Chapter 24 18 Nobel Prizes - 2

In June, Pauling once again applied for a passport from relevant parties to prepare for his travel around the world in winter.This time, he asked the other party to accurately list the reasons for refusal to issue a passport in writing, because he hoped to have enough time to appeal.He received a response from Shipley laying out 24 allegations she had copied from the FBI file on Pauling.Pauling and his lawyers carefully prepared a new testimony that refuted the allegations one by one.He included a letter in his reply to the Passport Office stating: "These allegations ... are mostly not worth refuting." Pauling believes that only one needs to be taken seriously, and that is that he is hiding communist. "It is beyond my belief that the State Department of the United States of America would have invented such a charge," he wrote. "It only takes a serious and minimal investigation of an allegation like this .She consulted several recent FBI reports on Pauling, which stated that after two years of thorough investigation, no conclusive evidence was found to support Budenz's accusation that Pauling was a member of the Communist Party.

On October 1, after reviewing Pauling's testimony, Shipley wrote back: "The State Department . For a long time you have consistently followed the Communist line." Pauling may not have been a Communist, but he was not much more than a Communist, and again his passport was refused.Shipley also included a form for the appeal in the letter. Bollinger didn't want to appeal, he didn't want to defend his case before a jury of strangers, and he didn't want to be vilified and humiliated again, as he was before the Employment Eligibility Board.A few days later, he wrote to the State Department saying: "Considering the experience I encountered in the process of dealing with the State Department last year, I have no choice but to give up this plan to go abroad." He quoted the last time he applied for a passport. He then withdrew his application, writing: "I feel that I can no longer afford this experience."

At this time, he had another plan in mind. road to stockholm Twenty-three years later Langmuir said Pauling "would win the Nobel Prize."During this time, Pauling's colleagues and students have been talking about when he will get this highest honor in science.Over time, some lesser-known scholars have become Nobel laureates in chemistry—including Edwin McMillan, who worked as a student of Pauling at Caltech— — Pauling began to think that he would never be able to aspire to this award.It's a disappointment and a heartache.Pauling is considered by many to be one of the most important chemists of this century; at the age of 53, recognition for many of his scientific achievements seems long overdue.Pauling comforted himself in his heart. The reason why he was not selected by the Stockholm award committee was that Nobel’s will stated very specifically that this award was not applicable to batch scientific research achievements, and was only awarded to the previous year. A single major discovery made here.Pauling's achievements belong to batch results. The work he did can be regarded as the great cause of structural chemistry, which is composed of many achievements in various aspects. "It was trouble," Pauling said. "Which of the results counts as my single major discovery?"

Biologist Sente-Gergi ①, who has done research on vitamin C and won his own Nobel Prize. At the end of 1952, he wrote to Pauling that he intended to nominate Pauling as a candidate for the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. "As far as I can see, you should have received this honor a long time ago, but better late than never." The only question was "Which single discovery is the most suitable for nomination?" Pauling replied: "My main achievements were obtained between 1928 and 1932, which involved the revelation of the nature of chemical bonds and the basic principles of molecular structure." In order to facilitate this, Pauling also sent a brief introduction of his life, attached On the summary of a newly drafted 8-page scientific research work.In this summary, he highlights his discovery of bond-orbital hybridization, the theory of directional bond valence, and the relationship between structure and magnetism—all of which contributed to his work on hemoglobin, antibiotics, and protein structure.

① Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, 1893—), an American biochemist, born in Hungary, discovered and isolated vitamin C (1928), studied the role of vitamin C and other organic compounds in the process of cell oxidation, and obtained 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine. However, in November 1953, when the list of Nobel laureates for that year was announced, it was Hermann Stöttinger who won the chemistry prize.This is an elderly German chemist whose research on polymers has influenced Pauling's own views on long-chain structures.Pauling, despite his disappointment, quickly put it behind him.However, rumors arose again at this time.In the summer of the following year, a visiting chemist, a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, told Pauling that Stottinger was selected only because he was 20 years older than Pauling, and the award committee felt that he would never live again. It's been a year.Then, the academician revealed to Pauling that he could expect to hear good news in a few months.When a Swedish TV crew visited Caltech—who, they said, planned to do follow-up interviews with prominent scientists—did much of their time on Pauling.Therefore, the rumors that Pauling will win the award are growing day by day. In October, just a few days after Pauling withdrew his passport application, the mailroom of Caltech handed Pauling a pile of letters, all of which were news about Pauling's expected award.

In early November 1954, Pauling set off to give lectures at Cornell University and Princeton University.He tried his best not to think about winning the prize, but he kept hoping.The announcement of the Nobel Prize winners has always been in early November, and he will know the actual results soon. On the afternoon of November 3, just a few minutes before Pauling was about to give an academic report at Cornell University, a reporter tracked down his whereabouts by phone. "How do you feel about winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry?" the reporter asked.Pauling took a deep breath and asked the reporter in turn: What award did he win? "Chemistry prize," the reporter replied. "No, what does the award book say?" Pauling wondered which discovery had earned him the honor.The reporter read the telegram in his hand: "...in view of his research on the nature of chemical bonds...and its application in explaining the properties of complex substances." Pauling laughed heartily, and he told the reporter that he thought he could get Proud of the laurels, he put down his phone.

He was so excited.By presenting him with this award, he is acknowledging everything he has accomplished from his studies of the chemical bond all the way to the discovery of the alpha helix in 1928.Officials of the Nobel Committee broke a precedent by giving him a lifetime achievement award.The Cornell professors patted him on the back and congratulated him warmly, but Pauling was so excited that he barely noticed.Filled with joy, he walked towards the classroom in a daze, hoping to give lectures according to the scheduled arrangement—“I was so excited that I couldn’t even see the door of the classroom clearly,” he later recalled—the students waiting in the classroom He and the professors congratulated him, and there was a burst of prolonged applause.

After hearing the news on the radio, reporters and friendly people from all walks of life called to express their congratulations.Pauling told The New York Times that he cherishes the honor and "is grateful for the contributions of my very able collaborators. I have been a member of the Polytechnic Institute for 32 years. It's time, and I feel very fortunate to be here to conduct scientific research in excellent conditions." A Nobel laureate, he used his newfound privileged platform to lash out at the government's practice in the Oppenheimer case. policy.He also sent Ruth Shipley a barely veiled message.Asked if he would have trouble with his passport when he went to Stockholm to attend the awards ceremony, he told reporters: "I don't think there will be any difficulties. Nazi Germany made trouble for Nobel laureates at one time, but It is estimated that the United States will not follow in its footsteps."

His voice rose again.He was basking in joy again.Despite being followed by reporters, he was still able to follow the predetermined plan.He traveled long distances to give the Vanuksem Lectures at Princeton University, explaining molecular structure and biological properties.During this period, he also visited Einstein one last time.At the time, the elderly physicist was weak and tired easily.However, meeting with Pauling, he was very happy.He was even more pleased to see his younger friend able to use his newfound fame to speak out in the Oppenheimer case.Together they discussed the problem of a new super bomb.Both hail the disbandment of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and express deep bewilderment about the state of U.S. foreign policy.Einstein said to Pauling: "I made a big mistake in my life, which was to sign the letter to President Roosevelt proposing to build an atomic bomb." He said that the only reason he could explain it was that he thought the Germans were also doing this.Then, both of them were silent.Later, Einstein told Pauling an anecdote about Uxensener.This person is a prime minister of Sweden in the century. "Uxenchener told his son," Einstein said, "you'd be surprised how little tricks you can take to govern the world." Pauling was pleased to see that the two of them were still together Think about the world in the same way.

①Court Oxenstierna (Court Oxenstierna, 1583-1654), former Prime Minister of Sweden, close friend and advisor of King Gustavs II.He was appointed to carry out important diplomatic negotiations many times, and later became the de facto ruler of Sweden as the regent of the minor Queen Christina. Five months later, Einstein died. On the day it was announced that Pauling had won the Nobel Prize, Koyer, a former student of Pauling's boldness, wrote a congratulatory letter in the Department of Chemistry of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, soliciting everyone's signatures.He was pleased to see that everyone in the department had signed Yu on the letter. "I do not believe that many Nobel laureates have received such a warm welcome from the scientific community," Coyer wrote. "I asked for the opinions of 86 people, and 86 people signed without hesitation, and almost all of them were very happy. The Nobel Prize was awarded to the State Department." One of over a hundred letters and telegrams from around the world.After Pauling returned to Caltech, he wrote a reply to every letter and telegram.

In this place, Pauling also found that almost everywhere was filled with a festive atmosphere.He was congratulated by everyone from Dubridge to the porter guards of the departments.Eva Helen invited Pauling's staff and his close friends to a party at their hillside home to celebrate.The guests drank heavily.Karl Nyman's wife read a poem dedicated to Pauling in public. "Everyone was in high spirits," one guest later recalled. A larger gathering was held on Dec. 3, when Caltech faculty, students, and staff gathered on campus to honor Pauling. More than 350 employees, school trustees and friends were invited to the banquet, listened to Dubridge's brief introduction to Pauling's achievements, and watched a short play satirizing Pauling and Caltech performed on the spot. The performance unit was "Chemistry and Biological joint-stock company", which caused bursts of laughter. They titled the skit The Road to Stockholm.The whole play portrays the more relaxed side of the school's attitude towards Pauling: admiration, love, but a little bit of indifference.The voice of a radio announcer is also added to poke fun at Pauling's relaxed lecturing style, and several music-playing students liken Pauling's ideas on molecular resonance to jazz music. ("Boys, you should hear how a hydrocarbon molecule works. Gentlemen, it's a proven murder. This is how it ends.") The show's climax, though, is a series of pop-style Satirical verses of songs, one of which is titled "Town Inn": The Pauling road never turns back and always points forward. Pauling's road is full of hardships and rewards, and it will always be fascinating. This is a vast ocean of knowledge, let you indulge in wandering. There may be a few places that are not worth your while. Eva Helen is portrayed as a longing girl, confiding her heart to her teacher (the accompanying tune is titled "Open Your Arms and Embrace Me, My Precious Heart"): Linus Pauling, my dear darling, He is unpredictable in my chemical world. Ahhhh, his eyeballs gleamed, All the atoms in my body are electrified. He is close to my body, all my blood molecules rush to my face, But I can't tell what is a base and what is a phosphate. O rejoice, you shall never see, Such a touching family relationship, such an intoxicating nostalgia. Dr. Pauling's lectures are like reciting poems, Every word is a musical note, pulling my heartstrings. My chemical valence has all changed, My movement trajectory also has a new arrangement. His voice and smile are forever condensed in my heart, I share two electrons with him, traveling in outer space. O rejoice, you shall never see, Such a touching family relationship, such an intoxicating nostalgia. Finally, the announcer reads several virtual telegrams from friendly people: "Reactionary bourgeois lackeys: I've told you fifty times that resonance is incompatible with quantum mechanics. Signed: Vladimir Ivanovich  Lubechevsky." Another telegram made Pauling laugh even more: "Dear Dr. Pauling: You have won the Nobel Prize and cleared yourself. We will not go mad, As long as you're not crazy. Signed: Ovita Culp Hobby and Ruth Shipley." It was a joyous night, full of guests, warm atmosphere, bursts of laughter, friendliness and enthusiasm.Nights like this are rare in the school's history.However, for Pauling, this will become a memory that will never come back. On such occasions, jokes about Shipley are especially hilarious. One day after the award was announced, Pauling wrote letters to a number of prominent figures, including Senator Wayne, on his way from Cornell to Princeton. Neil Morse and Paul Douglas, as well as former Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, whom Pauling asked to help him reclaim his right to travel abroad.He also wrote a letter to Hoover Jr.This person has served as a long-term Caltech trustee, recently appointed Deputy Secretary of State.Hoover Jr. was so disgusted with Pauling's performance at Caltech that he couldn't do anything to help him. Again, the public did Pauling a favor.Shortly after the Nobel Prize was announced, the US ambassador to Sweden warned Secretary of State Dulles that Pauling's passport problem had become the center of discussion in Stockholm. "We are here in the dark about Pauling's politics and his past, but I must stress that if he is denied a passport, public opinion from all quarters in Sweden will act disastrously for us. response," he wrote. "I look forward to getting your exact notice soon, and the passport must be issued as scheduled." In any case, it will take some time for this notice to be issued.The FBI ordered another investigation.They discovered the unpleasant fact that they went back to their old jobs and gave speeches everywhere.In one speech, he openly advocated the creation of a "Ministry of Peace" in the Cabinet.The information was passed to Shipley.For a week, Pauling's passport conundrum dominated the Scandinavian media.However, the U.S. State Department remained indifferent, hoping that Pauling would take the initiative to make a formal complaint.Once the appeal is made, the matter can be delayed for several months, and then an excuse will be found, saying that the relevant parties are considering the specific situation of Pauling just like other Americans, and everything is operating in normal channels. Pauling knew this trick better than anyone else.Letters of support poured in for him.Among them was a telegram from an official of the US Information Service in Europe, who "urgently proposed" to authorize Pauling to go abroad in order to eliminate the negative influence of public opinion.Official letters related to Pauling shuttled back and forth between various departments of the State Department.Some clerks advocate issuing Pauling a passport to minimize adverse consequences—"Pauling is a sarcastic, eccentric person who once refused to appear before the Grievance Committee. The State Department is making a fool of itself,” a staffer cautioned — and there were others, notably Shipley and security chief McLeod, who advocated withholding passports first.State Department counsel asserts that under current law, there is no good reason to withhold Pauling's passport because the law requires conclusive evidence that Pauling received instructions from the Communist Party -- yet the FBI has spent six years with nothing .To end the controversy, an emergency meeting was called on November 5, attended by three moderate State Department officials in addition to McLeod and Shipley.When someone suggested bypassing the appeal step, Shipley lost his temper and rose from his seat. "It is no longer a day or two for the passport department to deal with the Communist Party," she said. "I know best that if we deviate from the current policy and do something different, there will be endless troubles." Two years ago, someone ignored her objection and issued a passport to Pauling. , is to set a precedent for abandoning the current practice, and this time, she will not let this happen anyway.So what about the idea of ​​writing something in Pauling's passport that forbids him to do anything other than travel to Stockholm to receive his award?That's not okay, Shipley said emphatically.The meeting could not go on any longer and had to be interrupted.McLeod and Shipley pushed for the withholding of passports, and three other officials—who classified Pauling as a "reckless, clouded leftist" who posed no threat to national security—suggested that they be issued so as not to attract public attention. dissatisfied. Dulles made the final decision to issue a passport to Pauling. Little Hoover was not happy about this.That means there is no need to go through the appeal process, which was largely reserved for Pauling.He thought Dulles' decision would put the State Department under fire for criticism.Later that day, he called a friend at the FBI and asked the agency to review an official letter he had drafted to issue passports.In order to vent his anger, Hoover Jr. told his friend that he had been trying to get Pauling out of Caltech for the past ten years, and that he couldn't bear to issue him a passport without appealing. stuffy.Soon after, Hoover Jr. resigned as a trustee of the California Institute of Technology, and since then forged an indissoluble feud with Pauling. Hoover Jr. made a survey of Dulles' public relations problems.He said to his subordinates: "We can't interfere in this kind of thing anyway." That afternoon, the undersecretary of state for administrative affairs sent Pauling a text informing him that he had been cleared to go to Stockholm. That same day, State Department legal counsel found Shipley sitting alone in a coffee shop.He walked over to her and sat down.The two had a long conversation about Pauling, about the Communists, about the importance of normal formalities.The consultant noticed that Shipley was depressed, deeply dissatisfied that her opinion was once again denied, expressed disappointment with the way things were done, and repeated that Pauling's passport should be refused. Within weeks, Shipley officially announced that she was stepping down as head of the Passport Division. Regarding the Pauling case, McLeod created a somewhat humorous statement.Asked by a congressional committee shortly afterward how Pauling had been able to obtain the passport without appeal, he replied that the issuance was the result of a "self-appeal."Asked to explain the term, he laughed and said it meant "the State Department also reads the relevant documents." The passport that Pauling received was not only valid for going to Sweden, but also suitable for going to all parts of the world. On December 5, with the same happy mood as before, Pauling left Los Angeles by plane with Eva, Clarelin, Linus Jr. and his wife Anita.They joined Peter and Linda in Copenhagen, and the family, as Eva recalled, "a happy bunch," headed for Stockholm. Pauling had never seen anything quite like the Nobel Prize ceremony.The event started on December 9 with a reception for the winners by the Swedish Royal Palace Minister.At the meeting, Pauling had a brief conversation with the two physics prize winners.One of them was Born, a mathematician in Göttingen whom Pauling met during his first visit to Europe.Due to his achievements in quantum mechanics, he shared this belated honor with a German experimental physicist Botte ②.Bott's best work was also done in the late 20s.Pauling also met members of the American trio who won the medicine award.They were honored for their work on polio.Literary Prize winner Hemingway③The figure that European news media has admired for a long time.He was injured during a trip to Africa and was unable to make an appearance in Stockholm this time around. ① Max Born (Max Born, 1882-1970), a British-German physicist and the founder of quantum mechanics, won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bott for his statistical and systematic elaboration of the properties of subatomic particles prize. ②Walther Bothe (1891-1957), a German physicist, applied the coincidence circuit method to measure the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, discovered neutrons, and won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Born. ③Emest Hemingway (Emest Hemingway, 1899-l961), an American novelist, was an early representative of the "Lost Generation". His representative works include "The Sun Also Rises", "For Whom the Bell Tolls", etc., with unique style and unique writing style Sophisticated, won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. The next day, a ceremony attended by 2,000 people was held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, which Pauling called "one of the most magnificent ceremonies in the world today."At the meeting, a eulogy was read out for each new laureate, and the relevant research results were briefly introduced.Pauling's eulogy was read out by a Swedish crystal diffractologist with a bad tongue. This person took this opportunity to comprehensively review the history of chemical development since Berziles, and finally introduced Pauling's views on chemical bonds, explaining that How he applied the theory of the chemical bond to various fields of chemistry and to many aspects of biology and medicine.After he finished reading and the applause subsided, King Gustav VI of Sweden presented Pauling with a gold Nobel medal and certificate.At this time, Pauling was wearing a tuxedo and a white tie around his neck, looking extremely excited.When he received the medals and certificates, he was not so rigid and rigid as is often used on such occasions, but smiled towards the king, and he was really "happy".Some European newspapers described the scene like this: "Everyone in the hall was immersed in joy just like him." After the award ceremony, the Nobel State Banquet was held in the Golden Pavilion of the City Hall in Stockholm.This is a spacious hall called "Turn of the Century", surrounded by 24 carat gold mosaic tiles.Here, the ceremony continued, and the king toasted each new award winner, and each of them expressed his gratitude with a short reply.Pauling's reply received the most enthusiastic applause. He mentioned that he had long yearned for Sweden and hoped to be regarded as an "honorary citizen" of this country.After the banquet, the king led the Nobel Prize winners to the upper part of a marble staircase, overlooking hundreds of cheering Swedish university students downstairs.Waving red flags and torches, the students sang a song for the winners.Then, according to custom, a Nobel laureate should address them with a few words of encouragement.Pauling was elected by the winners to speak as a representative, and all Swedish newspapers published the speech in full: "As one of the older generation, maybe I should teach you a little bit, but I don't want to," he shouted to the audience. "I have one piece of advice for you, which is how you should treat your predecessors. When a respected elder speaks to you, you should listen carefully with respect - but don't trust him, except trust you Believe nothing but your own intellect. Your elders, whether they have grayed or fallen out, whether they are a Nobel laureate or not, can make mistakes... Therefore, you should always hold There’s a skeptical attitude — always needing to think for yourself.” These words surprised and delighted the students present, and everyone cheered heartily. The next day, Monday, Saturday, Pauling gave a Nobel Lecture.He gives a comprehensive review of the work he has done, with a particular focus on the issue of resonance.In this lecture he speaks with considerable confidence of the concept of valence bonds.At that time, the concept came under increasingly sharp attack.He also used the Nobel Prize to justify his approach to chemistry. In the evening, the king and queen held a formal banquet in the palace to entertain the guests, which was also the last grand ceremony of the Nobel Prize celebration.Wearing a black evening gown, Pauling was stalwart and elegant, holding Princess Margarissa of Sweden in his arms, and stepped into the banquet hall gracefully.Accompanied by the Prime Minister of Sweden, Eva Helen happily sat on the left side of the king.She is full of spring breeze, a simple socialist attire, solemn and generous. “I talked politics with the prime minister — and watered the garden with the king,” she wrote in her diary that night. "really interesting." In the end, Pauling, together with the three Americans who won the medical award, attended a celebration party specially held by the US embassy for them - Pauling thought, this is an encouraging signal, maybe the US government intends to send him Treated as a respectable citizen. After the party, the embassy counselor telegraphed Washington that nothing happened during Pauling's trip. “He has been widely reported in the Stockholm press, not only because of his bright and charming personality, but also because his family is a good subject for photojournalism,” wrote the counselor, finally relieved. The mood in the tone is revealed between the lines. "Whether it was at the press conference immediately after his arrival, or in his speech at the banquet, . . . Professor Pauling said nothing to find fault with." Pauling's words and deeds were not only impeccable, but also won the respect of the United States on a new level.In part, he was allowed to come to Stockholm to accept the award after all, proving that individual achievement can dissipate the tension created by the Cold War.However, what is more important is his personal freedom and enthusiasm. “Few Nobel laureates have known how to wow the world as clearly as this humble, easy-going and well-informed eminent scientist,” reported a European newspaper.The newspaper also described the Nobel celebration as "a 'festival performance' in which, although the 'protagonist' Hemingway did not appear on stage, there was still a 'star', the Pasadena native. A humble professor." People around the world have expressed the same kindness to Pauling.Pauling and Eva traveled with the whole family in Sweden and Norway for two weeks.They then flew to Israel for two weeks, visiting several local universities and talking to academics in Haifa and Jerusalem.Their Christmas was spent in Bethlehem, but the experience had no effect on Pauling's atheism.After this, they flew to India, where they stayed for several weeks.This visit, which has been delayed for so long, has become another climax of the family travel.As guests of the Indian government, they visited several major universities and laboratories in the country, from New Delhi to Calgary, to Allahabad, visited the Taj Mahal, visited the caves of Ajahntan and Benale Temple of Sri Lanka. In Vadodara, Pauling attended the Indian Science Congress.There, he put his science diplomacy skills to the test, meeting large delegations of Russian and Chinese scientists and accepting gifts such as minerals and equipment.As an American representative, only he and a few other Yankees at their own expense attended the meeting.Pauling was the only American invited to give a speech at the conference.In his report, he discusses the results related to hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia.Finally, he talked about several issues that everyone is more concerned about.He first explained the necessity of maintaining peace and reminded the audience from various countries that most American scholars were not studying the atomic and hydrogen bombs, as many people who are accustomed to think about problems in the Russian way said, in fact, Many of them are working on issues like sickle cell anemia that are at stake for the peaceful development and welfare of all people on Earth.Then, he changed the subject and alluded to the representatives of the communist country camp, explaining that American scientists are very lucky to be able to carry out research work freely. Pauling's speech won warm applause from the participants.Later, an Indian scientist told a friend from the United States: "What Dr. Pauling of your country has done tonight refute the notion that Americans are international war mongers." Pauling also had dinner with Nehru, and the two had a cordial conversation on politics, nuclear bombs, and peace.In Pauling's mind, Nehru was an extraordinary, elegant and great man with "sharp wisdom, excellent judgment and absolute sincerity... In my opinion, Nehru is the greatest man in the world." One of the characters." Pauling also spent a few days in Bangkok before flying to Japan in February.There, Pauling's name was known not only for his scientific research but also for his stance against nuclear weapons.He was surrounded and welcomed by a large crowd.In Tokyo and Kyoto, his lectures drew such large audiences that hundreds of people were dispersed—twice still with devastating consequences when many forced their way into the venue.The Pauling family, away from the hustle and bustle of the city, had the opportunity to visit Buddhist temples, take long hikes in the snow, visit universities and factories, try Japanese bathing methods, and enjoy a few days of quiet and warm time in a private residence on the seashore. Life.Pauling became interested in the country's economy and politics.At this time, Japan is still quite poor, and several universities cannot be compared with American universities at all.Pauling saw that the common people there generally supported economic and trade exchanges with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, and Pauling was deeply touched by this. He also heard many rumors about fallout. The Lucky Dragon crew remains in the observation room of the hospital.Japanese scientists analyzed the radioactive material that fell to the ground after the Bikini Island explosion test and found some radioactive isotopes in it.Some people said that the radioactive content released by this test was so high that it could not be just the result of the explosion of ordinary nuclear bombs. The power of the explosion caused the radioactive dust to spread into the stratosphere, so that this dust could be scattered far away.The high radioactive content is also related to the nature of its radioactive material.It appears that this may involve a new way of combining atomic fission and fusion.Pauling listened attentively to the words. Only one thing clouded his visit.Professor Mizushima, a Japanese chemist, and the imperial teacher of the emperor's second son, Ji, arranged for Pauling to give several lectures.With the help of his connection with the emperor's family, he was authorized to arrange for Pauling to have an audience with the emperor of Japan, provided that he first obtained the consent of the United States through official channels.This is a very noble honor.Mizushima immediately wrote to the US embassy, ​​asking for guidance.The request cascaded through Washington and ended up on the desk of security chief McLeod. “本局的意见是，对于鲍林这样背景的一个人，让国务院来考虑到底是禁止还是提供其方便，使他有特权在世界的不同地方会见各国元首，这是荒唐可笑的，”麦克劳德回答说。这样，美国驻日本大使馆拒绝在这一问题上合作，鲍林觐见天皇的事也就泡汤了。 不过，相对来说，这毕竟是一件小事。鲍林经过将近五个月在世界各地的旅行，最后飞回帕萨迪纳，他这个人总算有了一点细微的变化。从得知获奖消息时开始，一直到4月份回到家，他始终浸泡在受勋、盛宴、掌声和欢呼的热浪中。他曾与多位国王和首相一道进餐，前后向热情洋溢的听众作了五十多次讲演。 此外，他还了解到，他所关心的问题也是世界关心的问题。一旦走出美国，他看到了世界上其他地方的人注视着核试验时显现出忧郁的神色，看到了放射性尘埃给人们带来莫大的焦虑，看到了美国和苏联之间的冷战引起人们普遍的担心，看到了自己的想法在世界各地得到许多人的共鸣。他回到了国内，更加坚定了自己的信念。他回到了国内，随时准备投入新的战斗。