Chapter 11 Nine

At first he enjoyed the family life as much as he could, with the same enthusiasm he used in everything. "Family happiness melts me whole." (January 5, 1863) "How happy I am, happy! How I love her! (February 8, 1863)—See " Tolstoy—Life and Works. Countess Tolstoy had a very valuable influence on his art, was rich in literary genius, and she wrote several short stories. She was, as she said, "A real writer's wife", so concerned about her husband's works. She worked with him, took his dictation notes, and copied his drafts. It is said that she re-transcribed it seven times for Tolstoy. She worked hard Defending him from the torments of his religious devil, the dreadful spirit who had been inciting him to kill art from time to time. She also tried to close the door on his social utopia. Immediately after marriage, Tolstoy stopped His pedagogical work, schools, and magazines were all stopped. She nurtured his creative genius, and she went one step further: her feminine soul gave this genius a new source of wealth. Except in "Childhood" and "Boyhood" Apart from some beautiful images, there are almost no women in Tolstoy's early works. In "The Happiness of Time", women appear. In later works, the types of girls and women have increased. They have rich and lively lives, even surpassing those of men. We can believe that Countess Tolstoy was not alone. Her husband took Natasha and Kitty as models, and because of her confidant and her special vision, she also became his valuable and secret collaborator. His sister Tatiana, clever With artistic genius, Tolstoy admired her thinking and musical talent; among the female characters in this book, Tolstoy also used her as a model. Tolstoy said: "I put Taney Natasha is a mixture of Natasha (Tatiana) and Sonya (Countess Tolstoy). "(According to Birukov) there are several passages which seem to have been entirely written by a woman. For example, Dolly's arrangement in the country house; Dolly and her children; many detailed descriptions of make-up; Needless to say, there are some secrets of the female mind, which a man of genius can never penetrate without a woman's guidance.

Thanks to the blessings of this marriage, for ten or fifteen years, Tolstoy actually experienced a peace and security that he had not had for a long time.This is an important sign of the emancipation of Tolstoy's genius.His diary has been stopped for thirteen years since November 1, 1865, when he concentrated on writing.The selfishness of art silences the monologue of conscience.This era of creation is also an era of physical strength.Tolstoy loves hunting like a madman. "While hunting, I forget everything." (Letter, 1864) - He broke his arm when he was hunting on a horse (September, 1864), that is, when he recovered from this illness , the first few pages he read had his wife write for him. ——"Woke up from the stupor, and I said to myself: I am an artist. Yes, only a lonely artist." (Letter to Fei Te, January 23, 1865) Written to Fei Te during this period All the letters of Fett, full of creative joy, said: "What I have published so far, I think it is only a test pen." (See Letters to Fett) So, under the shadow of love, he The masterpiece of his thought, which could dream and realize in his leisure, presides over all the great works of fiction in the nineteenth century: and (1873-1877).

It is the greatest epic of our time, of modern times.Countless characters and passions of the whole world dance in it.In the turbulent world, stands the most noble soul, quietly agitating and deterring the storm.When I was meditating on this work, I thought of Homer and Goethe many times, although the spirit and times were different, so I did find that Tolstoy's thoughts were due to Homer and Goethe in the era when he was working.Tolstoy points to works that had an influence on him between the ages of twenty and thirty-five: "Goethe: Hermann und Dorothe...a considerable influence." "Homer: and the Odyssey "(Russian translation)... quite a significant influence." In 1863, he wrote in "I read Goethe's works, and several ideas arose in my mind." Spring 1865 , Tolstoy reread Goethe, and he called "Faust" "a poem of thought, a poem that cannot be expressed by any other art." Died like Shakespeare.But his admiration for Homer remained unabated.In August, 1857, he read the Bible with equal enthusiasm.In one of his last works, attacking Shakespeare (1903), he cites Homer as an example of sincerity, moderation, and true art.Moreover, in his record of 1865, when he stipulated various literary categories, he put "Odyssey", "1805" ... etc. into one category.The first two volumes of the book were published in 1865-66, and were titled "1805" at that time.The natural movement of his thoughts led him from novels about the fate of individuals to novels about armies and people, about huge crowds in which the wills of millions of souls are mingled.His tragic experience at the siege of Sevastopol made him understand the soul of Russia and its ancient life.The colossal, in his plan, was nothing more than a central painting in an epic group of frescoes—Russian monuments from the time of Peter the Great to the Decembrists.This masterpiece Tolstoy started with "Decembrist" in 1863, and he wrote three fragments (see volume six of the complete works).But he saw that the foundation of his work was not solid; going back in time, he came to the time of the Napoleonic Wars, so he wrote.The original work was published in the "Russian Bulletin" magazine from 1865; the sixth volume was completed in the autumn of 1869.At that time, Tolstoy went back to the upper reaches of history. He wanted to write a novel about Peter the Great, and later he wanted to write another work about the reign of the Empress and her lucky ministers in the eighteenth century.He worked on this work between 1870 and 1873, collected material, and began several scenes; This remote time is reproduced in a rather realistic way. —Finally, in January 1876, he wanted to write a novel about the time of Nicholas I; I collected some materials from the people who experienced the incident, and I went to visit the place where the incident happened in person.In 1878 he wrote to his aunt: "This work is so important to me! It is more important than you think; it is as important to you as faith is to you. I mean more than yours. Faith is more important."—but as he got deeper, he became colder: his thoughts were no longer here.He already said in his letter to Fett on April 17, 1879: "The Decembrists? God knows where they are!

In order to truly feel the power of the work, its underlying unity should be noted.The first French translation of the book was started in St. Petersburg in 1878.However, the French edition of the first volume was published in Hachette's bookstore in 1885, with a total of three volumes.Translations of all six volumes have recently been published.Most French readers are inevitably short-sighted, only seeing countless details and being dazzled by them.They are lost in the forest of this life.We should set ourselves above everything else, and fix our eyes on the unobstructed horizon and the bounds of the jungle field; so that we can glimpse the Homeric spirit of the work, the silence of eternal law, and the powerful rhythm of the breath of fate.The sentiment of the whole governing all its details, and the genius of the artist governing the work, are like the God of Genesis over the boundless ocean.

At first it was a still ocean.The peace enjoyed by Russian society on the eve of the war.The first hundred pages, with great accuracy and brilliant irony, mirror the vanity of the pompous heart and soul.On the hundredth page, the worst of the living dead, Prince Vasili, utters a human cry: "We sin, we cheat, but for what? I am over fifty, my friend... Death, everything is over ... death, how terrible!" Among these dark, deceitful, idle, depraved and sinful souls, there are also some people with purer natures:--among sincere people, such as the naive and simple Pierre. Bezukhov, Marya Dmitrievna with her independent personality and Russian sentiments, Rostov full of youthful spirit;—in a kind and forbearing soul, such as Princess Maria;— —and there are some who are not kind but are proud and are tortured by this unhealthy life, such as Prince Andrei.

But the waves began to churn, the first is "action".Russian troops in Austria.Inevitability of fate governs war, and fate is no more dominant than in this occasion where all the bestiality is vented.A real leader does not try to command and dispatch, but like Kutuzov or Bagration, "what is actually only the effect of the environment, the results obtained by the will of the subordinates, or are accidental phenomena. , they must convince themselves that their own will is in complete harmony with those forces."This is the benefit of being at the mercy of fate!The happiness of pure action is the state of health.The restless mental repetitions find their balance.Prince Andrei was able to breathe, and began to live a real life... As for his native land, far away from the breath of life and the holy storm, just as the two most superior souls, Pierre and Princess Maria, were receiving Influenced by the flow of time, when he was indulging in love, Andre was injured in Austerlitz, the action suddenly lost his intoxication to him, and he suddenly got the enlightenment of infinite clarity.Lying on his back, "he only saw above his head, very far away, a boundless blue sky, and a few thin gray clouds floating powerlessly".

"What tranquility! what peace!" he said to himself, "how far from my frantic gallop! How have I not seen this beautiful sky for so long? How happy I am to see it at last! Yes, everything is emptiness, all is delusion, there is nothing but it...it, so, bless God!" However, life resumed and the waves were low again.Discouraged, bored people, deeply depressed, they wander in the night in the decadent and seductive atmosphere of the city.Sometimes, in the poisonous atmosphere of troubled times, the intoxicating breath of nature, spring, love, blind power, bring the charming Natasha close to Prince Andrey, and she is soon thrown into the first in the arms of a man chasing her.How much poetry, warmth, and purity of heart have been ruined by the world!And "the boundless sky that looms over the filthy dust" remains the same!But people don't see it.Even Andrei forgot the light of Austerlitz.For him, the sky is only a "gloomy and heavy vault" shrouded in nothingness.

For these withered and feeble souls, the turmoil of war is desperately needed to stimulate them anew.The country is threatened.On September 7, 1812, the village of Borodino fell.On this great and solemn day all hatred is extinguished.Dolokhov hugged his enemy Pierre.The wounded Andrei wept bitterly for the suffering of the person he hated the most in his life, his neighbor in the sick car, Anatole Kuragin, full of tenderness and compassion.All hearts are united in ardent national sacrifice and submission to the divine commandments. "Seriously, solemnly, accept this inevitable war...the most difficult training is to bow the human freedom before the god's law. Only in obeying the will of the gods can the simplicity of the heart be revealed."

General Kutuzov is the representative of the heart and soul of the Russian nation and its obedience to fate: "This old man, in terms of enthusiasm, has only experience, - this is the result of enthusiasm - he has no wisdom to combine things and search for conclusions, As for accidents, he only observes with philosophical eyes, he invents nothing, does nothing; but he listens carefully, can recall everything, knows to use his memory at the right time, and does not bury the useful elements in it, but also Intolerable to all that is harmful in it. In the faces of his soldiers he sees this inscrutable will, which may be called the will to conquer, and the power of future victory. He recognizes that which is stronger than his will Things are the necessary movement of things that unfold before his eyes; he sees them, follows them, and he knows how to get rid of his personal opinion."

In the end he still has the heart of Russia.The fatalism of the Russian nation, which is both calm and tragic, is also personified in that poor countryman, Platon Karatayev. He is simple, pious, and restrained, that is, in pain and death. Always with his kind smile.After going through all kinds of tribulations, sufferings in the country, and hardships, the two heroes in the book, Pierre and Andre, finally achieved spiritual liberation and mysterious love because they saw the vivid love and faith of God. joy. Tolstoy did not stop there.The end of the book, which deals with the epoch of 1820, is only a transition from the Napoleonic epoch to the Decembrist epoch.He makes people feel the continuity and renewal of life.All Africa begins and ends in turmoil, and Tolstoy, just as he started, stays in the stage of one wave of unrest and one wave of succession.Already we see the conflict between the coming heroes and the dead who are raised again among the living.Pierre Bezukhov, who married Natasha, would be a Decembrist.He organized a secret society to oversee the public welfare.Natasha enthusiastically participated in the program.Denisov knew nothing of peaceful revolution; he was only preparing armed insurrection.Nikolai Rostov still retained the blind candor of his soldier.He said after the battle of Austerlitz: "We have only one thing to do: do our duty, go out and kill the enemy and never think about it", now he opposed Pierre, saying: "The first is my Oath! If I am told to attack you, I will do so." His wife, Princess Maria, agreed with him.Prince Andrew's son, Nikolai Bolkonsky Jr., only fifteen years old, delicate, sickly, lovely, with blond hair and large eyes, listened enthusiastically to their argument; His love is for Pierre and Natasha; he doesn't like Nicolas and Maria; he adores his father, which he doesn't quite remember, and he wants to be like him, to grow up, to accomplish something great ……what?He does not yet know... "Though they say that, I will do it... yes, I will do it. He himself will agree with me."—The work ends with the child's dream. —If "Decembrist" had been written at that time, the young Nikolai Paulkonski would have been one of its heroes.

Above, I try to analyze this novel into an important outline: because it is rare that someone is willing to take the effort.But the book contains hundreds of heroes, each with its own personality, all of which are portrayed so vividly that it cannot be forgotten, soldiers, farmers, nobles, Russians, Austrians, French... But these characters are amazing How can we describe the vitality of life!There is no trace of temporary construction here.For this batch of portraits, unique in Europa literature, Tolstoy made countless prototypes, as he said, "organized with thousands of plans", searched in libraries, and applied his His family tree and historical materials, his previous essays, and his personal memories.The two big families of Rostov and Bolkonsky I mentioned are very similar to Tolstoy's paternal and matriarchal families in many plots.In the "Caucasus Chronicle" and "Sevastopol Chronicle", we have also seen the prototypes of many soldiers and officers in the novel.This meticulous preparation ensures the solidity of the work, but it does not lose its naturalness.The enthusiasm and joy of Tolstoy's writing are also truly felt.And the biggest charm of the movie lies in its young heart.There is no other work by Tolstoy that is more full of childlike innocence than this book. Every childlike innocence is as clear as spring water and as melodious as Mozart's melody. For example, the young Nikolai Rostov, Sonia, And poor little Petya. The most beautiful one is Natasha.The lovely little girl is unpredictable, coquettish, and has a heart easy to love. We watch her grow up, understand her life, and have a sisterly and chaste tenderness for her-who has never known her?On a wonderful spring night, Natasha was leaning on a railing in the moonlight, dreaming and dreaming, talking passionately, and Andre listened to her from across the floor... the emotions of the first dance, love, love expectations, endless desires and sweet dreams, At night, skating in the snow-covered forest with ghostly fire.The charming tenderness of nature captivates you.Nights at the theater, strange worlds of art, intoxication of the intellect; frenzy of the heart, frenzy of the body steeped in love; anguish that cleanses the soul, divine mercy that watches over a dying lover... We are evoking these poor memories , the same emotions as when referring to a favorite girlfriend can't help but arise.what!When such a creation is compared with modern novels and plays, it shows the weakness of the latter's female characters!The former captures all life, and when it transforms, it is so elastic and smooth, as if we see it vibrating and transmuting. —Princess Maria, ugly in face but extremely beautiful in virtue, is an equally perfect painting; when she sees the secret hidden deep in her heart suddenly revealed, this timid and dull woman blushes like all her likes Same as women. In general, as I have said before, the female character in this book is much higher than the male character, especially higher than the two heroes Tolstoy sent his own ideas: the weak Pierre. Bezukhov with the ardent and dry Andrei Bolkonsky.These are centerless souls, which instead of evolving, perpetually hesitate; they go back and forth between the two ends, never advancing.No doubt it will be said that this is the very heart of the Russians.But I noticed the same criticism from the Russians.It is for this reason that Turgenev blames Tolstoy for his mental stagnation. "No real development, eternal hesitation, but a quiver of sentiment." February 1868 book. (Quoted by Birukov) Tolstoy himself admitted that he sometimes sacrificed a little personal character for the sake of great historical paintings."Especially Prince Andrey in the first book," he said. Indeed, the glory of this book lies in the resurrection of the entire historical era, the reminiscence of ethnic transplantation and national war.Its true heroes are the various peoples; and behind them, as behind Homer's heroes, gods guide them; these gods are invisible forces: , is the breath of "infinity". In the strife of these giants—a hidden destiny governing the blind country—has a mysterious greatness. Beyond that, we think more of Indian epics. It is a pity that the poetry is sometimes tempered by the philosophical chatter that fills the book, especially in the last books. Tolstoy intended to publish the determinism of his history. Unfortunately he kept coming back to this argument and saying it over and over again. Flaubert read the first two volumes "with admiration" as "sublime" and full of "Shakespearean elements"; But was so weary that he dropped the book and said:-- "He's gone down wretchedly.He never tires of repeating, he makes philosophical talk.We see the gentleman, the author, the Russian; and so far we have only seen 'nature' and 'man'. "(Flaubert's letter to Turgenev in the first month of 1880) is the culmination of this mature period. In the complete French translation, it has been increased to four volumes. This is a more perfect work, and the thoughts that dominate the work have more skilled art skills and richer experience. The soul has no secrets in it, but in it The lacking flame of youth, the ardent vigor, -- the great momentum. Tolstoy had no such joy to create. The momentary peace of the wedding was gone. The Countess Tolstoy endeavored to build around him In the circle of love and art that has been revived, spiritual boredom permeates again. A year after the marriage, Tolstoy wrote the first few chapters; Andre confided to Pierre his intimate words about the marriage problem, expressing that a man feels that the woman he loves is just an indifferent outsider, is The unintentional enemy, the unintentional thwarter of his spiritual development, is the disillusionment he feels.The letters in 1865 had predicted that he would soon be infected with religious boredom again.These were only short-term threats, quickly pacified by the bliss of life.But when Tolstoy finished it in 1869, a more serious shock occurred—within a few days, he left his family to visit somewhere.One night, he had already gone to sleep; it was just after two o'clock in the morning: "I am extremely tired, I slept soundly, and felt all right. Suddenly, I felt a kind of misery, so terrible for me that I have never experienced. I I will tell you in detail: Letter to his wife. This is really appalling. I jumped out of bed and was harnessed. I fell asleep again while being harnessed, and when they woke me up, I Completely recovered. Yesterday, the same scene happened again, far less violently..." The recollection of this terrible night is also described in a "Diary of a Madman" (1883) . The fantasy palace that Countess Tolstoy had painstakingly built with love collapsed.The completion of the book created a gap in the artist's mind. In this gap time, the artist was re-introduced to pedagogy and philosophy. In the summer of 1869, when he finished writing, he discovered Schopenhauer, and he was immediately fascinated by it. His theory: "Schopenhauer is the most gifted man among mankind." (Letter to Fett, August 30, 1869) The research catches: He wants to write an enlightenment book for common people ; This enlightenment reader has 700 to 800 pages and is divided into four parts. In addition to teaching methods, it also contains many short readings.These short stories later formed the "four-part reader".The first French translation was published in 1928 by Charles Salomon.He worked on it for four years, and he was even more proud of the book, completing one (1872) and a second (1875).Then, studying Greek feverishly, studying it day and night, leaving all other work behind, he discovered "the subtle and wonderful Xenophon" and Homer, the real Homer and not the translation of the translator. Homer is no longer the vulgar singing voice of those Zhukovsky A1783-1852 Russian poets and Foss A1731-1826 German critics and translators, but another magical voice that no one else sings to its heart's content.The difference between translators and Homer, he says, is "as boiling water is to cold spring water, which makes your teeth ache and is sometimes gritty, but is purer and fresher when the sun shines on it." (to Fetter, December 1870) "You cannot be learned without knowing Greek! It was madness: he admitted it himself.He went back to running the school business with such zeal that he fell ill.In 1871 he went to Batchkirs in Samara to recuperate.At that time, he was dissatisfied with everything but Greek.In 1872, after the lawsuit was over, he seriously talked about selling all his Russian properties and moving to England.Countess Tolstoy couldn't help lamenting: "If you bury your head in Greek forever, you will never recover. It makes you feel these sorrows and forget your current life. People call Greek a dead language. It is true: it plunges one into a state of spiritual death." Countess Tolstoy's document. After abandoning many sketchy plans, finally on March 19, 1873, to the countess's delight, Tolstoy began to write.Completed in 1877.While he was working on this little book, his life was darkened by the effects of many bereavements in the family, and the deaths of three children (November 18, 1873, 1875 February, end of November 1875).Aunt Tatiana, his adoptive mother (June 20, 1874), and Aunt Piragya (December 22, 1875) all died.His wife was also ill. "There is no perfect happiness in the family..." To Fett, March 1, 1876. There are traces of this bleak experience and disillusioned enthusiasm left in the works. "Woman is an obstacle to a man's career. It is extremely difficult to love a woman and do something good at the same time; the only way not to be forever hindered is to marry." (Book 1 - Hachette French translation) Except for the beautiful words in the chapters about Levine's engagement, the love in this book is far from the youthful poetry in several pages, which are enough to match the beauty of all ages. Lyric poetry is comparable.On the contrary, the love here has a violent, sensual, and domineering character.The determinism that governs the novel is no longer Krishna, a kind of god, a master of fate, but the madness of love, the "whole Venus" in the beautiful dance of the ball. In the scene, when Anna and Vronsky fell in love with each other unconsciously, it was the god of love who added "an almost A diabolical allure".French translation volume one.It is this same Venus who casts a radiance on Anna's face when Vronsky declares his love—"not the radiance of joy. But the terrible radiance of a fire that breaks out in the night." Ibid. .It is also this God of love that makes this bright and rational girl overflow with the power of carnal desire in her blood vessels, and love stays in her heart until it breaks the heart and does not leave it.Everyone close to Anna did not feel the attraction and threat of this lurking devil.Kitty was the first to spot it with dismay.When Vronsky went to see Anna, his feeling of joy was mingled with mysterious terror.Levin, in her presence, lost all his will.Anna herself knew that she was no longer independent.When the story gradually evolved, the irresistible lust completely destroyed the moral barriers of this proud character.All her best parts, her true and valiant soul, crumbled and perverted: she had no courage to sacrifice worldly vanities; her life, having no other aim than to please her lover, timidly, She is ashamed not to have conceived herself; she suffers from jealousy, a force of sexuality that completely overwhelms her, forcing her to act falsely in her voice, in her eyes; Among the women who glanced back.She anesthetized herself with morphine until intolerable misery and grief over her own spiritual degradation forced her to throw herself under the wheels of the train. "And the countryman with the shaggy beard"—the vision she and Vronsky sometimes encountered in dreams—"stands on the running boards of the train and looks down on the railway"; according to the prophetic dream, "She leaned over a pocket and hid something in it, which was her past life, pain, deceit and trouble..." "I reserve the right to revenge." The motto at the beginning of the book.God said... This is the tragedy of the soul tormented by love and oppressed by the laws of God——a painting described by Tolstoy with a very deep stroke.Around this tragedy, Tolstoy, as in his novels, placed the novels of several other characters.Unfortunately, these parallel histories are connected too quickly and pretentiously, failing to achieve the unity of a symphony.People also feel that some of the completely realistic scenes-such as the leisurely conversations with the St. Petersburg aristocracy-are sometimes wasted.And, more than obviously, Tolstoy intertwined his personality with his philosophies and views of life.But the work does not lessen its splendor for this.There are just as many characters in and are equally astonishingly accurate.I find portraits of men superior.Tolstoy portrayed Stepan Arkadevich, that lovely selfish man whom no one could fail to answer with a kind smile, and Karenin, a typical high-ranking official, handsome and The mediocre statesman, who hides his sentiments forever by sarcasm: a mixture of dignity and cowardice; a strange product of a false world, which, though he is wise and generous, cannot escape at last,--and his distrust of himself A good heart is also good, for when he lets his emotions rule him, he sinks into a mysterious nothingness. ? But the main significance of the novel, apart from the tragedy of Anna and the shades of Russian society in the 1860s—saloons, officers' clubs, balls, theaters, horse races—is especially autobiographical.More than many other characters created by Tolstoy, Levin is his embodiment.Tolstoy not only endowed himself with conservative and democratic ideas, but also the anti-liberalism of the rural aristocrats who despise the intellectual class; thought of.And he gave his own life to him.Levin's love for Kitty and the years after their first marriage are a disguised form of his own reminiscences—the death of Levin's brother is as painfully painful as that of Tolstoy's brother Dmitry. Performance.The last part is completely useless in fiction, but it allows us to see the reason for his heart's confusion at that time.The end of the book, while an artistic transition to another proposed work, is the transition to the spiritual revolution revealed two years later in The .In this book, the Russian society of the time has been repeatedly criticized in a satirical or violent form, which he will constantly attack in his future works.Attack lies, attack all lies, treat moral lies as much as sinful lies, denounce liberalism, attack worldly vain mercy, religion in salons, and philanthropy!Declare war on the whole society, because it charms all true sentiments and kills the vitality of the soul!Above the stale legal order of society, death suddenly radiated a light.In front of the dying Anna, the hypocritical Karenin was also moved.This soul without life, everything is artificial, unexpectedly sees a ray of love and has the tolerance of a Christian. In an instant, husband, wife, lover, all three are changed.Everything becomes simple and honest.But when Anna gradually recovered, all three felt that "in addition to an almost holy power that dominated them from within, there was another power, rough and strong, that dominated their lives involuntarily." life, so that they can no longer enjoy peace".And they knew in advance that they were powerless in this battle, "they would be forced to do the evil that society deems necessary." "For society, evil is reasonable. To sacrifice love is unsound." (French translation, volume 2) The reason why Levin became sublimated at the end of the book like the incarnate Tolstoy is because of death It also moved him.He has always been "unable to believe, nor can he thoroughly doubt".The source is the same as before.Since he saw his brother die, he was afraid of his own ignorance.For a time his marriage contained these mournful emotions.But since the birth of his first child, they have reappeared.Sometimes he prays and sometimes he denies everything.He scans philosophy books in vain.In frenzied times, he even feared that he was going to commit suicide.Physical work calms him: here, beyond doubt, all is evident.Levin talks to the peasants; one of them talks to him about those who "live not for themselves but for God."This was nothing less than a revelation to him.He discovered the antagonism of reason and heart.Reason teaches a ruthless struggle for existence; love for others is totally unreasonable: "Reason taught me nothing; everything I know was revealed to me by the heart." French Translation Volume II. Since then, peace has returned.卑微的乡人——对于他，心是惟一的指导者——这个名辞把他重新领到上帝面前……什么上帝？他不想知道。这时候的列文，如将来长久时期内的托尔斯泰一般，在教会前面是很谦恭的，对于教义亦毫无反抗的心。 “即是在天空的幻象与星球的外表的运动中，也有一项真理。”同前。