Chapter 30 Part II: "Six Capitals and Two Dances" after "Eight Model Operas" in "A Thousand Miles Against the Wind"

Speaking of the "Eight Model Operas", those who are familiar with them will naturally never forget this artistic product that was born in a specific historical period in the late "Cultural Revolution". After 1972, in order to highlight his personal achievements, Jiang Qing, an ambitious "literary standard-bearer", made six Beijing operas and two ballets, which were called "Six Beijings and Two Dances" for short.Among them, the highest artistic achievements are the Peking Opera "Cuckoo Mountain" and the ballet "Ode to Yimeng". "Ode to the Longjiang River" was originally a five-stage modern Peking opera created by the Fujian Provincial Drama Troupe in 1964. This play is based on the severe drought in Zhangzhou, southern Fujian in 1963, which was rare in a thousand years. For the deployment of watering dry fields, the Yuzhen Brigade located in the upper reaches of the Jiulong River, proceeding from the overall situation, threw away soldiers to protect the car, carried forward the noble style of communism of self-sacrifice, sacrificed 3,000 mu of high-yielding fields, and ensured that the 100,000 mu of fields in the Zhangzhou Plain were watered in a timely manner. The story is written.

The playwrights Jiang Wen, Chen Shu, Ding Ye, and Xiang Ren were moved by this real newsletter report, so Jiang Wen and Chen Shu wrote the script together, and through in-depth visits and investigations, relying on the artist's overflowing talent And creative impulse, and soon put it on the stage of drama. In 1965, the "Opera Reform Leading Group" of the Propaganda Department of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee decided to adapt "Ode to the Dragon River" into a modern Peking Opera, which was collectively adapted and created by the Shanghai Xinhua Peking Opera Troupe. In the summer and autumn season of 1965, it was performed publicly in Shanghai. This is the embryonic form of "Ode to the Dragon River" from the original drama to Peking Opera. In October 1967, one year had passed since the "Cultural Revolution" movement, and the first batch of "model operas" had already been finalized. Zhang Chunqiao, who was in charge of promoting Shanghai's literature and art, instructed the "Revolutionary Committee" of Shanghai's cultural system to form a separate crew for "Ode to the Dragon River" During the 4-year revision, Wang Shuyuan, Yu De, Liu Mengde, Song Jiewen, Li Xiaomin, Zhao Wuguo, etc. participated in the screenwriting work successively, and the directors were Li Zhonglin from the Shanghai Opera House, Kong Xiaoshi and Shen Jinbo from the Shanghai Peking Opera House, etc. There are also elite soldiers from the Shanghai music circle and Beijing opera bands, who are combined together.In the original play, Zheng Qiang, the male lead, was secretly given the opportunity to "transform" into the heroine Jiang Shuiying, who was played by Li Lifang, Zhang Nanyun, Ma Bomin, Li Bingshu, and Li Yuanhua respectively.The biggest change in "Ode to the Dragon River" after several evolutions is the addition of "class struggle as the key link", changing the kiln master Huang Guozhong in the original play into a class enemy hidden in the Longjiang brigade.After a long period of revision, the "Two Newspapers and One Magazine" in March 1972 published the performance version of "Ode to the Longjiang River" in January 1972, which indicated that "Ode to the Longjiang River" was officially selected as the "Revolutionary Model Opera". list.Immediately afterwards, it was directed by Xie Tieli, with Qianjiang Photography, starring Li Bingshu, and the Beijing Film Studio invested in the filming of the film. On the anniversary of the Chairman's speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art, it was officially screened nationwide.The songs in Peking opera art films, such as "Holding a treasure book in your hand and warming your heart", "Seeking liberation for mankind", and "Let the red flag of revolution be planted everywhere", are the most well-known.

At the beginning of 1972, as one of the second batch of "model operas", the Peking Opera "Red Detachment of Women" was grandly launched. It was written by the famous playwright Tian Han based on the literary script of the same name by Liang Xin and Li Chengxiang, Jiang Zuhui, Wang Xixian and others. Adapted from the ballet script of the same name, it was performed by the China Peking Opera Company. In fact, this play has been performed on stage many times as early as the early and mid-1960s. Later, the ballet rose up, which not only brought great prestige to the National Ballet of China, but also made the ballet of the same name famous.The general audience is very fond of this story, which reflects the story of the Red Army team composed of women in the Qiongya area of ​​​​Hainan Island during the First Civil Revolutionary War. It has already been very familiar with the award for the best feature film in the "Hundred Flowers Award" of "Popular Cinema". After the "Cultural Revolution" began, Tian Han was dubbed "the patriarch of the black line of literature and art" and was persecuted to death. Naturally, his script was also swept out. And the model, and another group of people will be organized to rewrite it, and a large number of famous artists will be engaged in the highlight of singing design.However, all changes remain the same, the basic theme remains the same, and it is relatively conservative in the overall creation of the ballet, so that the Peking Opera of the same name not only has no new breakthroughs, but also copies many stage performances and plots in its script. , making this Peking Opera fall into the misunderstanding of congenital deficiency, no breakthrough and innovation from the very beginning.Yang Qiuling, a young actress who was famous for starring Mu Guiying in costume dramas, plays the heroine Wu Qinghua, Feng Zhixiao plays the male lead Hong Changqing as a famous actor, and Li Jialin, Wang Jinghua and others play the main roles. In 1970, the re-edited Peking Opera script entered the stage of vocal design, and the famous Peking Opera performers such as Zhang Junqiu and Li Shaochun who were temporarily "liberated" really lived up to expectations. The vocal design has both traditional connotations and the innovation of the times.

In January 1972, the Beijing Opera "Red Detachment of Women", which was based on the ballet of the same name, was put into a formal stage performance, and soon filmed.The film appointed Bayi Film Studio to set up a special crew to shoot on the stage of the theater and the studio of the film factory, so as to highlight the specific atmosphere of the story content and environment that the film wants to express. The director specially invited Beijing Film Studio Directed by the famous old director Cheng Yam.Prior to this, he had directed the Peking opera film "Red Lantern" at Bayi Studios. The photographers were Zhang Dongliang and Wei Linyu, the famous photographers of Bayi Studios. The main actors were Du Jinfang who was appointed to replace Yang Qiuling and played the heroine Wu Qinghua. Others are still the original team.The main reason why Du Jinfang, a well-known Peking Opera performer, was able to temporarily change roles before the filming started was because Jiang Qing watched the Peking Opera art film when he transferred it, and found that the facial expressions of Mu Guiying played by Yang Qiuling were not enough. Fu Fu, she was afraid that Yang Qiuling would not be able to show the spiritual outlook of Wu Qinghua, a rebellious woman and a revolutionary fighter, so she suddenly got nervous and gave an arbitrary order to change people temporarily.Du Jinfang accidentally "picked up" a character that was not supposed to belong to her.

The shooting of the film went smoothly. After two months, on May 23 of that year, the completed color film, the other two Peking opera films and "Ode to the Dragon River" were released almost at the same time, but the "eight model operas" had already been released It is a foregone conclusion that the Peking Opera "Red Detachment of Women" will be included in the second batch of "model operas" with "Ode to the Dragon River" only after surrendering, but this is the same name as the first batch of "eight model operas". Ballet also naturally has a distance and distinction of time difference.In the film, Du Jinfang's lead singers "Wu Qinghua, who can't be beaten to death, I am still alive", "I saw the red flag and saw the party", and "Forever fighting youth" are more famous.However, generally speaking, due to the different types of art forms, its achievements are far less than the preconceived ballet of the same name, and it is not as popular among the people as the ballet of the same name.

Peking Opera "Dujuan Mountain" is a modern drama first performed by Shanghai Youth Art Theater in 1963. The play was adapted by Wang Shuyuan, a famous playwright of Shanghai Opera House, based on a novel "Black Dou" published in a local literary magazine. .The play describes a spontaneous peasant armed force on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi in 1928. Under the leadership of captain Wu Dou, it fought resolutely with the local armed forces of the Kuomintang reactionaries.However, due to the lack of a correct line and the leadership of the Communist Party, there have been ups and downs, and several ups and downs.Later, the party organization appointed the Communist Party member He Xiang and his wife to lead this spontaneous peasant armed force. The peasant contingent with a narrow sense of small peasantry, carried out timely education and necessary reorganization, and in the arduous struggle, relied on the party and the masses, and after careful and correct combat deployment, won every battle, wiped out the local reactionary armed forces, and finally led the The Peasant Self-Defense Force joined the Jinggangshan Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army led by Mao Zedong, and merged into the torrent of the era of revolutionary struggle.This is undoubtedly another revolutionary work with a "red main theme". Whether it was in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China or the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution", this theme was always based on this as the main direction of creation.

At the end of 1963, the Beijing Peking Opera Troupe "brought" it and made adaptations suitable for Peking Opera performances. In the second year, in the national Peking Opera modern drama performances, a powerful team composed of famous Peking Opera performing artists Zhao Yanxia, ​​Qiu Shengrong, Ma Lianliang, Ma Changli, Tan Yuanshou and others The lineup of performances made the Peking Opera performance of "Dujuan Mountain" overwhelming, and far overwhelmed the influence of Shanghai Qingyi's earlier drama of the same name. After the "Cultural Revolution" began, due to the adaptation and rehearsal of Peking Opera, it was supported by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee Peng Zhen and Deng Tuo for a long time, and the performance was once suspended.However, the widespread influence of the play, especially the need to adapt the subject matter to the situation, forced Jiang Qing to re-ban the play, and ordered the original screenwriters Wang Zengqi, Xue Enhou, Yang Yumin and others to combine reality and add new content to show their contributions and score.Jiang Qing also changed the original title of the play "Dujuanshan" to "Duquanshan" with a one-character difference, and changed the heroine "He Xiang" to "Ke Xiang" because of the love for Mao Zedong's former wife He Zizhen. , a kind of hatred for leading the revolutionary struggle in Jinggangshan in the early years.At the same time, Yu Huiyong, the deputy head of the culture group of the State Council at the time, was instructed to take charge of it himself.Yu Huiyong made a fresh start, made major adjustments to the creation and performance of the original script, and recreated it with Wang Shuyuan, the earliest playwright, together with Wang Zengqi, Yang Yumin, Li Zhongcheng and others. The famous actors Diao Guangtan and Zhu Lin are in charge of directing the actor's chanting, and Hu Bingxu, who was transferred from the Central Orchestra, served as the band conductor. The singing and music design of the whole play, Yu Huiyong gave full play to his personal talents, personally in charge of the operation, and let his assistant Gong Guotai do his best. With cooperation, in various adjustments, it was finally determined that Yang Chunxia, ​​a young actress from the Beijing Peking Opera Troupe, would play the leading role. The image of a resourceful, imposing, decisive, brave and tenacious female Communist Party member is presented. This heroic character established by Peking Opera performances is really commendable from the perspective of being closer to the audience than feature films.The up-and-coming Yang Chunxia became a famous actor and became popular all over the country.

On May 1, 1973, which coincided with the International Labor Day, the Peking opera "Du Quanshan" with a completely new look began to be performed in the Beijing Workers' Club on an experimental basis. Some revisions were made, and the original "Cuckoo Hill" was restored.Jiang Qing was particularly satisfied with the audience's evaluation of Yang Chunxia's performance, and believed that the choice of the right protagonist undoubtedly laid the most solid foundation for the success of the play.Therefore, after the official public performance in September of that year, Beijing Film Studio was ordered to shoot the film. At that time, he had directed famous films such as "Taking Tiger Mountain Out of Wisdom", "Ode to the Dragon River", and other Peking Opera models. Director Xie Tieli directed the tube again, organically combining Peking opera performance and film art with rich experience, coupled with the famous photographer Qian Jiang's constant use of various changing lenses, the use of cutting and the unique expression form of film montage, this After the first Beijing opera art film was put on the screen through the film, through the beautiful Peking opera singing, the improved Peking opera narration, the opera performances devoted by the Peking opera actors, and the expressive skills of the filming, all made this Peking opera art Compared with the first batch of "eight model operas", this film is not inferior at all, but also stands out among the second batch of "six capitals and two dances".The famous arias in the film include "I live in Anyuan", "Coptis chinensis and bitter gall", "Flying Clouds", and "Lessons from Blood" first sung by Yang Chunxia, ​​all of which have become classic arias of modern Peking opera. On May 23, 1974, the color Peking opera art film "Dujuan Mountain" was officially released nationwide.

In 1974, another Peking opera art film "Battle on the Plain" shot by Bayi Film Studio, because it was taken from the theme of the Anti-Japanese War, it naturally reminds people of another Changchun film before the "Cultural Revolution". The famous domestic film "Plain Guerrilla" shot by the studio, so, first of all, it can capture the hearts of the audience in terms of the storyline. Moreover, the types and forms of movies at that time were very single. In February 1966, on the basis of the modern Peking Opera "Plain Guerrilla" co-written by A Jia, Chen Yanling, Weng Ouhong, and Zhang Dongchuan, and in accordance with Jiang Qing's instruction "to start anew", it was written by Zhang Yongmei, and the Chinese Peking Opera Troupe collectively created and performed it. The famous Peking Opera Actors Li Guang, Wu Yuzhang, Gao Yuqian, Yuan Shihai and young rookie Li Weikang of the Peking Opera Troupe co-star.The Peking Opera shows that during the War of Resistance Against Japan, Zhao Yonggang, the platoon leader of the Eighth Route Army in the Taihang Mountain base area, led his detachments deep into the plains behind enemy lines to carry out guerrilla warfare, destroying railways, blowing up bunkers, and burning granaries. Rampant attack.

In the form of Peking Opera performances, it reproduces the war episodes in the historical fact of the Anti-Japanese War, a period of bloody battles between soldiers and civilians. In the same artistic field at that time, except for the Peking Opera "Jie Zhen Guo" performed by Hebei Tangshan Peking Opera Troupe in 1965 and made into a movie , this play is the expansion and continuation of the second play in the same form. Its anti-Japanese theme storyline is very attractive, especially for the young generation at that time, who are eager to understand the curiosity of fighting against the Japanese devils in the past.Therefore, folk legends, anti-Japanese war stories, Peking opera singing and movie charm all make this Peking opera art film "Battle on the Plain" unforgettable.The directors of the film are famous film directors Cui Wei and Chen Huaikai, two old partners of the Beijing Film Studio. The well-known Peking opera and opera art films before the "Cultural Revolution", "Mu Guiying vs. Hongzhou" and "Wild Boar Forest" were all produced by them. hand.And this modern Peking Opera, through their scheduling and directing, also achieved success.The photographers are Zhang Dongliang and Wei Linyu, who are very experienced in shooting "model plays" and who have passed the political test.Famous vocals in the film include "Wearing the stars and wearing the moon under the moon", "Where there are people, there will be Zhao Yonggang", "The safety and well-being of the people must always be on our minds", "The heart will always go to the Communist Party", "Be a good son and daughter of China". Li Guang, Li Weikang, Wu Yuzhang and other well-known Peking Opera actors' singing and performances have become the preferred vocals of modern Chinese Peking Opera.

In the spring and summer of 1976, the Peking Opera color art film "Panshiwan" shot by Shanghai Film Studio was released nationwide.The film reflects the anti-special story of the Fujian coastal navy and civilians jointly annihilating the invading enemy of the Kuomintang.A few months later, the "Gang of Four" headed by Jiang Qing was completely smashed, and at the same time announced the silent end of the first batch of "Eight Model Operas" and the second batch of "Six Capitals and Two Dances" in the late period of the "Cultural Revolution". This Peking opera is based on the script of "The Great Wall of the South China Sea" performed by the soldiers of the Guangzhou Military Region before the "Cultural Revolution" and written by Zhao Huan. .Among them, many well-known Peking opera actors such as Qi Shufang, Wang Mengyun, Shi Zhengquan, Sun Zhengyang and others have played important roles in the famous Peking opera "Taking Tiger Mountain by Wisdom".Originally, the lead actor of the show was Tong Xiangling, who once played Yang Zirong in the Peking Opera "Taking Tiger Mountain Out of Wisdom", but because of her sister's unjust case at the time, she was implicated invisibly, and had to change to another person when the filming started .The director of the film is the famous director Xie Jin who has been liberated from the "cowshed" in advance. Before that, he had worked with the famous director Xie Tieli of the Beijing Film Studio in the "North and South Two Xies". The two jointly directed two films of Peking Opera art films. Version (Fu Chaowu, a well-known director of Shanghai Film Studio, participated in the directing work of one version as an assistant director).Xie Jin, who is not good at directing opera films this time, has already accumulated the successful experience of how to shoot opera films last time. He cooperated with Liang Tingduo of the factory, and the full cooperation of photographer Lu Junfu, in this same drama "Panshiwan" In the film, the film carries forward the successful experience of Beijing opera shooting scenes in 1972 and 1973. In the prologue at the beginning of the film and the main scene, it adopts the combination of stage and real scene. With the contrast of the natural scenery of the coastal areas of Fujian, it does not stick to the single mode of stage opera films at all, thus endowing it with a flexible, changeable and brand-new shooting method of opera films, which makes the film have a sense of jumping in the plot, and the picture There is a sense of hierarchy, and the characters also have a sense of three-dimensionality. Although there are inherent traces of the times in the film that are inherent in the "three outstanding" and "high-quality" models, the film's colorful pictures and live scenes are appropriately and extensively used. , which endowed opera art films with a new form of expression, thus winning the welcome and love of the audience.Among them, the characters in the play have catchy vocals such as "The Same Scar, the Same Enemy" and "Red Flag Dancing in the East Wind". As early as 1964, at the National Peking Opera Modern Opera Performance Conference, Shandong Zibo and Qingdao Peking Opera Troupes respectively launched the Peking Opera "Hongsao" adapted from the novel of the same name by the famous writer Liu Zhixia, which attracted much attention.Peking Opera is adapted from the touching story of "Military and Civilian Fish and Water" that is widely circulated in the Yimeng Mountain area of ​​Shandong Province. In 1970, Jiang Qing ordered the adaptation of Peking Opera "Sister-in-law Hong" into a ballet. In 1972, the two troupes of Zibo and Qingdao worked together to make repeated revisions to "Sister-in-law Hong".This "local product" has to give way to the rehearsal of the ballet with the same theme. The Shandong Provincial Peking Opera Troupe brought together the main creative forces of the Zibo and Qingdao Peking Opera Troupes to take over again. Song Yuqing, director of the Bureau of Cultural Affairs, was written by Liu Shixun and others, directed by Yin Baozhong, starring Zhang Chunqiu, Yang Zhigang, and Liu Yuming, and changed the name of the play to "Red Cloud Hill". , accepted the strict scrutiny of Jiang Qing.After more than a year of deep processing, it was directed by Bayi Film Studio Li Ang and Li Wenhu, and photographed by Huang Fuxiang and Cao Jinyun. In April 1976, it was put into film production.But none of the singing tunes of the play can be spread. On March 8, 1975, in order to celebrate the International "March 8th" Women's Day, the ballet art film "Ode to Yimeng" was released nationwide. Come out of nowhere.This ballet was created and performed collectively by the Chinese Dance Theater Troupe, starring Cheng Bojia and Zhang Su.The film was shot by Bayi Film Studio at the end of 1973, and it was closed in three months as scheduled.But it was not officially released until two years later, after Jiang Qing got out of his busy schedule to review.The film is co-directed by Li Wenhu and Jing Mukui. Zhang Dongliang, who has filmed many model plays, joins Cao Jinyun and Wei Linyu. The three co-operate in photography, stage setting, shooting lighting, camera settings, and singing by Shan Xiurong. The famous episode of "I Cook Chicken Soup for My Relatives", as well as the ballet appearance and appearance of the heroine Ying Sao in the play, really add a lot of color to the whole film. During June 1975, the movie "Prairie Children" was released nationwide, which is another ballet art film directed by Fu Jie of Beijing Film Studio and photographed by Li Wenhua.The story of the film is taken from the widely circulated real story of "Little Grassland Heroes and Sisters". A story of wit fighting the bad guys.The film also uses a lyrical episode of "The Children of the Grassland Heart to the Party". With the beautiful dance styles of the brothers and sisters, coupled with the blue sky and white clouds, and the vast grassland scenery, it gives people a very reverie and intoxicating feeling. In a brutal political climate, it was a very unexpected gift of art.The young ballet actors Zhang Chunzeng and Cai Guobo who were employed at that time and Song Chenchen who played the company commander in the ballet "The Red Detachment of Women" led the performance of the whole play. In March 1974, the filming of the film was completed, but Jiang Qing had no time to watch it because Jiang Qing stepped up the pace of usurping the party and power. It was not officially released nationwide until May 23, 1975, a year later. In order to achieve the goal of usurping the party and power, Jiang Qing used his so-called literary and artistic expertise to intervene and dominate the literary and artistic circles. He spared no effort and painstakingly at any cost, borrowed the wisdom of the masses and the contributions of many artists, and successively launched famous works that influenced the whole country and even abroad. "Eight Model Operas" and "Six Beijings and Two Dances", these are the brainchild of several generations of new and old drama artists, other artists such as films, dramas, and folk art, as well as countless behind-the-scenes staff after years of artistic precipitation and excellence. The test and practice tempered by the Communist Party of China have blossomed more and more brilliantly, which is probably unexpected by Jiang Qing and his like.These modern Peking operas and ballets have been tempered and radiant, and have become one of the classics and representative works of modern Chinese opera and dance art. In the special era in the late period of the "Cultural Revolution", in addition to the well-known "Eight Model Operas" and the "Six Capitals and Two Dances" which were not inferior in overall quality, in 1974, the Pearl River Film Studio also filmed Cantonese Opera The opera film "Shajiabang" starring the performing artist Hongxian; in 1975, Bayi Film Studio filmed the opera art film "Red Lantern" performed in Uyghur, which is still directed by the Beijing opera art film "Red Lantern". "The famous Beijing Film Director Cheng Yin directed again; in 1975, the Peking Opera drama "The Chair" starring Li Bingshu, who had starred in Jiang Shuiying in the Peking Opera "Ode to the Dragon River", was also made into a movie; and in 1976, Emei Of course, the Beijing opera art film "Miaoling Wind and Thunder" shot by the film studio is far less influential than the famous "Eight Model Operas" and "Six Beijing and Two Dances". The reasons are obvious. First, The few similar opera films that followed in his footsteps always follow the same fixed pattern and routine, without any artistic innovation at all, and without any freshness; second, the selected themes are often repeated, but they are only repeated in the same area over and over again. Changing different opera genres and singing styles, seeking insurance and agreement in artistic creation, never daring to overstep the threshold, and naturally falling into the vicious circle and misunderstanding of self-restraint; , scale, performing units, and cast, it is difficult to compare with the first batch of national first-class art troupes who performed in the "Eight Model Operas" and "Six Capitals and Two Dances"; In that particular era when literature and art were barren and flowers withered, the audience was no longer satisfied with the same and familiar old faces on the screen all year round. People who have been "emotionally hungry" for a long time need diversified and excellent movies of various themes.What needs to be added is that the "Gang of Four" at that time, especially Jiang Qing, who claimed to be a "literary standard bearer", had gone from the sinister intention of setting up a "model opera" at the beginning to stepping up the pace of usurping the party and power. I want to think about the follow-up works that rank among the "model plays".Therefore, the two batches of "model operas" are naturally divided into the first batch of "eight model operas" and the second batch of "six capitals and two dances". It is very interesting that the Phoenix Film Company in Hong Kong also filmed "Shajiabang Annihilating the Enemy" adapted from a model Peking opera in 1976.This colorful feature film stars the famous movie stars Zhu Hong and Jiang Han as the protagonists Ah Qing and Guo Jianguang. The very difficult role of soldiers and underground party members is undoubtedly a very rare test of acting skills for actors.It's a pity that this Hong Kong version of the "red" feature film "Shajiabang Annihilating the Enemy" has never been officially released in mainland China because of its untimely birth. A wonderful performance of "Last Night's Star".However, before and after the advent of the new century, the above-mentioned famous "Eight Model Operas" and "Six Capitals and Two Dances" unexpectedly appeared on VCD and DVD discs, so that more people who lived through the special era of the "Cultural Revolution" After nearly 30 years, once again from those familiar beautiful singing, wonderful dances, and lyrical interludes, I will remember and feel for a long time to taste the unforgettable nostalgic feelings in the heart of the past years, and the songs are deeply affectionate...