Chapter 31 1. "County and county address" - a miscalculation

Zhu Di's ideal is to be a famous king in the prosperous age beyond the ages.For this reason, in addition to strengthening his control over the Mongolian region and developing to the northeast, northwest, and southwest, he also tried to expand his influence to a wider area.In the traditional Chinese consciousness, the concepts of "country" and "country" in the modern sense do not yet exist.In ancient times, "country" had more regional and regional meanings.They called the world Tianxia, ​​and the different regions of Tianxia called countries.There is an old saying in China: "Under the whole world, is there any king's land, and the shore of the land, is there no king's subject." In the consciousness of an ancient Chinese monarch, he himself is the master of everything in the world, and his status corresponds to God's dominion over heaven. .In his eyes, the relationship between people from all over the world is not much different from him. All living beings are his subjects, those in remote areas are called barbarians, and those farther away are called far barbarians.All the peaceful exchanges between these barbarians from far and near and the Central Plains were called coming to court and Xianghua, and the gifts they gave to the court were called tribute and offering.Chinese emperors regarded themselves as great suzerains, and they sent envoys to various places to seal their kings, mountains and rivers, announce enlightenment, and convey government orders, hoping to come to court from all over the world.In these respects, Zhu Di can serve as a typical representative.

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang started from a difficult time, and his national strength in the early Ming Dynasty was still limited. Although he controlled the Central Plains, he could not even surrender to the Northern Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, he did not dare to call himself the emperor who ruled the world.In the first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an imperial edict to Annan, saying: "When the emperor ruled the world in the past, all the sun and the moon were illuminated, regardless of distance, and they were treated equally. Therefore, China's peace and prosperity are not intended to be surrendered." kind of attitude.Zhu Yuanzhang also warned his descendants and ministers many times:

Overseas barbarian countries are Chinese patients, so they must discuss them; if they are not Chinese patients, they must not raise their own troops.The ancients said that a large land is not a plan for long-term security, and the labor of the people is the source of chaos.For example, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty launched a military brigade in arrogance, conquered Ryukyu, killed barbarians, burned his palace, and captured thousands of men and women.It is not enough to provide the land, and it is not enough to command the people. It is only admiring the name, and it is detrimental to the middle land. It will be recorded in the annals of history and ridiculed by later generations.

He also made clear regulations in "Emperor Ming Zu Xun": All the barbarians in the four directions are limited to mountains and seas, secluded in a corner, and their land is not enough to supply, and their people are not enough to command. If they do not think about themselves and come to disturb our side, it will be ominous.He is not troubled by China, and it is not auspicious for me to raise troops and attack lightly.I am afraid that future generations will depend on the prosperity of China, covet the momentary military exploits, raise troops for no reason, and injure lives.Remember not.

Zhu Yuanzhang also stipulated that "countries will not be confiscated": North Korea, Japan, Ryukyu, Champa, Annan, Siam, Sumatra, Java, Baihua, Luni, Xiyang, Panheng, Sanfuqi, etc.Of course, what Zhu Yuanzhang said is that "getting the land is not enough to supply, and getting the people is not enough to make orders." This is a feudal theory of great powerism, but he put forward the idea of ​​stabilizing the border and being cautious in fighting. People will not attack me, and I will not attack others. The principle is right. Compared with Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di's attitude towards Sino-foreign relations has changed significantly.At that time, although the battle of Jingnan was destroyed, after all, the Ming Dynasty had been established for 30 to 40 years, with a solid foundation and considerable strength.Compared with the Hongwu period, Mongolia declined, and the Northeast and Northwest regions were more effectively controlled.All of these provided a deep soil for the development of Zhu Di's great Xigong character.During the Yongle period, sending troops to Annan and sending Zheng He to the West were typical events in Zhu Di's handling of Sino-foreign relations.

Annan, Xiang County in Qin Dynasty, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan County in Han Dynasty, Annan Duwei Mansion in the early Tang Dynasty, and all dynasties after Song Dynasty accepted the canonization of Annan King.In the early Ming Dynasty, the Chen family was conferred the title of King Annan by the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Annan's power was in the hands of Li Jisuo, the Prime Minister of the country.In the 21st year of Hongwu, King Chen Wei was killed by Li Jishu.Li Chen Rikun is in charge of state affairs, and everything depends on Li's father and son.In the first year of Jianwen, Li Jishou killed Ri Kunxuan and killed the Chen clan to stand on his own.He changed his name to Hu Yiyuan, and his son was Hu. He claimed to be descended from Hu Gong, a descendant of Emperor Shun.Soon Ji Ya claimed to be the Supreme Emperor, and it was said that he was located in Hu.

In the first year of Yongle, Hu sent envoy He Zhudi to ascend the throne, falsely claiming that "the nephew of the Chen family is recommended by the public, and has the power to manage state affairs", but "the name is not correct, so it is difficult to lead him." Jue, rejuvenate the abandoned country, and unify the barbarians."He also swore, "Follow the order and serve as a tribute, life and death are the same."Unaware of the inside story, the Ming court sent pedestrians Yang Bo and others to Annan for inspection.In November of the same year, in Dingmao, the Ming court sent envoys to make Hu the king of Annan.Zhu Di said: "In the overburden, I am all my sons and daughters, and the establishment of a priest is to follow the people's sentiments." Hu then returned the occupied Siming land in Guangxi to express his respect.But a year later, Chen Tianping, the grandson of the former King Annan ("Tianping") detoured from Laos, fled to Nanjing, and reported the truth to the Ming court.Chen's former ministers also came to ask for help from the Ming Dynasty to send troops to attack Li's family.Zhu Di said: The Li family "used the throne and tyrannized the people of the country, but the subjects were all deceived. It is a sin for the whole country."When Hu learned about it, he quickly sent someone to ask Chen Tianping to return to the country and restore him.In the fourth year of Yongle, the Ming Dynasty sent fifty soldiers to escort Chen Tianping, but the Li family ambushed and killed Chen Tianping and the Ming envoy.Zhu Di was furious and said: "I am the king of ten thousand. I am a stupid barbarian. I want to kill my lord and seize my country because of injustice. If I don't correct my crime, what is the law of heaven?" At that time, Annan was actually a small overlord in the local area.It invaded Champa (now southern Vietnam) to the south, and occupied Luzhou, Xiping Prefecture, and Yongping Village in Siming Prefecture, Guangxi to the north.Zhancheng and Siming reported to the court one after another.In addition, the Li family also invaded Qizhai in Ningyuan Prefecture, Yunnan; killed native officials fiercely and slowly, "captured their daughters and confiscated their silver";The Li family was not reconciled to being crowned king, he wanted to be the "Dayu" emperor. At the same time, they also "destroyed Chinese Confucianism, calling Mencius a thief of Confucianism, and Cheng Zhu a plagiarism".All these are intolerable to Zhu Di.

In July of the fourth year of Yongle, Zhu Di took Zhu Neng, the Duke of Chengguo, as the general, and Xiping Hou Musheng and Xincheng Hou Zhangfu as the left and right deputy generals. "Bashu, Jianchang, and Yungui soldiers left Mengzi, Yunnan" to attack Annan, with the Minister of the Ministry of War, the counselor of the aircraft, the minister of Dali Temple to transfer the salary, and Zhu Di came to Longjiang to worship the oath master.The strength of the Ming army in this campaign reached 800,000, which was much more than Zhu Di's personal conquest of Mongolia.It can be said that the whole country was mobilized.Zhu Di said: "All the people in Fu Annan are my youngest sons. Now the situation seems to be hanging upside down. When you go, it is like saving fire and drowning." Jiarong, don't take goods and wealth presumptuously, don't plunder people's wives and daughters, and don't kill those who surrender." Fame is boundless."In this way, can't this be called a teacher of benevolence and righteousness?Moreover, Zhu Di's words are not unreasonable in terms of feudal etiquette.Therefore, the people of Annan "stretched their necks and feet enough to wait for the arrival of the king's division", and the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty "all cheered and used their orders".In May of the fifth year, the Ming army won a great victory, and both Li's father and son were captured, and the governor Liu Sheng and others "presented them as prisoners".

But the problem is not over, the key lies in how to deal with it in the next step. Zhu Di issued an edict to visit the descendants of the Chen family. According to Zhang Fu's report, more than 1,200 local elders came to the army gate and said: "The Chen family was killed by the Li thieves, and there is no one left. The entry side is the same as the inner county." Regarding this, the records in various books are roughly the same.In June of the same year, the Ming court issued an imperial edict to change Annan as Jiaozi, set up the chief envoy, the commanding envoy, and the inspection branch, and established prefectures and counties, which seemed to be an inner county.Zhu Di forgot the words of his ancestors that "getting the land is not enough to supply, and getting the people is not enough to command", and he also forgot that Annan was listed by Zhu Yuanzhang as a "non-conquerable" country.Since then, the Ming army has fallen into a quagmire, unable to extricate itself.

The Ming court stipulated that those who were murdered in the Chen family should be given officials, and those who were in office should remain the same.At the same time, "the officials placed by China and the DPRK must be lenient and make new ones."However, "the barbarians think they are different, and they are terrified."In the sixth year of Yongle, the former official of the Chen family Jian Dingfan, the country was established as Dayue, and the era was prosperous, and the counties responded.The defenders of the Ming Dynasty were defeated, and the imperial court sent Mu Sheng to lead an army to conquer, and they were defeated again.As a last resort, Zhang Fu was sent to march again.Jian Dinh also used political means to fight for the legitimacy of the Dai Viet regime.He himself was the overlord, Chen Jikuo was the emperor, and he sent an envoy claiming to be the grandson of the former Annan king, and asked for a knighthood, but Zhang Fu refused.Chen Jikuo and others were defeated and begged to surrender, and Zhu Dizhao accepted him as the chief envoy of Jiaozhi.But his heart did not surrender, and the Ming court immediately sent Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng to lead troops to conquer again.It was not until the twelfth year of Yongle that Chen Jikuo was "defeated and punished".In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Fu and Li Bin, Marquis of Fengcheng, came out of the town successively.

"County address" - a miscalculation Zhu Di once said that "it is not the people of the southern land of Liannan", but he sent the middle official Ma Qi to wait until Jiaozuo to buy it, "to search for the treasures in the territory", and to spread the bad government in the interior to Jiaozhi, causing "human turmoil, and cunning people to instigate In other words, as soon as the army is returned, they will unite and cause chaos."Some "declared themselves officials, killed generals, and burned huts", and some "proclaimed themselves kings". ", but Li Li, a Jinwu general under Chen Jikuo, has not yet been captured.Li Li once belonged to him, and he called himself King Pingding and set up an official office.Under the pursuit of the Ming army, he fled to Laos and was forced to "beg for appeasement", but his heart remained unchanged.At this time, Zhu Di died, Renzong ascended the throne, amnesty the world, and Li Li took the opportunity to make a comeback.The Hongxi and Xuande dynasties continued to send troops to conquer, and issued an edict to "amnesty the sinners of Jiaozhi", appease Li Li and others, and "stop buying gold, silver and fragrant goods", but so far no results.At this time, most of the generals of the Ming army were timid to fight, but Xuanzong advocated abandoning Jiaozhi.After Li Li claimed to have visited the Chen family, he asked to "follow the Emperor Taizong's Ming Dynasty and return his noble land".In this way, the problem returns to the starting point twenty years ago.Xuanzong intends to push the boat along the river and take advantage of this to stop his troops, "wanting to be like a Hongwu envoy to be a country for himself, and to pay constant tribute every year, so as to protect the lives of the people of one side."But before the edict to withdraw troops arrived, the address had been lost.The three division officials and guarding officials established by the Ming Dynasty were all withdrawn.A total of only 86,000 people were returned. "Those who were killed and detained by thieves are invincible."Just as Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji said: "Emperor Taizong pacified this place, and it took a lot of work. Twenty years of work will be thrown away." Xia Yuanji is in control of the state's finances, and he is very clear about the cost of requisitioning the site. how big.He did not agree to give up Jiaozhi. Regarding Xuanzong's order to withdraw troops, he said: "I think it is wrong." They were once the supporters of Zhu Di's sending troops to Annan. They hoped to maintain the achievements of the former king. Blood and sweat! Not to mention the money, soldiers and material resources spent in confiscating the crossing sites, just talking about the 800,000 troops leaving their hometowns and leaving their homes, how much labor was taken away from the farmland.The endless wars during the Yongle period had a huge burden on the economy and a huge impact on people's lives.A song "Birds Crying at Night" written by Shangshu Natsuhara of Tobe describes the suffering of the chaos caused by the war to the people: The crow crows hoarse and crows at night, flying around without a branch to live in, the moon in the sky is cold and cold, and the deep night is eternally sad.The weaver woman of the Dong family is twenty-five years old, and her husband is a thousand miles away.The winter clothes have not been sent, and spring will come again, and the locomotives are too tired to work hard.I suddenly heard the sound of Ciwu in my ear, and I was burning with burning sensation.Lifting the lapel and weeping, I stopped the machine, draped the curtain and hurried to the vestibule.Swallowing sadly, he said to Wu, don't learn from Qingxiao to cry blood.Don't go to the concubine for more than three years, the fish and geese have been far away to this day, and I hope that the concubine will miss each other and fly to the west to listen to her husband.If the husband can listen, the concubine is in love, and if the concubine is in love, the husband is at ease.How can Fu Ning want to forget to return in the end, and the kindness and righteousness must be unshakable.If the husband can work hard to achieve fame, it is not too late to return with gray hair. Sergeants who are far away on the battlefield have a hard time.Not only do they have to work around, but they also have to kill their lives, and even their food and wages are often difficult to pay.We also recorded a poem to read, "Recording all friends in Jiaozhou disease, the army was cut off at that time, and the commander asked for food with handwritten notes": It's always empty to ask about illnesses and find prescriptions, and toil and hesitant. For three years, I ordered Lantai pens and learned to write Yan Gong's begging rice books. If the officials are like this, the soldiers can imagine.They could only lament and pray: If there is no Yuanmenxian coach, who will comfort my soul? In any case, the war is over.It greatly relieved the officials and people of the Ming Dynasty, but in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, some people continued to criticize the policy of the Ming army withdrawing from Annan. However, can the Ming army succeed in sticking to Jiaozhi?It had been "four hundred and forty-six years" since Annan broke away from the control of the Central Plains government and arrived in Yongle.With Yuan's strength, he can only "break his country repeatedly."Although the Ming Dynasty established prefectures and counties in Jiaozhi, "groups of thieves flocked there" and "gathered or dispersed", because "Jiao people have been teaching for a long time, and they are unbearable to be harassed by officials, generals and soldiers. They often think about their old customs. When the thieves and chieftains came, they often concealed them with offerings. The old thieves reunited. As mentioned above, the middle officials were corrupt and tyrannical, and even Li Li's nine-year-old daughter was brought by the middle official Ma Qi Returned to the Ming court as a maidservant, and died of illness in the interior. Therefore, the local people were even more dissatisfied. For more than 20 years, the resistance has never stopped. The Ming army was beaten out. Gu Yingtai said it was an "alliance under the city" and a "discussion of cutting land." , It is true. The situation is very miserable: "Jingjie Fufu, the land is in a mess, officials, officials, and officials are exiled in the grass, and the souls of soldiers are polluted. In the middle of crying and hearing, the blood of lonely officials has been turned into a millennium. ... The dead ask all watersides, and the living do not hope to be born into Yumen.It makes people laugh at the barbarians and harms China. "Gu Yingtai blamed Emperor Xuanzong and his ministers. Shouldn't we blame Zhu Di even more? During the Yongle period, the national power was prosperous. Didn't they have been fighting for nearly 20 years? If we persist in fighting for another 20 years, the loss may be even greater. The proposal to withdraw troops from Jiaozhi did not begin with Xuanzong.In the first year of Hongxi, not long after Xuanzong ascended the throne, he had a conversation with Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong: Going up to the Yuwenhua Palace, Zhao Shiqi and Yang Rong said... "I have a word, and I have cherished it for a long time. Now I am talking to Qing alone, so I can't let it go lightly. In the past, in Nanjing, Huang Kaoyin captured the rebel The thief arrived and once said to me: "Emperor Taizu established the world at the beginning, and the four barbarians were the first to naturalize in Annan. Later, the Li family usurped the Chen family and took it away. They must be asked for it. It is time to ask the Chen family to establish it later." No, it is the land of the county. If the Chen family still has a descendant today, it is still the heart of the ancestors to choose to establish it, and one side must be quiet.' I said to him: 'If the court does this, it will be a grand act of the emperor. .'Huang Kao said with a smile:'This remark should not be vented lightly.' But it is hidden in my heart and I have never forgotten it. I think about it now. If the Chen family has a successor, I will choose one person to establish him and make him a vassal for three years. One tribute, like Hongwu's system, is it necessary to use the peace of its people, and China also saves the labor of soldiers and garrisons? In this way, it is inevitable that some commentators will say that I have abandoned the career of my ancestors. To continue the rise and fall of extinction is to fulfill the ambition of my emperor's ancestors .' At that time, although I was young, I still remember one or two...You and the two of you know what I want and don't say anything. Within three or two years, I will do it." I think this is definitely not just a pretext foreshadowing the evasion fabricated by the official Shichen who revised the veritable record to withdraw the army in the future.On the contrary, it was because of this ideological basis that Emperor Xuande was not active in the battle at Jiaozhi, and did not impose felonies on the defeated until he officially withdrew his troops. The Battle of Annan also had repercussions in the surrounding areas.After North Korea heard the news, Emperor Taizong Li Fangyuan said to the officials: "I heard that the emperor conquered Annan, and the people of Annan were killed without a fight. There is no one who is invincible." In a small country, who dares to have an enemy!" Li Fangyuan said: "Otherwise, if the soldiers are strong but not in the crowd, how can we insist on it? And King Annan rushed to the emperor, so the emperor had to do this. My emperor was very happy. If there are few incidents in our country, it is a great gift, and the teacher must ask the crime. I think that the most urgent thing is to do things with sincerity, and to strengthen the city and store food and salaries." The small countries are willing to have peaceful exchanges with the Ming Dynasty. They don't even hesitate to bow their heads.However, if you have to, you will rise up and resist. The intersection of prefectures and counties is undoubtedly part of Zhu Di's "hero strategy", but it is exactly what Zhu Yuanzhang warned that "relying on wealth and strength requires military exploits".Facts have proved that "getting the land is not enough to supply, and getting the people is not enough to make orders."It's not that the land is small and the people are few, but that it's difficult to control.Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the barbarians by not governing the barbarians" and designated Annan and others as "not conquering the country". His intentions are far-reaching.Zhu Di claimed that "everyone in the world is innocent", although the elders of the local army and civilians requested the prefectures and counties for their land, the result still caused years of wars.The final withdrawal is the inevitable result.