Chapter 20 1. Barbarians entered China and China

Like the previous rulers of the Central Plains, the Ming emperor adopted a soft policy towards the surrounding ethnic groups. From Hongwu to Jianwen and Yongle years in the early Ming Dynasty, due to the attack of the Ming Dynasty and internal disputes, the Northern Yuan Dynasty gradually weakened and split into three major parts, namely Oala in the west, Tatar in the center and Wuliangha in the east. , but the Ming Dynasty called all Mongols Tatars. How to treat the followers of Tatar and Oala was an important part of the Ming government's policy of softness and appeasement. In the process of seizing power in the country, Zhu Yuanzhang called for national revolution by calling for the national revolution by saying, "Following the captives from the north, saving lives and people from misery, and restoring the prestige of Han officials"; To be an emperor is "the emperor ordered a real person to enter China in the desert and be the lord of the world". "Although the Yuan was barbarian and Di, the monarchy of China will last for a hundred years, and my parents, such as Qing, depend on their birth."He also said, "I take the world in the hands of the heroes, not in the hands of the Yuan family."This is obviously to please the monarchs and ministers of the Yuan Dynasty and get them to surrender without a fight.He clearly pointed out that if Yuan Jun can respect and follow the way of heaven and come back, "I will follow the rites of the ancient kings and serve as our guest. Those who have fled from Yuan Jun in a hurry will come back with all their hearts, regardless of class. , Appointment of talents. If Zongbo Wang’s son-in-law and tribal subjects can lead their posts to the court, I will exchange letters and seals, return their old posts, and still live in the land of the Ministry. "Since I am the master of the world, Huayi is inseparable. Although the surnames are different, the characters are the same." "The leader of the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty", "has the ability to lead the crowd to return, and promote the use of materials as a whole." "The people of Shuofang and the people of Semu in Mongolia" said, "Since the annexation, each of them will be safe and healthy, and they will cultivate in the right time. All the sheep and horses will be herded and raised, and there will be regulars to save them."He also criticized the ethnic discrimination policy of the Yuan Dynasty, saying: "The Yuan Dynasty was born in the desert, and it only cared about its own selfishness, and did not know the way of the previous kings. The lawsuits where the Mongols were often the leader, but they wanted to privateize their race and restrain their people. It is not the heart of the public to love the people and try to govern...don't favor the disadvantages." He also said: "The officials of the state and county are not worthy of their people. Hu is the leader, not just a corpse, but actually a traitor who fools fake power and steals power to create chaos." Facing the powerful peaceful offensive, the officials and generals of the Northern Yuan Dynasty surrendered to the Ming Dynasty one after another.Zhu Yuanzhang kept the previous agreement, hired people according to the quality of materials, and gave official positions generously.For example, in March of the sixth year of Hongwu, "Shang Hao, the censor, recruited the old soldiers of Wang Baobao in Henan Province, and got more than 580 people including the deputy governor of the Yuan Dynasty to participate in politics, and more than 1,660 sergeants came to the capital. Jian Qizhuang The brave are the vanguard."In the third month of Renxu in the eighth year of Hongwu, Buyan Timur, the former Duke of the Yuan Dynasty, was appointed as the commander of Chahan Naoerwei, and he controlled thousands of households and fifty-seven people from one hundred households, all of whom were appointed by Yuan Pingzhang Zhiyuan and other officials. For that.

Zhu Di inherited Zhu Yuanzhang's policy, advocating appointment of people on merit, "regardless of distinction between Chinese and barbarians", and the preferential treatment of those who surrendered was often increased in the Hongwu period. On Guimao in November of the tenth year of Yongle, Chen Gong, governor of Taozhou Weisuo, said: "The guards should be strictly guarded, and foreign barbarians and aliens should not be left or right. Xuanzong almost lost the Tang Dynasty, Huiqin almost lost Song Zuo, The troubles of barbarians and Didi can be used as a lesson." After reading the above, he showed the group of officials: "It is said that the guards should be very strict, but where is there no such thing as a natural talent? To be a king and employ people, you should know whether they are worthy or not. Why should you separate each other? If a person is a virtuous person, he will be appointed. If he is not a virtuous person, even his close relatives cannot be used. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used Jinri, and Emperor Taizong of Tang used Ashinasheer to know his virtuous person. If Xuanzong favored Anlu Mountain, he would broadcast it The disaster of relocation is that the government does not know people well. Huizong of Song Dynasty favored villains, and indulged in excesses, resulting in the disaster of the barbarians. How can it be defeated by using the barbarians? The law of the Spring and Autumn Period, when the barbarians enter China, China will die. As the master of the world, it is within the coverage, but there are talents, and they will not be discarded. In modern times, the Hu Yuan separated from each other, and the Mongols and Tatars were used as the handle, while the Han people and the southerners even perished. Isn't it a clear lesson!"

This passage is discussed very thoroughly, and comprehensively expresses Zhu Di's policy towards Tatar and Oala adherents.This not only shows Zhu Di's magnificent measure, but also shows that the proposal of this policy is based on historical experience and has been carefully considered.He regarded the Yuan Dynasty as the direct cause of its demise by "using the Mongol Tatars as the handle, and the Han people and southerners". On this point, he surpassed Zhu Yuanzhang, and he is very insightful. As in the Hongwu period, Zhu Di, to those who belonged to the north and south of the desert, "the officials and their leaders are the governors, commanders, commanders, thousands of households, town governors, etc., bestowing imperial seals and setting up the capital guards."This is the so-called "Jiji Weisuo".For those who belonged to the belly, or those who moved to the interior after being attached, they were either given official positions, or given titles, or ordered to serve in the army. This is the so-called "Tartar official" and "Tartar army".During the Yongle period, the number of Tatar officials and Tatar troops expanded unprecedentedly.

The relationship between Zhu Di and the Tatars has deep roots.As early as when he was King Yan, there were many "Tar soldiers" in his army.Emperor Jianwen once accused Zhu Di of secretly accepting resourceful and brave men for plotting wrongdoing.Zhu Di defended and said: "There are more than a hundred Tatar troops in Gaichen's mansion, all of whom belonged to Hongwujian. The imperial court is in Beiping, and the emperor ordered the guards to provide clothing and food for the defense of the border." In fact, the people in Yan's mansion There should be more than a hundred Tatar troops. In the "Battle of Jingnan", Zhu Di also had a private relationship with Mongolia.In February of the second year of Jianwen, "Tatar Khan Kun Timur, Wala King Mengge Timur paid for Peiping... Tatar Duke Zhao Tuoligan, Situ Liu Hali Timur and others led a crowd from the desert to Peiping to help , King Yan greatly rewarded him."In November of the third year of Jianwen, "Northern captives communicated with Yan, Kou Tieling guards, and killed hundreds of households in Pengcheng."These Tatar soldiers are brave and good at fighting. In the battle, "the Hu cavalry officers are closest to the left and right", "every time the elite envoys follow the conquest and gain their deadly strength".When Zhu Di seized the imperial power, he gained a lot of power from the Tatar soldiers.

Barbarians entered China and China After Zhu Di came to the throne, out of political needs, he strengthened his win over the Tatars.For the subordinates, in addition to granting officials and titles according to their original status, cloth money and clothes, sometimes cattle and sheep are also given.For example: in June of the third year of Yongle, in Yichoushuo, Zhu Di ordered Song Sheng, the commander-in-chief of the Gansu army, to say: "The former subordinates belonged to the Tatar officials Abduhan and other eight people, and the Tatar people were nineteen people. I ordered you to give livestock, and the official cattle ten. , fifty sheep, six cattle of the people, and twenty sheep.” When rewards were generally given, the Tatars were given more than the Han people.In December Gengxu of the ninth year of Yongle, Lu Zhen, Minister of the Ministry of Rites, said: "The officers and soldiers of the Beijing guards all use tin cotton cloth as winter clothes. It is appropriate for the officers and soldiers of the guards to live in Tatar to give them according to this rule." Zhu Di said: "Be kind to people far away. Orders were given to the governors, commanders, and commanders, who all wove gold silk clothes, the guards of thousands of households guarded the silk silk clothes, the leaders of the house gave the silk clothes, and the banner soldiers and other fat jackets and hakama shoes." However, most Tartar officials There is no actual work in peacetime, but they are enlisted in wartime.For example, in October of the first year of Yongle, Zhu Di said to Liu Jun, Shangshu of the Ministry of War: "There are Tatars among the military officials, most of them are illiterate, and it is difficult to entrust them with government. Therefore, they only make food and salary. In case of emergency, they are used for conquest."Another example is Ding You in September of the third year of Yongle, "Your Majesty in Shaanxi commanded Zhao Zhong to take off Liegan as the governor of the rear army. Tuo Lieqian did not pay attention to food and salary."In Jihai, "Zhu Tuer, a member of the Sanqi family, commanded the affairs of the Jinyiwei, and gave him a gold belt, but he did not care about food and salary."Because Tatar officials were well paid and had nothing to do, some Han people rebelled against "taking the name of Tatar to avoid political affairs", so that the emperor had to order the Ministry of War to "tell them to reform their policies, and those who do not reform will be punished."In order to facilitate the control of the Tatar palaces attached to the border, the Ming court encouraged them to live in the interior or live in the capital.In September of the seventh year of Yongle in Renshen, "Tatar Tiger Lihan and others came back with their family members. They made a wish to live in the capital, and they were given money and clothes. Cloth, silk, saddle horses, cattle, sheep and rice were paid for the first place, and daily utensils were all given. Of course there are. Those who come back and wish to live in the capital will be granted this example. If you are an old official from the Yuan Dynasty, you will be given the position of the highest and the lowest, and you will not be responsible for your salary."In the second month of Yichou in the tenth year of Yongle, Zhu Di ordered Song Hu, the commander-in-chief of Gansu Province, to say: "All the captives and new attaches, you and Li Bin, the Marquis of Fengcheng, are familiar with each other, send them to the capital, and prepare for the law, so that they don't flee. "In addition to the attached Tatar army, there are also cases of gathering Tatar civilians as an army.In June of the third year of Yongle, in Yichoushuo, He Fu, the commander-in-chief of Ningxia, said: "The Tatars in Lingzhou should be piled up as soldiers, and they should be prepared at their feet."

Wu Yuncheng and Jin Zhong are outstanding examples among Tatar officials. Wu Yuncheng's original name was Badu Timur.It was Pingzhang of Tatar, who led more than 5,000 subordinates and more than 30,000 camels and horses from Tatan in July of the third year of Yongle to join Gansu.The commander-in-chief Zuo Dudu Song Sheng left his family to belong to Gansu, and sent people to the capital.In order to express his favor and dislike to those belonging to ethnic minorities, Zhu Di often gave them names.Zhu Di bestowed Timur, the general, named Wu Yuncheng, and gave him the post of governor of the right army. The gift was so generous that he still led his subordinates to live in Liangzhou.The governor has 20 cattle and 150 sheep; he commands 14 cattle and 70 sheep; he commands 12 cattle and 60 sheep; thousands of households guard ten cattle and 50 sheep; There are six cattle and twenty sheep, and the family members are not enough to pay for clothes, shoes, cloth and money.Zhu Di ordered Song Sheng to increase his intentions to Fusui, and when Wu Yuncheng and others settled down, he selected two hundred and three hundred and five hundred strong men, and three times as many officers and troops, to patrol and reconnaissance outside the Great Wall. "Not only to show off its prestige, but also to attract those who come to attach it."Zhu Di's purpose of treating Wu Yuncheng favorably is very clear.Wu Yuncheng was very loyal to the Ming Dynasty because of the great kindness of the court.In February of the sixth year of Yongle, Wu Yuncheng led the army to conquer the land of Buhasi, and was promoted to the right governor with the merit of "capturing captives".In April of the ninth year, he was promoted to the governor of the left, and the middle official Wang An chased the "rebel" Huo Tuochi to Balihe, and returned with the "captive" population, horses, camels, cattle and sheep.In the first month of the tenth year, he was named Gongshun Bo.Twelve years in the desert.In the eighth year of Yongle, Wu Yuncheng went to conquer the desert. At that time, the Tartar officials in Liangzhou Qianhu Hubao and others rebelled, and they joined Yuncheng's troops in the rebellion.Yuncheng's wife, his son's supervisor, and his subordinates all commanded and kept Buyan Buhua and others refused to follow, so they led the crowd to capture the traitor.Zhu Di bestowed an imperial edict to praise and said: "As a woman, you should uphold your husband's integrity, be loyal to serve the country, and be wise to get rid of troubles."In the fifteenth year of Yongle, Wu Yuncheng died.Many of his descendants also made meritorious deeds, and he was granted the posthumous title of Marquis.After Wu Yuncheng's attachment, "those who surrender will benefit all", and "the border is safe and sound, starting with Yuncheng".In July of the seventh year of Yongle, at the end of the seventh month of Yongle, the Tatar Prime Minister Jiubu Wang Yier Hutu Dian Zhuge and Pingzhang Dulian Tuerchi, Situ, Guogong, Tongqian and others "returned with their troops", and there were "30,000" people. "There are more than ten thousand cattle, alpacas, camels and horses."This shows that Zhu Di's appeasement policy towards Tatar was very successful.

Jin Zhong, formerly known as Yexian Tugan, was tabooed by Alutai in Mobei, and joined Zhu Di during his northern expedition in the 21st year of Yongle.Zhu Di said: "Birds and beasts rely on people when they are poor, and the same is true for cunning captives. I will be kind to him when he comes back." People from afar come back with the heart." He also said to Ye Xiantugan: "You return to me with sincerity, and I will treat you with sincerity. The monarch and his ministers will be in harmony with each other, and they will share the blessing of peace for a long time." However, at that time, Tugan also Submission is not all about "observing righteousness", but just wanting to use the power of the Ming Dynasty to retaliate against Alutai.Zhu Di's northern expedition saw no trace of the enemy, and he obtained the first soil as if he had found a treasure.He said to Yexian Tugan: "Huayi is a family. I am appointed by heaven to be the son of heaven. What is covered by the sky and what is contained on the earth are all my children. How can there be each other?" So he gave Yexian Tugan the name Jin Zhong, Feng Zhongyong Wang, with iron coupons and gold seals, jade belts, clothes and gold coins, always attends.When giving a banquet, sit under the marquis and above the uncle. "The imperial treasures are ashamed and given away."When marching, "get on the horse, and Jin Zhongyi rides behind."The officials and subordinates of Jin Zhong's subordinates were all awarded the command of the capital, the commander, and the governor of thousands of households.Inspired by Zhu Di, Yexian Tugan and others all kowtowed "Long live", and said: "The emperor of Ming Dynasty is really my lord."

It is not a crime to treat Tartar officials preferentially, even if they return and rebel.For example, in November of the eighth year of Yongle, the Tartar officials of Liangzhou Qianhu Hubao also ordered Zhenba and others to rebel. Going to forgive their crimes and make them all return to work. Inspired, Hu Bao also ordered Zhenba and others to lead his wives more than 12,000 people to come to blame, "the superiors pardoned them". And return. Zhu Di said: "The officials and soldiers of the Turtars were more confused by people's words, and they fled in fear. Gai had no choice but to flee.Now that I have returned, the crime can be forgiven, and I can also be kind.stay as before. "It can be said that it is free to come and go, which is extremely lenient.

However, because Tatars and Oirats invaded the Central Plains from time to time, and the Ming court also conquered Tatars and Oirats from time to time, as a feudal ruler, no matter Zhu Yuanzhang or Zhu Di, he had to be wary of his followers. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "I am concerned about its difficulties. If I encounter an enemy in the daytime or a robber in the night, it will be unpredictable and not in my interest. Because this generation is inferior to power at the beginning, it may not be able to do what it wants. It is better to send an envoy to deal with it. Between my eunuchs and relatives, we are getting closer day by day, and then we can use it to avoid any trouble."

On Gengwu in October of the second year of Yongle, Zhu Di said to Wu Gao, Marquis of Jiangyin who was guarding Datong: "Those who come back with a large number of Tatars are afraid of fraud. Gu Yun accepted the surrender as if he was an enemy. He transferred the Shanxi Capital Division, the Xingdu Division, and the three guards of Taiyuan The knights went to Datong to prepare." In August of the third year of Yongle, at the end of the eighth month of Yongle, Song Sheng, the commander-in-chief of Gansu, the left governor, said: "I heard that the Tartar official Boke Timur led the people back, and you can send people to comfort them and guide them into the country. However, it is necessary to carefully observe its intentions. If there are fraudulent schemes, it is easy to control them. As the saying goes, accepting a surrender is like accepting an enemy, and you must not be careless." In May of the tenth year of Yongle, he was ugly, and ordered Wang Huan, the commander of Xinghe, who guarded Xinghe, to say: "Today Commanding Yueshan from the captives also said that if the Tartar bandits planned for Alutai and wanted to plunder the border, they should guard the city carefully. Or those who wanted to enter the horses to return them, they must investigate the facts carefully and do not accept them rashly. "

Tatar officials are not granted heavy power.Qiu Jun said: "Looking up to my ancestral dynasty, all those who have returned to the righteousness and made great achievements are often given titles and appointed as prominent positions. This is the case for the chiefs of the five prefectures and the chiefs of the frontiers. Restriction, but not specialization. Gai has the meaning of not using generals in the Tang Dynasty. Husbands are in the appointment, but they contain the meaning of control." Wang Shizhen said: "The ancestors made great achievements in the time, although they were repeatedly appointed as marquises Uncle, you are not allowed to be in charge of the seals and general soldiers of the capitals of the five prefectures, or to be invited by the court, or to live as shepherds in various towns. But if you are on the march, you will be selected to follow the troops, or you will be the deputy commander-in-chief." Zhu Di's generous and courteous treatment of the Tatars and Oirats was based on their recognition of the suzerainty of the Ming Dynasty and their submission to the Ming Dynasty.In this case, it is impossible for them to be treated on an equal footing with the Han Chinese. Some ministers also worried that the placement of a large number of Tatars in Renzhu Jindian would bring about unrest, and asked the court to impose restrictions.Since the Hongwu period, in order to eliminate the influence of the Yuan Dynasty.To promote the assimilation of Mongols and Han people, the Ming Dynasty adopted a series of coercive measures to make the Mongols forget their national traditions and become the tame subjects of the Ming Dynasty.In the first year of Hongwu, the language of Hu and the surname Hu were banned; in the fourth year of Hongwu, Hu etiquette was banned; in the fifth year of Hongwu, the system of folk women's clothing was reintroduced;After Zhu Di came to the throne, he inherited this policy.Undoubtedly, such compulsory assimilation measures include discrimination against ethnic minorities such as Mongolia.This is not conducive to warming up to them and winning over them.As a result, some officials of the Tartars were in harmony with the appearance of the Ming Dynasty. However, generally speaking, Zhu Di's soft policy towards Tatar and Oala was successful and achieved very good results.Whether it is the chief sergeant of the border guards or the Tatar officers and troops in the belly, most of them are loyal to the Ming Dynasty and serve it.They attach great importance to the titles and titles granted by the Ming Dynasty, and regard them as extremely high honors and the basis for governing their subordinates.They passed on the seals and orders issued by the imperial court to each other, and they are treasured by the world.Until the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1771), when the Mongolian Turghute tribe broke free from the shackles of Russia and returned to the motherland, it still kept "a jade seal received by Yizu in the eighth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty" and dedicated it to Qing government.During the Yongle period, the northern border was generally quiet, and this soft policy played an important role. Of course, a large number of Tatars settled in the interior also brought some new problems, such as the salary of the Tatar officials was too high, so that the salary for one Tatar official could be as high as seventeen and a half Beijing officials.Therefore, in the orthodox period, there was an exclamation that "with limited food and unlimited funds, we want the people to be rich and the granaries to be full, which is not possible."But this is secondary to the general plan of controlling Tatar and Wala.