Chapter 12 Chapter 11 Seoul Olympics: The Rise

· Efforts of Koreans ・A dream co-hosted by North Korea and South Korea ·For peace and progress · "Hand in Hand" The 24th Seoul Olympic Games can be regarded as an extremely successful sports festival, and the modern Olympic movement has once again been fully restored.For Seoul, the significance of this Olympic Games is even greater. It provides a good opportunity for South Korea to demonstrate its strong economic strength and rising international political status to the world. Since the start of the Seoul Olympic Games, it seems that the main conflict is not with the international community, but with the ethnic groups in the north and south of Korea.

As the Olympic movement has not yet fully recovered, the only bid cities for the 24th Olympic Games are Nagoya in Japan and Seoul in South Korea.In terms of conditions, Nagoya's conditions are undoubtedly superior to those of Seoul, both in terms of economic strength and social and political situation. Therefore, members of the International Olympic Committee are optimistic about Nagoya. But the irony is that the competition for the city, which is favored by the International Olympic Committee, has not yet started, and a fire broke out in its own backyard. As soon as the news of Nagoya's bid to host the Olympic Games spread, many local citizens attacked it.Like the people of Los Angeles, they are afraid that once the Olympic Games lose money, the whole city will bear a heavy economic burden.As a defeated country in the Second World War and a rising economic power after the war, many people do not consider the need to participate in various international affairs. The economy is the most effective means to show a country's strength.

On the other hand, Nagoya is an old and simple city in Japan.If the Olympic Games were held, it would be necessary to construct various sports, transportation and tourism facilities.In this way, it is difficult to preserve the ancient style of Nagoya, and the modernization construction will turn Nagoya into a noisy modern city. However, Nagoya citizens who are used to a quiet life do not want to see this situation. As a result, many citizens petitioned the government to protest Nagoya's participation in the bid, and even a group of passionate citizens spontaneously organized and demonstrated along the streets, making the formerly orderly city noisy and difficult to be peaceful.

Of course, Seoul's internal opinions are not completely consistent. Even the Korean Olympic Committee is divided into two factions on whether it is necessary and capable to bid for the Olympic Games.One group believes that hosting the Olympic Games can show and further promote the rapid economic development of South Korea, and at the same time can greatly promote the development of Korean sports.The other faction is mainly skeptical about whether Seoul has the conditions and ability to host the Olympic Games.In the end, both sides decided to submit their respective opinions to President Park Chung-hee for decision.

Park Chung-hee supported the bid to host the Olympic Games, and pointed out that the purpose of bidding for the Olympic Games should be clearly defined as: displaying the economic development and national strength of South Korea, improving the international status of Korean sports, creating conditions for establishing diplomatic relations with socialist countries and non-aligned countries, and passing International sports activities raise the overall awareness of the nation. Unexpectedly, a month later, Bu Zhengxi was assassinated and died at a banquet. For a while, the question of whether to bid for the Olympic Games appeared again and again.

After Chun Doo-hwan became president, he held a negative attitude towards the bid to host the Olympic Games, and the opinions of the opposition once gained the upper hand.Therefore, the South Korean Olympic Committee once again demonstrated the gains and losses of the bid to host the Olympic Games, and concluded that hosting the Olympic Games is conducive to improving the international image of the country and helping to bid for the 1986 Asian Games. Even if the bid is unsuccessful, the bid can be maintained The honor of the candidate country, the bid itself is an opportunity to exercise and accumulate experience.The general conclusion is that showing a negative attitude after the official bid will reduce South Korea’s credibility in the international sports world, and it is difficult to expect positive responses from the people in terms of economic and social policies.If the bid is withdrawn, it will cause distrust from the International Olympic Committee and other international organizations, which will affect South Korea's status in the international community.

Like Park Chung-hee, as president, Chun Doo-hwan is thinking about using the Olympics to build South Korea's image.He pointed out that the decision of the previous president should not be reversed without specific reason, and it should not show defeatism when no efforts have been made to promote the realization of this historic feat. The president made a final decision, and the South Korean Olympic Bid Committee went all out and started action. The Olympic Bidding Committee learned that although Nagoya has already retreated, Brazil in South America intends to join the ranks of bidding.According to statistics, 14 of the 20 Olympic Games have been held in Europe, and 4 of the remaining 6 have been held in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in North America, that is to say, 18 of them have been held in the north of the earth.In the south of the earth, only Melbourne in Oceania and Tokyo in Asia have hosted the Olympic Games.The IOC has long wanted to change this uneven distribution between the north and the south.But this time Seoul, Nagoya, including Brazil are all in the south, and both Nagoya and Brazil are very competitive.

Brazil should be discouraged before it formally applies.Park Jong-gyu, the chairman of the Korea Sports Council, found the president of the National Olympic Committee Federation and the Mexican Vazquez Rania.Vazquez Rania promised to help South Korea win votes within the International Olympic Committee and persuade Brazil to abandon its bid to host the Olympics.Vazquez Rania has absolute authority over the Olympic committees of Latin American countries, especially South American countries, so naturally Brazil will not participate in the competition. In this way, only Seoul is actually the only candidate city for the 24th Olympic Games. However, in order to make the almost foolproof plan come true, Seoul is still running at full capacity and vigorously conducting bidding and publicity activities.

The South Korean Olympic bid committee first sent nearly a truckload of promotional materials to the IOC, and then split up.They sent a large number of people to lobby in various countries to promote their advantages to the members of the International Olympic Committee.At the same time, many influential members of the International Olympic Committee were invited to South Korea to let them witness the prosperity of South Korea's economic development.In order to enable the invited people to visit Seoul, they give away two first-class air tickets to each invited person for free.If the guest does not need the ticket, it can be exchanged for a cash gift in US dollars.

At the same time, Seoul also strives to hold as many international conferences and sports competitions as possible in Seoul.On the one hand, it can exercise and test South Korea's ability to organize large-scale international events, and on the other hand, it can also show its ability to the International Olympic Committee. For the IOC, Seoul is not ideal.One of the most worrying to the IOC is South Korea's turbulent political situation.The increasingly fierce public confrontation between the ruling party and the opposition party, frequent demonstrations by college students and clashes with the police, and escalating violence have made people compare Seoul with South Africa, Israel and other turbulent regions.

But at the same time, Korean Kim Un-ryong, the executive member of the International Olympic Committee, is also active.Jin Yunlong has a certain influence in the International Olympic Committee, and he has the trust of Samaranch.Jin Yunlong's internal cooperation has caused a significant change in the internal opinions of the International Olympic Committee. What's more, Seoul has actually become the only candidate city, and it can be said that she has the right to host. On September 30, 1981, South Korea won the right to host the 24th Olympic Games with an absolute advantage at the meeting held by the International Olympic Committee in Badenburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Maybe good things should take a long time.Seoul has just won the right to host the Olympic Games, but internal turmoil has lasted for several years, which directly threatens the preparation of the Olympic Games. Originally, South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan attempted to gain political capital for himself and consolidate his dominance by competing for the Olympic Games.In order to force him to step down, the opposition party also took aim at the Olympic Games.In a blink of an eye, the Olympic Games became the target of South Korea's political partisan struggle.The situation at the time was so chaotic that Chun Doo-hwan even considered using the army to restore order. The great social turmoil has made people almost opposed to Seoul hosting the Olympic Games.Athletes from some countries even publicly stated that even if the Olympic Games were held in South Korea, which is full of conflicts and violence, they would not participate, and no one would risk their lives. The turmoil has naturally attracted great attention from the international sports arena.Many celebrities in the sports world suggested relocating the Olympic Games, and several countries including the Federal Republic of Germany also claimed that they had sufficient conditions and facilities to host the Olympic Games.As long as the International Olympic Committee makes a decision, they can make preparations for hosting the Olympic Games within a year. Samaranch was very calm at this time. He knew that if he changed the host city of the Olympic Games at this time, it would bring more confusion to the Olympic Games.He has repeatedly declared that no matter what happens, the decision to host the Olympics in Seoul will not change.At the same time, he also urged the South Korean government to stabilize the situation as soon as possible to ensure the smooth hosting of the Olympic Games. In June 1987, under the pressure of the situation, South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan announced a plan to implement a general election, and the turbulent situation gradually subsided.After winning an initial victory, the opposition party went all-in on the campaign and also expressed support for hosting the Olympics. Despite this turbulent period, the South Korean government has never stopped preparations for the Olympics.During this period, Seoul built a total of 36 modern stadiums, expanded the airport, and built a large number of new hotels, improving transportation and communication conditions.At the same time, efforts have been made to reduce air pollution, including the supply of low sulfur oil in Seoul since 1981, and then gradually expanded to the whole of Korea. Once the internal issues are in place, the external issues follow.Although North Korea and South Korea had started political dialogue at that time, North Korea still opposed the hosting of the Olympic Games in Seoul and called on other socialist countries to boycott the Seoul Olympic Games, and some socialist countries did respond positively. At that time, South Korea had not yet established diplomatic relations with socialist countries, and only established trade offices in several socialist countries, but political dialogue was never possible.Considering their relationship with North Korea, these socialist countries are unwilling to have contact with South Korea, so as not to arouse North Korea's dissatisfaction.At the same time, in view of the close relationship between South Korea and the United States, the socialist camp wants to boycott the Seoul Olympics again, so as to continue to demonstrate against the United States and Japan, and retaliate against the boycott of the Moscow Olympics by some countries led by the United States. Cuban President Fidel Castro sent a letter to Samaranch at the end of 1986, expressing his views on the development of the Olympic movement. The Olympic Games were moved to other cities. At this time, Samaranch believed that social system issues should not be an obstacle affecting the Olympic Games.If things go on like this, not only will the Olympic spirit gradually be lost, but the Olympics will also become a stage for political struggles.He is determined to break the ice and turn the Olympic Games into a veritable "family portrait paradise". Breaking the ice requires finding a weak breakthrough point.Samaranch chose Honecker of the German Democratic Republic as the breakthrough point.He knew that although Honecker boycotted participation in the Los Angeles Olympics in accordance with the Soviet Union's will, he was actually very dissatisfied with this behavior, and he did not advocate using sports as a weapon against capitalism.Samaranch estimated that this time Honecker would not follow the trend and blindly boycott the Olympics. Moreover, the German Democratic Republic has many outstanding athletes, and it is absolutely possible to achieve good results in the Olympics.Honecker hoped to prove the superiority of the socialist system to the domestic people and the international community with the outstanding achievements of these athletes. Samaranch met with Honecker, hoping that he could send athletes to the Seoul Olympics, and promised that the IOC's 1985 annual meeting would be held in Bonn.Honecker agreed with Samaranch, announcing that the German Democratic Republic would send athletes to the Seoul Olympics regardless of the attitude of the Kremlin. Samaranch moved on to work for Romanian President Ceausescu.Ceausescu is a conceited person. In terms of economy, he did not carry out certain reforms like Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria, but insisted on a complete socialist planned economy policy. Therefore, in this regard, He seems to have more in common with Kim Il Sung, Castro and others.However, politically, he is similar to Honecker in that they both try to gain relative political independence and do not fully obey the Soviet Union's baton.In the 23rd Los Angeles Olympic Games, Romania became one of the few participating countries in the socialist camp. Probably having heard something from Honecker or other sources, Ceausescu was not at all surprised by Samaranch's visit, and his attitude was neither humble nor overbearing, and he listened quietly to Samaranch's narration. Samaranch first expressed his gratitude to Romania for participating in the Los Angeles Olympics, then he talked about his hopes for the Seoul Olympics, and at the same time informed Honecker's attitude.He mobilized Romania to continue to participate in the 24th Olympic Games. What Samaranch said seems to have been expected by Ceausescu.He calmly replied that he would seriously consider what the guest said, and he could not give a definite answer yet.He needs to consult with the leaders of several other socialist countries, especially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Samaranch knew that due to his personal status and habits, Ceausescu could not express his consent on the spot.Samaranch saw that Ceausescu was already moved.When the work is done this far, enough is enough.Samaranch left Bugajest, adding another confidence to the Seoul Olympics. The work on the Latin American countries seems to be all done through Vazquez Rania, president of the Federation of National Olympic Committees.The same is true for Cuba this time, and Mr. Vazquez Rania has a deep personal relationship with Castro himself. Vazquez Rania visited Havana.He knew that Cuba and Argentina were vying to host the Pan American Games.So he proposed that if Cuba could participate in the Seoul Olympic Games, he would help Cuba fight to host the Pan American Games.Still, Castro insisted that Cuba's participation would only be possible if the Games were hosted in a different city or if the Games were co-hosted by North and South Korea. When the socialist camp began to divide on the issue of whether to participate in the Seoul Olympics, Samaranch turned his target to the Soviet Union, the big brother of the socialist country. In the Soviet Union, Samaranch met with important leaders such as Gorbachev, secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, and sports minister Gramov.Samaranch explained to them that the Olympics are hosted by Seoul, not South Korea, so sports competitions should not be mixed with political issues.As a big sports country, it would be a pity to lose the opportunity of Los Angeles. If this continues, the image of the Soviet Union as a big sports country will disappear in people's consciousness. Compared with the meaningless political entanglement, this kind of loss seems to be outweighed by the gain . In fact, the determination of the Soviet Union to boycott the Seoul Olympic Games was not very firm. Samaranch's opinion coincided with that of the Soviet leaders to some extent.Moreover, this time the Soviet leaders have also seen that the baton is no longer as effective as before.If he acts rashly this time, and other satellite countries go their own way, then the Soviet Union will be in an embarrassing situation. Samaranch has already noticed the mystery.In order to give the Soviets a step up, Samaranch accepted the Soviet leader's suggestion that North and South Korea jointly host the Olympic Games, and pointed out that many people in the sports circles, including himself, also raised similar opinions. . So far, the work of persuading countries in the socialist camp to participate in the Seoul Olympics has basically been accomplished.But Samaranch didn't let up on his efforts.He flew directly to Hanoi, Vietnam, to attend the Conference of Sports Ministers of Socialist Countries.This meeting is held once a year, and Samaranch attends every time.He is very clear that this is a force that cannot be ignored in the international sports arena. If it is not mastered well, it will be difficult to hold the Olympic Games smoothly. At the meeting, Samaranch notified the results of his trip to several countries in Eastern Europe, and said again that some of the competition events could be assigned to North Korea. As for the specific events, the International Olympic Committee and North Korea and South Korea have yet to be discussed. Certainly.After getting the approval of the socialist countries, Samaranch returned to Seoul. Days of running around could not help but make Samaranch feel tired, and the tiredness on his face was obvious.But he immediately began to discuss with the South Korean side to hold talks with the North Korean side. Samaranch is very clear that such talks with extremely sensitive ethnic issues as the background are very difficult to succeed.But the talks must be held, otherwise the socialist countries will find excuses to refuse to participate in the Olympic Games.However, two preparations must be made. First, always hold the initiative in the talks; second, do a good job in dealing with the aftermath of the breakdown of the talks. Therefore, Samaranch first exchanged views with the South Korean representatives who participated in the talks, and put forward the guidelines for the talks, that is, to put forward some suggested competition events in North Korea, and the North Korean side should answer whether they want to answer, instead of waiting for the North Korean side to propose specific items Then it is up to South Korea to answer or not.In that case, if the talks fail, the North Korean side will shift the responsibility to the South Korean side and the International Olympic Committee.Samaranch believes that the North Korean side has not made any preparations for hosting some Olympic events, but instead uses the talks as a means to show its political strength. In September 1985, Samaranch called representatives from the North and the South to Lausanne for the first round of talks. The South Korean representative directly suggested that the preliminaries of the men's handball, volleyball and soccer groups be assigned to the North Korean side.Such a distribution plan is obviously totally unacceptable to the North Korean side. Sure enough, as Samaranch expected, the North Korean side did not make any suggestions on specific projects, but only proposed in principle that North Korea and South Korea form a joint organizing committee to jointly host the Olympic Games. The opening ceremonies will be held in Pyongyang and Seoul respectively. Broadcast revenue is evenly split, and finally, competition events are evenly split. Since the proposals of the two sides were far apart, the talks were naturally fruitless. The second round of talks was held in January 1986. The two sides still disagreed, and the talks broke up unhappily. Six months later, the third round of tripartite talks was held in Lausanne from June 10 to 11, 1986.In the third round of talks, the International Olympic Committee suggested that archery, table tennis, football, and some cycling events be held on the North Korean side.Representatives from North Korea asked for more competitions. Samaranch asked North and South Korea to respond to the International Olympic Committee's mediation plan by June 30.The South Korean side wrote to the International Olympic Committee on June 30, agreeing to the above plan.The North Korean side sent letters to the International Olympic Committee three times, requesting that the number of events be increased to six. In the first three talks, Samaranch was always present as a representative of the International Olympic Committee.He fully listened to the opinions of the representatives of the DPRK, did not express any different views, and consulted with the two sides on specific issues.Under the mediation of Samaranch, the two sides reached consensus on certain issues, such as the seating arrangements for athletes from certain countries at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, but there was still no progress on major issues. In the following year, there was basically no contact between the two North Koreans.South Korea and the IOC are well aware that with the Olympic Games approaching, North Korea will not have enough time to make the necessary preparations even if South Korea agrees to North Korea's request to increase the number of events held on North Korea to six In the end, they had to give up their plan to co-host the Olympic Games. The Chinese Olympic Committee has supported the North Korean side and the IOC's proposal to co-host the Games from the start.He Zhenliang, chairman of the Chinese Olympic Committee, sent a letter to Samaranch on September 19, 1985, expressing China's support for this proposal, and hoped that the International Olympic Committee could make efforts to promote the realization of this proposal.Li Menghua, director of the State Sports Commission, also sent a letter to Kim Yu-sun, chairman of the North Korean Sports Steering Committee, on December 28 of the same year, reaffirming China's position.In addition, the Chinese Olympic Committee has made use of all possible opportunities to achieve positive results in the fourth round of the tripartite talks. Samaranch also publicly stated that he will work hard to promote the fourth round of trilateral talks to achieve positive results, and hopes that all countries and regions can participate in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. On April 26, 1987, Samaranch informed the North Korean side that "in order to inspect and discuss the preparations for the fourth meeting and the issue of free exchanges between the North and the South", the IOC delegation is scheduled to visit Pyongyang at the end of May, and then go to Panmunjom. Seoul visit. In this regard, the North Korean side sent a letter to the International Olympic Committee on May 16, stating that it is impossible to pass through Panmunjom.Samaranch immediately called back: "How can we believe that large-scale North-South travel is possible if we cannot even agree to such a simple move by the IOC delegation from Panmunjom?" However, the North Korean side still insisted on its own principles, explaining that the reason why the IOC delegation could not pass through Panmunjom was because they did not meet the conditions for passing.In addition, there is no precedent for allowing foreigners to pass through Panmunjom.However, for the sake of North-South exchanges, as long as the conditions are met, free exchanges are still allowed. An IOC delegation visited Pyongyang from May 27 to 30.After the visit, return to Lausanne. On June 26, the delegation visited Seoul. In the fourth round of talks held from July 14 to 15, the International Olympic Committee added women's volleyball to the original project, and suggested that part of the cycling competition from Pyongyang to Seoul should be held in North Korea. Men's 100km bike race. Samaranch said the proposal was "unprecedented in Olympic history". The British "Times" commented: "The seasoned Samaranch proposed a plan that the North Korean side could not refuse. The reason why women's volleyball was added to the new plan is because the women's volleyball team occupies a large part in the sports events of communist countries, and socialist countries such as the Soviet Union will definitely demand that it be held in Pyongyang." Women's volleyball." Samaranch also asked North and South Korea to make a final reply to the IOC's proposal before September 17.According to the "Olympic Charter", the invitation letter for the Olympic Games should be issued on the first anniversary of the opening date of the current Olympic Games.Therefore, the Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee decided that if the North and the South cannot reach an agreement on September 17, the International Olympic Committee will still send invitations to the Olympic Committees of the countries as scheduled. On August 4, Kim Duk-joon, vice chairman of the North Korean Olympic Committee, made a statement calling for the fifth round of Lausanne talks to be held as soon as possible before September 17.Jin Dejun said that in the fifth round of talks, the two sides should not only discuss the issues of competition events, but also carefully discuss the specific plans for such important issues as the name of the Olympic Games, the composition of the organizing committee, and the rights of television broadcasting, which are closely related to this. discussion. On August 17, the representative of South Korea sent a letter to the International Olympic Committee, agreeing to accept the International Olympic Committee's plan. On September 15, the North Korean Olympic Committee proposed to exclude the intervention of the International Olympic Committee, and the North and the South would directly discuss the specific issues of co-hosting the 24th Olympic Games.The South Korean Olympic Committee announced on September 24 that it rejected the North Korean Olympic Committee's proposal. Prior to this, on September 17, the International Olympic Committee had sent invitation letters to the National Olympic Committees as scheduled, and at the same time attached a letter of explanation from Samaranch.Samaranch also sent a letter to the North Korean Olympic Committee on the same day, further explaining the matter. After the IOC's invitation letter was issued, only 7 countries among the 167 member countries did not sign up. They are: North Korea, Cuba, Albania, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Madagascar and Seychelles. Compared with the previous Olympic Games, this is not a small achievement, but Vazquez Rania has not given up efforts to mobilize North Korea and Cuba to participate in the Seoul Olympic Games. In May 1988, only four months before the Seoul Olympic Games, Vazquez Rania visited North Korea, met with Kim Il Sung, and urged North Korea to participate in the 24th Olympic Games.Kim Il Sung once again stressed that only if North Korea and South Korea co-host the Olympic Games, it is possible for North Korea to participate in the Olympic Games. Then, Vazquez Rania flew to Cuba again, hoping that Cuba could participate in the Seoul Olympics and make some efforts for the cooperation between North and South Korea. Castro expressed his willingness to help North Korea and South Korea establish friendly relations after the Seoul Olympics, and is also willing to help persuade several other countries to participate in the Seoul Olympics.Castro reiterated that Cuba will only send a delegation to participate in the 24th Olympic Games if North Korea and South Korea co-host the Olympic Games.Castro also expressed the hope that the newly-elected South Korean President Roh Tae-woo would not pay too much attention to the number of events held in North Korea, and suggested that the Olympic committees of North Korea and South Korea should jointly host the Olympic Games.If the South Korean government can do this, it is possible for Cuba and North Korea to participate in the Olympics. Vazquez Rania promptly notified Castro's opinion to South Korea and the International Olympic Committee.Samaranch believed that this proposal could be considered, and sent representatives to South Korea for consultations, and especially pointed out that this is the "only way out" under the circumstances that "it is impossible for any country to persuade the North Korean side to participate in the Seoul Olympic Games". "The key to solving the problem lies in South Korea." But the South Korean side rejected the IOC's proposal, and North Korea's plan to jointly host the 24th Olympic Games and North Korea and Cuba to participate in the Seoul Olympic Games finally came to naught. Although the Olympic Games can be held as scheduled, whether it can be held safely is the most worrying thing for South Korea. During the Asian Games held in Seoul in 1986, the bombing incident at Gimpo Airport, Seoul's first gateway, still lingers in the hearts of the people.Prior to this, the massacre at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games also made countries around the world regard safety as the most basic condition for participating in the Olympic Games.Once there is a problem with security, the entire country will lose its prestige.To this end, South Korea has invested a lot of manpower and material resources, and has formulated various strict security measures. First of all, the Olympic Organizing Committee exchanged information with the intelligence agencies of 36 countries, and entered the list of terrorists in the world into the computer to be checked at any time, so as to prevent these people from entering the country during the Olympic Games.A total of 1,600 dangerous elements from all over the world were recorded by the computer. At the same time, the organizing committee also specially invited the former Munich police chief who was in charge of the security work of the Munich Olympic Games in 1972 to introduce the bloody incident of the Munich Olympic Games in order to learn from it. The former police chief believes that the bloodshed in Munich was firstly caused by policymakers ignoring security issues, reducing the cost of guards and security facilities, giving terrorists an opportunity to take advantage of, and border guards failed to effectively stop terror. molecular entry.Moreover, the terrorists made careful preparations in advance: one terrorist was an architect when the Olympic Village was being built and knew everything about the Olympic Village; floor, so was able to quickly kidnap nine Israeli athletes. In this regard, the South Korean government has formulated countermeasures in 26 aspects such as entry-exit management and anti-terrorist activities, and organized 16 teams, including the personal protection team, the venue guard team, and the athlete village guard team, and referred to other countries for the Olympic Games. Special law promulgated the "Olympic Games Peace Maintenance Law". The safest way is to prevent problems before they happen, so intelligence work is extremely important.South Korea actively collected and received a total of 140 pieces of intelligence on various sabotage activities.Two weeks before the opening of the Olympic Games, there was intelligence that someone was trying to blow up the planes carrying Chinese and Soviet athletes in order to create panic and blame South Korea.There is also intelligence that more than 20 terrorists are preparing to carry out terrorist activities against American and Israeli athletes participating in the Olympic Games.In this regard, the South Korean security department is well prepared and has adopted special security measures for 92 planes from socialist countries, parked them in special parking areas, patrolled them day and night, and used instruments and police dogs that can identify explosives to control the planes. Checked thoroughly.In addition, special protection was granted to competitors from 15 socialist countries and another 12 countries with ongoing internal conflicts. Due to proper measures, during the Olympic Games, except for some college students' demonstrations, there were no security problems. The 24th Olympic Games was held from September 17 to October 2, 1988. 9,421 athletes from 160 countries and regions participated in the competition.Both figures are significantly higher than any previous Olympic Games.As a result of the competition, the Soviet Union won 132 medals (55 gold), East Germany 102 (37 gold), the United States 94 (36 gold), and South Korea 33 (12 gold).The most dazzling star of this Olympic Games is Christian Otto from East Germany. She won 6 women's swimming gold medals in one fell swoop, and she is the athlete who has won the most gold medals in one Olympic Games in history.This Olympic Games marked the end of the era of amateur sports, especially the participation of professional tennis players, which greatly improved the overall competitive level of the Olympic Games. Perhaps the most prominent figure in this Olympic Games is Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson.Before the Olympic Games, Johnson boasted that he would surpass American player Lewis to set the 100-meter world record, and the result was indeed surpassed.But less than 72 hours before people were happy, the International Olympic Committee announced that Johnson's urine test result was positive, so he withdrew his 100-meter gold medal.At the request of the chairman of the IOC's medical committee, Johnson was disqualified from participating in various international competitions. The success of the Seoul Olympic Games has devoted a lot of effort to the International Olympic Committee and Samaranch.In order to host the Seoul Olympic Games, Samaranch has been to Seoul 12 times, and he has called the Olympic Organizing Committee every week to understand the situation and help solve various problems in a timely manner.In order to enable socialist countries to participate in the Olympic Games, Samaranch ran around and lobbied various countries.His confidence in hosting the Olympic Games in Seoul has never wavered. A year before the opening of the Olympic Games, Samaranch began to practice speaking in Korean to a tape recorder.It can be said that the successful hosting of the Seoul Olympic Games is also the starting point for Samaranch's career to glory. For South Korea, the significance of the success of the Seoul Olympics is beyond doubt.Its greatest significance lies in the fact that it has opened the door to South Korea's political and economic development by means of sports and culture, and has produced a huge impetus, which is often difficult to express in numbers.South Korea is very clear that the Olympic Games is facing the whole world, but one of the major targets of work is those socialist countries.The Olympics provided South Korea with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to knock on the door of a socialist country.Different political opinions and delicate state relations make it impossible for South Korea to work directly, and it will not be effective. Only by using sports and culture as the medium, with peace and friendship as the theme, can the barriers between the parties be gradually eliminated. Gradually understand each other and get closer.The most obvious example in this regard is the anthem of the Olympic Games "Hand in Hand". When determining the program content of the opening ceremony, the organizing committee insisted on displaying distinctive national characteristics, and took care not to select performances that are easily misunderstood as symbols of other nationalities in the program of the opening ceremony, such as Japanese fan dance, Chinese The dragon etc.However, as the anthem of the Olympic Games, it should not only reflect the national sentiment, but also express the common ideals of the people of the world. Therefore, the organizing committee first established the main principles for writing the theme lyrics of the Olympic Games, that is, to reflect the theme of "peace and progress" of the Seoul Olympic Games, to show the style of South Korea's "Silent Morning Country", and to be suitable for use. Sung in English and Korean. In order to make this song acceptable to countries and people of various systems in the world, the organizing committee has carefully selected the lyrics, composition and performance of this song.In the end, it was decided that the famous composer Moroder, the author of the Los Angeles Olympic anthem "Outstretched Arms", would be responsible for the composition, Tom Whitelock would be responsible for the lyrics, and the singing would be performed by the Koreana Choir. After the song was sung, it received unexpected results.In terms of tape and record sales, the total sales have reached 9 million copies, and it is listed as the most popular song in many countries. In terms of influence, the song "Hand in Hand" spread all over the world immediately. Through this song, people once again felt the human desire for peace, the greatness of the Olympic spirit, and the charm of Korean culture.For the first time in many socialist countries, the voice of Korea was heard.In China, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Hungary and other countries, this song was quickly sung.Gorbachev is said to have liked it too. In April 1990, when the Czechoslovak Song and Dance Troupe visited North Korea, it used "Hand in Hand" as the dance accompaniment music.Watching the performance, Kim Il-sung also applauded involuntarily along with the rhythm of the music. Others said that Samaranch thought "Hand in Hand" was the most successful Olympic anthem, and had considered making this song the permanent anthem of the Olympic Games. On the eve of the Olympic Games, South Korea also invited cultural groups from socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and China to perform in South Korea.尽管大部分国家没有做出反应，韩国政府的姿态却为以后韩国与其它社会主义国家发展双边关系奠定了一定基础。 为了使汉城奥运会能够留下一个永久的纪念，组委会决定在汉城建立一个奥林匹克公园，而这个公园里不仅有如茵的绿草，还汇集了世界许多著名雕塑家二百余件艺术雕塑，把这个公园建成了一个独具特色的雕塑公园，公园的正门被称为“和平之门”。 这座公园里，有座奥林匹克运动的纪念雕塑，这座纪念雕塑是用各国运动员从各自国家带来的石头建成的。组委会在运动员们到达汉城之前通知各国选手带一块石头到汉城来。于是一共有卫31个国家、地区和组织以及个人捐赠了4875块石头。 这些石头极富特色，而且形态不同，颜色调异。堆积在一起，成了人类大同精神的体现。此外，组委会还组织了一些国际学术研讨会，其中包括有关世界文化的发展以及东西方文化的碰撞、伦理价值观念的转变、信息的传送、家庭的变化与前景等等，将文化学术交流深汇在奥运会里。这也是汉城为现代奥林匹克运动所做的创造性贡献，更加具体地体现了奥运会“友谊、团结、公平”的精神。在奥运会举办前夕以及举办奥运会期间，共有30多个国家的260名学者参加了这些学术讨论会议。 汉城把第24届奥运会办成了一个体现综合文化的运动会，而文化的交流又为韩国在世界上树立了新的形象。往日的韩国让人联想到是战争和暴力，电视屏幕上的韩国是大学生向警察投掷石块或者是防暴警察殴打示威者。朝鲜南北方紧张局势加剧，美韩每年举行一次联合军事演习，使韩国成了世界上一个可怕的地方。 汉城奥运会举办之后，人们开始用自己的眼光重新看诗韩国。特别是那些以前几乎完全没有机会接触韩国的社会主义国家。 奥运会结束以后，在汉城一所大学进行了一次民意测验，其中约对％的被调查者认为“奥运会的成功将有利于改善韩国与苏联、中国、东欧地区共产党国家的关系”。 这些被调查者还认为“韩国应该乘这次奥运会的东风，与共产党国家建立正式外交关系以及加强经济、文化、体育等方面的交流”。 汉城奥运会后，虽然韩国同社会主义国家的政治隔绝并没有完全打破，但毕竟有所松动。从1988年开始，韩国人开始被允许到中国、苏联、蒙古和其它东欧国家旅游，韩国的飞机被允许飞越中国领空抵达莫斯科。 关系改善幅度最大的是韩国同苏联的关系。韩国采用民间形式邀请苏联芭蕾舞团、交响乐团、合唱团等到韩国演出，而苏联人也通过这些文艺团体的访问与奥运会电视转播看到了韩国人的经济成就和精神风貌。《真理报》也发表文章，称“汉城所具备的各种体育设施堪称世界第一，韩国人的传统微笑和高雅礼貌又令人难忘”。 民间交流增进了两国政治关系的发展，韩国记者甚至进入克里姆林宫采访戈尔巴乔夫，并且导致苏联同韩国最终建立了正式的外交关系。 同中国关系的改善成效不大。80年代初。中国一架民航班机被卓长仁等人劫持到韩国时。韩国政府以完全按照中国方面提出的要求解决劫机事件为条件，希望中国政府能够在政治上做出让步，但中国政府派出的民航代表团坚持把谈判范围限制在解决劫机事件上，使韩国政府大失所望。 汉城奥运会后，中韩关系表面上一如既往，但是以间接形式进行的双边贸易却大幅度增加，同时双方人员来往的限制也有所松动。 随着韩国同中国关系的改善、朝鲜和韩国的敌对紧张气氛有所缓和。 汉城奥运会提出的口号是“世界走向汉城，汉城走向世界”，当160个国家的体育官员和运动员汇集韩国时，它所造成的影响远远超过了韩国自己多年通过外交、新闻等手段所做的宣传，特别是世界几十亿人通过电视看到了韩国的现实发展，韩国获得的精神收益是无法用金钱和数字来计算的。 举办奥运会的一个初衷就是改变同社会主义国家的关系，现在这个目标可以说基本实现了、韩国的国际地位得到了提高，而且又开辟了新的经济市场，找到了更多的贸易伙伴。 从经济利益角度讲，汉城奥运会也使韩国获益非浅。韩国为此届奥运会给予了高额投资，付出了巨大努力，也收到了显著的经济效益。 韩国政府为举办奥运会共投资30亿美元，显示了其雄厚的经济实力，其中直接支出和投资为17亿美元，间接投资为13亿美元。为了迅速筹集这些资金，韩国政府还向日本等国借了一些外债。 有了洛杉矶奥运会的经验，韩国政府对于收回这些投资也颇有信心。 组委会首先把目标对准了电视转播费，张口开价5．5亿美元，但是时间差的问题影响了电视转播的最大客户——美国的收视率，善于讨价还价的美国人借机压价，表示只能出价2．5亿美元。谈判断断续续共进行了三年，最后美国广播公司以3亿美元获得了汉城奥运会的转播权。再加上与其它国家签订的合同，汉城在电视转播权上仅获得了4亿美元，远远低于预期的8亿美元。 除此之外，出售纪念币、银币和邮票也是奥运会的一个重要收入来源。汉城奥运会的纪念币原定价为90美元，后来由于报名参赛国家名额的增加，汉城奥运会的声望倍增，于是组委会将纪念币的售价提高到175美元。纪念币的总收入达到了1．2亿美元。 海外侨胞也积极为奥运会捐款。如旅日韩国侨胞共向组委会捐款5千万美元。但是在捐款中又遇到了问题，即按照日本法律，募捐必须交纳60％的税金，这样，捐款的数额就会所剩无几。于是侨胞动员了日本政界人士，甚至找到了当时任自民党总裁的竹下登请求免税，问题才得以解决。 奥运会的良好组织工作为奥运会带来了巨大的经济收入。据统计，汉城奥运会纯收入至少达4亿美元，可以说是奥运会的最好记录。 同时，汉城奥运会成了韩国企业的最佳广告，对汉城奥运会，共有90家企业进行了商业赞助，其中13家为韩国的大企业。精明的生意人看准了奥运会这个千载难逢的宣传机会，为自己的产品大作广告。 商业赞助不仅为汉城奥运会筹集了一大笔资金，而且为韩国产品进入国际市场打开了新的销路。据统计，奥运会的召开为韩国带来了近70亿美元的生产和销售额。韩国的出口得以扩大，同其它国家的双边及多边贸易额也迅速增加。 同时，汉城奥运会还为3．4万人创造了就业机会，这一点尤其表现在制造业、建筑业和服务行业。 汉城奥运会为韩国提高自己在国际上的政治经济地位做出了不可磨灭的贡献。参加过汉城奥运会开幕式的观众都会记得，他们曾在自己的座位上发现了一个塑料袋，里面装有一些精美的纪念品。看到这个塑料袋，人们就会想起，汉城奥运会在逆境中申办，在国内政局的动荡以及同朝鲜的谈判中筹办，最后终于在举世瞩目中获得成功。 萨马兰奇在一篇文章里写道： “我确信，在现代奥运会近百年的历史上，第24届汉城奥运会是一次最成功的盛会。” “同时，我也清楚汉城奥运会在人类和平的进程中产生了多么巨大的影响。我再次向克服了南北分裂造成的痛苦和国内外不利条件而成功举办奥运会的韩国国民致以衷心的敬意和赞许。” “汉城奥运会的伟大成就将永远载入史册。无论是对奥林匹克大家庭的成员，还是希望承办奥运会的所有国家来说，这都是一次可资借鉴的盛会。”