge Liang is, as long as he reads it, he likes to double it.He read the book very quickly, first skimming it roughly, and then turning to the end.If he is interested in the content of the book, he will read it over and over again, instead of looking at the front and then the back in the order of the books.For classic books such as "Zuoshi Chunqiu" that his father asked him to read, he not only read, but also wrote eyebrow comments and thoughts. For Zhuge Liang, reading is a pleasure, while thinking is a kind of enjoyment.If there is no book to read for a day, he feels that the day will be dull.If he does not think for a day, he feels that this day is a waste of time. Zhuge Liang was very interested in pre-Qin Confucianism, Taoism, Law, Mohism, Ming, Bing, Zongheng and other schools of thought. He read it with great interest and excitement, just like tasting delicious food, and sometimes even forgot to eat and sleep.He told his father that he wanted to learn from a variety of schools of thought and learn from others. Zhuge Liang liked the pre-Qin "Zuoshi Chunqiu" the most, that is, "Chunqiu Zuozhuan", and it can be said that he could not put it down. According to legend, "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan" was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the State of Lu. There is a saying that "Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn", and Zuo Qiuming wrote it." "Chunqiu Zuozhuan" takes the history of Lu as clues and records the important historical facts of the countries in the Spring and Autumn Period in order of the posthumous titles of the twelve monarchs of Lu State.Among them, it focuses on the political, military, economic, legal, diplomatic, cultural, calendar, astronomical, and customs of the various vassal states. His father, Zhuge, also attached great importance to "Chunqiu Zuozhuan", and asked Zhuge Liang not to conduct textual research on the historical facts in the book, but he must understand the principles discussed in it.He also often asked Zhuge Liang to write down his understanding and thoughts on "Chunqiu Zuozhuan". Every time Zhuge Liang writes without adding points, he writes with a stroke of the pen: ""Chunqiu Zuozhuan" records the decline of the Zhou royal family and the history of the feudal lords' hegemony. Jin Wengong, who took pleasure in killing innocent people, praised Guan Zhong, Yan Ying, and Zichan who were good at governing the country, and pointed out that those in power should pay attention to "people's support", which is related to the stability and prosperity of the country. Law enforcement officers must understand "violating the people's ominous', 'public outrage' views..."