Chapter 3 Volume 1 Chapter 2-2

Napoleon once again used the proven tactic-one by one, and he wanted to defeat Alvinzi's army before Davidovich and Arvinzi joined him.By this time Alvinzi's army had reached Callediero.Napoleon lost no time in ordering Masséna to lead his army to this position.During the battle, there was a violent storm, and it was very difficult for the French army to attack.Despite Masséna's best efforts, he was repulsed by the numerous and fortified Austrians.Seeing this situation, Napoleon was very anxious. Once Davidovich joined Alvinzi from the rear of Carlediero, the consequences would be disastrous.At this critical juncture Napoleon took a most daring and totally unexpected action.That night, Napoleon left Guilmane with 1,500 men to defend Verona, while the rest of the troops retreated, pretending to retreat to Mantua.Presently, however, his column turned again to the Adige, rounding back to the village of Arcola, the tail end of Arvinzi's army, risking himself between Arvinzi and Davidovich.The terrain here is also very unfavorable to the French army.The village of Arcola is surrounded by swampy areas, and the dikes leading to the village are very narrow, making it very difficult to attack, and even more dangerous to retreat.Napoleon wanted to take this stronghold before Davidovich arrived. Regardless of the unfavorable terrain, at dawn on November 15, he divided his troops into three groups and charged along the three embankments leading to the village of Arcola.The Austrian army did not know that the main force of the French army had withdrawn from Verona. At first they thought it was a surprise attack by the French light troops, but later they found out the truth.The Austrians tenaciously guarded these narrow passages.Augereau led the first column to the bridgehead of the village of Arcola, but was unable to attack, suffered heavy casualties, and was forced to retreat.At this time, the wonderful scene when they seized the Lodi Bridge reappeared. I saw Napoleon grabbing a military flag and rushing onto the bridge desperately, urging his troops to charge again.The Austrian army's firepower was very strong, and the French army was defeated again.In the chaos, Napoleon fell off the embankment, fell into the swamp, and was about to die.By this time the advance of the Austrian army was ahead of him, separating him from his defeated army.Seeing that Napoleon was in danger and the situation was urgent, the soldiers shouted "rescue the commander" and rushed forward courageously. They overwhelmed the Austrian army with overwhelming momentum, pulled Napoleon out of the swamp, and captured the bridge.The battle lasted for three days and was very difficult. The Arcola Bridge changed hands three times without any respite.The soldiers of both armies were exhausted, and the soldiers wished they could withdraw and return to camp sooner.At this last moment, Napoleon led all the soldiers to launch the final attack.He sent 25 elite cavalry to detour to the enemy's flank, ordered them to blow the three horns they carried with them when they charged, and shouted "French cavalry is coming." It was thought that all the cavalry of France had crossed the swamp.Taking advantage of this moment, Napoleon immediately ordered a general offensive on the front line.At this moment, a grenade flew over, and it was about to explode beside Napoleon. It was too late, but soon, an artillery captain, Millon, who had followed Napoleon since the attack on Little Gibraltar, immediately rushed forward.The commander was saved, but he was blown to pieces.Napoleon was enraged, and he wanted to avenge his heroic friend, so he rushed forward with his whole army.The Austrian army couldn't resist and retreated steadily.Alvinzi's army was at last crushed, and the rout retreated to Montebello.Napoleon remained the unshakable master of Lombardy.

Austria was afraid that the young French officer would take advantage of the victory and come to Vienna, so he conscripted again at any cost, and rushed to help Alvinzi day and night. On January 7, 1797, another 60,000 gathered under the old Field Marshal's command.The Austrians again outnumbered the French.The old marshal made up his mind this time to rescue Wilmze and capture Lombardy. Alvinzi ordered a soldier to sneak across the battlefield and wait for an opportunity to enter the besieged Mantua. He told Wilmze that he would come to rescue again, and asked the old general to attack with all his strength to contain the enemy and meet the army.He also told him that if he had to, he could get out of Mantua, retreat to the Pope's territory, join the Pope's army, and contain and threaten the French army from the south.The spy set out with this order in mind, not wanting to be captured by the French army on the way.When he was dragged before Napoleon, he hastily swallowed the wax pellets wrapped in the dispatch.Napoleon had to remove wax pellets from his stomach.The enemy's plans were exposed, and Napoleon quickly made preparations to meet them.

He left Cérulières to continue the siege of Mantua, and then resettled his central position at Verona, in order to support any front attacked by the main Austrian army, as the case may be. Alvinzi still had not learned the lesson of the last division of troops, and he took two more marching routes.Alvinzi himself led the army to advance along the Adige River, and Provera led the other army to advance along the Branta River. The two armies planned to meet under the city of Mantua.Napoleon sent Joubert to Livoli to stop Alvinzi; he sent Augereau's division to monitor the advance of Provera; and he himself stayed at Verona, ready to support any position that needed support.

On January 13, Alvin Qi's army and Joubert's army met.Joubert held his position all day, very nervous.When the news came, Napoleon led his army to march 32 kilometers overnight on the snow-covered road, and arrived at the Livoli Mountains at 2 midnight.Looking down at the valley by the hazy moonlight, I saw countless bonfires in the five separate camps.Such a large number of enemy troops made some French troops shudder.Napoleon carefully observed the positions of the five camps below the mountain with his sharp eyes, and discovered a secret, that is, Alvinzi's artillery had not arrived, otherwise he would not have stationed the army far from the target of the attack.Napoleon concluded that the Austrian army would not launch a large-scale offensive in the early morning of the next day.He had an idea to force Alvinzi to act in advance.

Small-scale raids began to harass Alvinzi's army.Alvinzi thought that this was just an outpost of the French army, not the main force, so he did not adopt a large-scale and careful deployment.As a result, the Austrian army was easily repelled by the French army. Alvin Qi found that the situation was wrong, and he concluded that this must be the main force of the French army.He quickly organized the entire Austrian army to launch a heroic attack. This was in the arms of Napoleon. He rode himself to wake up Masséna's troops who were lying down and sleeping soundly due to the extreme exhaustion of the all-night march, and ordered them to get up and act immediately.The heroic general immediately led his troops to sweep away all attacking enemies.At this time, the French artillery was already in place, but the Austrian artillery had not yet arrived.The condescending bombardment coupled with the continuous charge of cavalry and infantry made the Austrian army's attempts to attack the top of the mountain fail repeatedly.Seeing that he could not fight recklessly, Alvinzi came up with an idea. He sent Lu Jinyan to lead a division to detour to Napoleon's flank, and ordered him to occupy the high ground behind the French position, in order to pinch the French army back and forth.However, before Lu Jinyang could complete his mission, the main force of the Austrian army was thrown into disarray under the attack of the French army, scattered and fled in all directions.Lu Jinyang was also besieged by the French army and had to surrender.Afterwards, Napoleon commented: "This is a good plan, but it's a pity that these Austrians are not good at assessing the value of time." As long as Lu Jinyan occupied the rear of the French army an hour earlier during the fierce frontal battle on the Livoli highlands, then January 14 is likely to It would be the darkest day in the history of Napoleon's war, not the brightest.From this day onwards, Alvinzi never dared to rescue Mantua and Wilmze who was in trouble.He led the remnants to flee back to Tyrol in a hurry.

In this difficult day, three of Napoleon's horses were shot and died, but he was not afraid, and he still commanded the battle calmly.During the battle, he learned that the Austrian army led by Provera had rushed to Lake Garda and had contacted Mantua by boat. Therefore, before seeing Luzinyan's surrender, he pursued the remnants of Alvinzi's army. The task entrusted to Masséna, Murat and Joubert, he led the reinforcements to the lower reaches of the Adige River.He knew that Augereau's troops were too weak to resist Provera's army, and he had to go to prevent Wilmze from joining Provera.

Napoleon marched quickly all day and night, and arrived at the outskirts of Mantua on the evening of the 15th.At this time, Serulier's situation was very critical.Just a few hours ago, a regiment of Hussars from Provera, dressed in white cloaks and disguised as French soldiers, swaggered towards the town of St. George on the outskirts of Mantua.The besieging French army was about to open the door to meet the army. A sergeant wondered: Why are these white cloaks so smooth and crisp after many battles, as if they were new?The French army was on the alert.Upon questioning, it was found that this army was the Austrian army.The French counterattacked immediately and drove back the cavalry.After the incident, Seruriel still had lingering fears.Almost letting the Austrian army occupy the town of St. George, the siege commander had to be more cautious.

After Napoleon listened to Serurier's report, he immediately reminded everyone to maintain a high degree of vigilance, and he himself patrolled the various guard posts all night.Once, he found a sentry leaning on a tree root and fell asleep. Instead of waking him up, he took over the soldier's gun and stood guard for him for half an hour.The sentry woke up from his deep sleep and recognized that it was the commander-in-chief Napoleon who was standing sentry for him. He couldn't help being terrified, and knelt down in front of Napoleon with a "common" sound.Napoleon said calmly: "My friend, this is your gun. You have fought so hard and traveled such a long way, you can be forgiven for dozing off. But at present, a moment of negligence may ruin the entire army.

I happened to be not sleepy, so I stood for you for a while.Be careful next time. "The sentinel was so grateful that he couldn't speak, and kept nodding his head. Early the next morning, a fierce battle broke out in the town of St. George.The brave French swooped down on the Austrian lines with bayonets and routed all attempts to resist them.Under the fierce offensive of the French army, the situation of the Austrian army began to appear chaotic.At this time, Augereau's division, which was chasing Proveira, also began to push behind the Austrian army.The Austrian army was besieged by the enemy and had no way out, so they had to stop resisting.At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the Provela Army surrendered.

Knowing that all the Austrian troops who had come to relieve the siege had been defeated, and that the city had run out of supplies, Wilmser, a veteran in the city, had to send a messenger to discuss surrender with the French army.The messenger walked into the tent of the French army headquarters and told Napoleon, who was wrapped in a cloak and sitting in a corner of the tent, that his generals could hold out for a long time, but if the terms of surrender were favorable, they could sacrifice the city immediately.Napoleon walked up to the Austrian envoy and wrote down the terms of surrender. He told the envoy: "These are terms that your general deserves well. He can accept it today, or wait a week or a month, and he will never do it again." Aggravated. At the same time, tell him that General Bonaparte is about to leave for Rome." After reading the terms on the paper, the Austrian envoys found that they were more lenient than they expected, and immediately signed the letter of surrender.

On February 2, Wilmze led his army out of Mantua.In order not to humiliate the aged veteran, Napoleon avoided the proud surrender ceremony of accepting the sword from the Austrian Supreme Commander in Italy, and only Cérulière was present to accept the sword. The Directorate was somewhat dissatisfied with Napoleon's tolerance, but Napoleon ignored their intentions at all. He reported: "I think the terms proposed by the Austrian army are worthy of brave and respectable people, and they are not detrimental to the French Republic. dignity." The nine-month scramble for Mantua is over.During this period, the Austrian army lost a total of 27,000 people, and more than 500 brass cannons fell into the hands of the victors.Augereau was ordered to go to Paris to present the captured 60 military flags to the Directory, and he was welcomed by the people of Paris with ecstasy. March on Vienna. No sooner had Wilmsey handed over Mantua, with a garrison of 13,000 men and several hundred cannon, to the French than Napoleon immediately drew out the troops besieging Mantua.He is going to take this invincible team to punish the Pope whom he has endured until now.Pope Pius VI deeply hated the French Revolution, and regarded Napoleon, who had suppressed the royalists on July 13 and was promoted to commander-in-chief, as a devil. He did everything possible to help Austria carry out anti-French activities.Now the Vatican is terrified to learn that the entire Austrian army has fallen and that the invincible victor has marched south.The priests ran back and forth holding the crucifix in their hands, encouraging people to fight bravely for the motherland and their faith.The Pope managed to organize an army, but this army was no match for the French army. Before the battle, they surrendered to Napoleon.The papal estates were quickly occupied by the French.Seeing that victory was hopeless, the Pope had to surrender. On February 19, 1797, the two sides signed a peace treaty in Tolentino.The peace treaty stipulated that the pope would give up a large piece of the richest territory; compensate 30 million gold francs; hand over the best oil paintings and statues in the museum.These precious works of art were continuously shipped to Paris. Napoleon was now the master of all northern Italy, except the territories of Venice.The Venetian envoys came to ask for neutrality, and Napoleon agreed to their entreaties. He said: "Be neutral, but be careful, your neutrality must be really sincere and strict. If I march into the Austrian flag, there is a riot in the rear, cut off If there is any action that violates your will and aids the enemies of France, I will retaliate immediately, and from that moment the independence of Venice will cease to exist." Napoleon left several garrisons in the towns on the Adige to monitor the neutrality of Venice, and led his army directly to Vienna, the capital of Austria.At this time, 20,000 fresh troops came to him from France, and this invincible army grew stronger. The Austrian court immediately organized an army, and the commander appointed by the Austrian emperor this time was a young and promising general-Arch Duke Charles.Archduke Charles defeated General Jourdan and General Moreau, two masters of war art, on the Rhine front. The last hope of the Austrian Empire rested on the prince's talents. On the other side of the Tagliamento the Archduke Charles was heavily fortified in front of the rugged Carinthian hills which guarded the passage from Italy to Austria.When Napoleon learned of the deployment of the Austrian army, he immediately sent Masséna's division to the Piave River where the Austrian Luzinyan's division stood firm, to attack the Austrian army's flanks, while he himself attacked the Grand Duke from the front.The heroic Masséna once again lived up to Napoleon's expectations and quickly repelled Luzinyan and dispersed the Austrian flank. On March 12, Napoleon successfully crossed the Tagliamanto River.He arranged the army in a square formation with great style, and showed it off.Seeing this, Grand Duke Charles, not to be outdone, also arranged the army in a square formation on his own position, showing off his might for a while.Suddenly, Napoleon disbanded the phalanx and retreated. Archduke Charles estimated that the French army needed to rest during the overnight march last night, so he retreated.He concluded that it was impossible for the French to attack that day.So he also withdrew his troops and returned to camp.Unexpectedly, two hours later, the French army rushed towards the under-vigiled Austrian army in overwhelming momentum. Before the Austrian army formed a front, the French army had already rushed forward.The Grand Duke's troops, however valiant they were, could not repel the French no matter how hard they fought.Archduke Charles had to decide to retreat.The French pursued closely and captured Gradisca, taking 5,000 prisoners.The Grand Duke continued to retreat, and within a few days Napoleon took every stronghold in Trieste, Fiume, and Carinthia.Since then, although the Grand Duke led the Austrian army to fight Napoleon 10 times and tried his best to defend every inch of land, he still failed to recover the vitality injured by the fiasco at the Tagliamanto River and had to retreat to Vienna. In desperation, Archduke Charles obtained some information, which rekindled the Grand Duke's hope of saving the defeat.It turned out that General Lawton, the commander of the Austrian army on the border of Tyrol, had led his army down, defeated Napoleon's acting commander in the upper reaches of the Adige River with his superior force, and occupied the entire Tyrol and several towns in Lombardy.Learning of the Austrian victory, the Venetian Council found the courage to throw aside their neutrality and not only declare war on France, but incite their faction in Verona to massacre wounded French soldiers in the local hospital.The Venetian army crossed the frontier, cutting off Napoleon's routes for various supplies from the rear.Grand Duke Charles decided to take this opportunity to fight Napoleon to the death in the capital. Just as Grand Duke Charles was in full swing, the Vienna court was frightened by the lightning-like advance of Napoleon's army.Everywhere in Vienna there is a saying: Hannibal is approaching the city.The Vienna court was in a panic. Valuables and important documents had already begun to be shipped to Hungary, and Emperor Francis II of Austria was preparing to ask France for peace. Napoleon took advantage of the victory and pursued fiercely, trying to plant the flag of the Republic on the top of Vienna.He wrote to the government, hoping to get the cooperation and support of the Sarn Front Army, the Mons Front Army and the Rhine Front Army.But the Directory replied that he could not count on a diversionary offensive in Germany, and that none of the armies mentioned could cross the Rhine.The Directory also told Napoleon that they had agreed to the Emperor's request for peace.Napoleon had to stop. On April 7, Napoleon's vanguard arrived in Leuben.Leoben is a city in Styria, Austria, 250 kilometers away from Vienna.Napoleon wrote to Archduke Charles, expressing his readiness to negotiate a peace.In this meaningful letter, he fully took care of the self-esteem of the defeated.Had he been able to sign peace, he wrote, his pride would have outweighed the paltry honor of victory in war. "Haven't we killed enough people? Haven't we brought enough disasters to poor human beings?" Soon, Lieutenant General Belgaard, Chief of Staff of Archduke Charles, and Major General Melwilt The ambassadors came to the base camp of the French army, and after discussing with Napoleon, they submitted a note, the content of which is as follows: "The General, the Emperor and His Majesty the King wish to bring about the peace of Europe and an end to the war which has bankrupted the two nations. . . . After the discussion we have just had with you, the Emperor is convinced that both nations share the good will to end this disastrous war as soon as possible. Therefore , he is willing to conclude a 10-day truce.” Napoleon, as commander-in-chief, negotiated with representatives of the Austrian army.A five-day truce was signed that night.Napoleon then authorized himself to negotiate the preliminary terms of the peace treaty with the Austrian representative, without waiting for the Directorate to send a peacemaker. On April 18, the provisional clauses of Leopen were signed, and the war ended with Napoleon's victory. After Napoleon returned to the army from Eupen, he mercilessly took revenge on the reneging Venice.He sent troops to occupy Venice, reorganized its government, and asked Venice for 3 million francs in gold, 3 million francs in naval supplies, 5 warships, 20 of the most exquisite oil paintings and 500 precious manuscripts.Venice's independent status no longer existed. On June 29, Napoleon announced the establishment of the Inner Alpine Republic in northern Italy centered on Lombardy.Here he abolished a set of Austrian government institutions and formed city governments and the National Guard.The territory of this republic, modeled on the French regime, lies in the Alps in the north, Rimini in the south, the Ticino River in the west, and the Mincio River in the east.It became a powerful ally of France. Josephine's Betrayal During the expedition to Italy, Napoleon missed his new wife Josephine many times, and he wrote one after another tender love letter to her during the truce.He wrote: "There is not a day that I don't love you, and there is not a night that I don't miss you silently, and hold you in my arms in hallucinations. Whenever I am free, I hold the cup of tea and always curse the honor that keeps me away from the soul of life. I have only you in my heart—lovely Josephine, you occupy my heart. If I say goodbye to you as suddenly as the rapids of the Rhone, it is to be with you soon. When people are silent, I get up and work, and that is also to complete my mission as soon as possible and return to your side." "Without you, I don't know what joy is; without you, the world is like a desolation In one place, I stand alone, with no one to comfort my overflowing emotions; you are the source of my life, you bind my body and soul; therefore, the purpose of my life is for you Alive. Josephine whom I adore! If I leave you too long, I cannot bear it. I am not a very brave man, and sometimes I have boasted of my bravery, but now, thinking of my appointment Sephine was sick. Especially the horror fantasy that you won't love me too much wedged into my spirit and drove me crazy. I didn't even have the courage to feel disappointed. I often said to myself: Human beings have no control over those who are not afraid of death, but now I will die because I don't get your love... The day I can't occupy your heart is the end of my life in the world. " However, Napoleon's passionate letter did not touch Josephine's heart, because she was not a young girl in love, but a remarried widow.When she married Napoleon, material needs were more important than spiritual ones.She has always spent money like water, and the death of her ex-husband has turned her life journey into a gray color.Now she is married to the promising Napoleon, and she wants to enjoy everything she gets in Paris.Therefore, she always ignored Napoleon's enthusiastic letters, and sometimes just wrote some formulaic replies at most.The more dishonest she is to him, the more he misses her.He wrote several times to ask her to meet him at the front, but she refused him on the pretext of being "pregnant and unable to leave". Napoleon burst into tears when he learned that Josephine was pregnant.Later he learned that Josephine was not pregnant, so he asked Josephine to go to Italy again.Josephine got impatient with Napoleon and had to set off. Napoleon was overjoyed by the arrival of Josephine.After their brief meeting in Milan, Napoleon went to the front again.The sociable Josephine did not feel alone, and she soon formed her own entertainment circle in Milan.While fighting desperately on the battlefield, Napoleon missed his beloved wife Josephine. Whenever he was free, he galloped his horse and went straight to Milan to embrace his beloved Josephine.However, what awaited him was disappointment, Josephine left, she went to Genoa, because there was a luxurious ball there, where she could indulge in revelry.The young general was full of doubts at this time, with unspeakable love and resentment intertwined in his heart, he wrote heart-rending words to Josephine: "I am finally here, but you are gone, leaving behind your waves." Naba, you have abandoned your husband who devoted himself to you, and have gone elsewhere to find pleasure. I have gone through all kinds of hardships, and I am not afraid of all kinds of evils in the world, and I am calm. However, this The state of mind, the pain and the torment, have left me with nothing to do, nothing to do. Never have I expected such a result before? I will stay in Milan until nine o'clock in the evening. Leave me alone, the joy is yours forever, you are happy, and everything in the world is happy. Then there is jubilation, only your husband, who silently suffers loneliness." Napoleon is back on the battlefield, but Josephine begins her romance with the young lieutenant Charles.Charles is young and handsome, with a humorous conversation and a lively personality.The cavalry advance regiment he served in was Napoleon's iron-fisted force in Italy.When Josephine opened the doors of her salon in Milan, Charles entered the circle of entertainment with the other officers, winning the favor of his mistress with his charming demeanor and good conversation.Soon, they were flirting and fooling around together, and began frequent contact.It didn't take long for Napoleon to learn about Josephine's affair with her officer Liang.Then, one day, Charles suddenly received an order to return to Paris immediately.After Charles left, Josephine was in a state of anxiety all day long, as if she had lost her soul.Josephine's betrayal cast a shadow over Napoleon's mind.Since then, although he still misses Josephine emotionally, the desperate impulse of the Corsicans is gradually disappearing. The coup d'etat on 18th Fruit The Directory was deeply disturbed by Napoleon's growing power and rising prestige.On the one hand, the Governor of Paris greedily enriched himself with the vast wealth that Napoleon extorted from the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Pope, and the Italian principalities, and enjoyed the first-class oil paintings and sculptures looted by Napoleon. He hated this talented and rebellious young general, and was afraid that the achievements of this young man would shake his dominance one day.The Directorate sent General Klarke to oversee and keep Paris informed of Napoleon's actions, but Klarke did not do well because he soon became an ardent supporter of Napoleon.The Directorate's worries were not unreasonable. At this time, Napoleon was no longer a general of the victorious republic, but a conqueror who acted according to his own will, and he had greater ideals.He lived in the luxurious Montbello Castle on the outskirts of Milan, surrounded by a group of brave generals, city administrators who obeyed him, and ministers from various Italian countries.Mombello became a real court.Napoleon once said proudly: "I am in the sky, and I have seen the world flow under me." His ideal is to be a future leader. He said to French diplomat O. de Melito: "You Do I suppose that my victories in Italy are merely to honor the lawyers of the Directory, to honor Carno and Barras?... The country needs a leader, a leader famous for his deeds, not a leader for his A leader known for his management doctrines and idealist rhetoric and speeches." In order to realize his ambitions, Napoleon kept a close eye on the political developments in Paris at all times. One night in May 1797, General Bernadotte, Napoleon's subordinate, sent an urgent envoy from Trieste, which was occupied by the French army.The courier handed Napoleon a briefcase in Milan.The briefcase was confiscated from a royalist named de Entregue.Napoleon found an astonishing document in this briefcase, that is, the chairman of the Council of Five Hundred, General Pisgru, who was famous for his conquest of the Netherlands, secretly communicated with the royalist party in an attempt to help the royalist party overthrow the current directory.Napoleon thought that the opportunity had come, and he had to act. At this time, the political situation in Paris was turbulent.The royalist party took advantage of the brutal suppression of Babeuf's revolutionary movement by the Directory government, and it became active again.When re-electing one-third of the Senate and the House of Five Hundred, the royalists won most of the seats, adding a strong royalist color to the parliament.With the royalists clearly in the ascendant, the policy of the Directorate was vacillating. Among the five governors, Barthelemy and Carnot opposed taking resolute measures to counter the royalist party, and Barthelemy even secretly sympathized with and supported the activities of the royalist party.Although Ballas, Lebel, and La Reveillere Lepo, the three governors known as the Big Three of the Republic, often held meetings to attack the royalists, they did not take any action in the end.They were deeply disturbed when they learned that General Pishiglu had sided with the opposition and had become one of the top leaders in the attack on the republic.Barras once sent General Hoche, who had become famous in the Vendée and Brittany provinces for quickly quelling the rebellion of the royal party, to subdue the opponent and appointed him as Minister of War, but because Hoche was not yet 30 years old, according to The constitution could not hold this important post, and the royalists in both houses seized this point and attacked it vigorously, and General Osh had to resign.The situation is very critical for Ballas' faction. Napoleon foresaw an impending struggle between the Royalists and the Republic, and his friends urged him to hasten to decide on his side.Napoleon considered again and again, thinking that his own merits were not enough to support him to seize the supreme power, so he decided to defend the Republic and oppose the monarchy.In fact, in Napoleon's heart, he had long looked down on this cowardly and indecisive government, and made a plan that he would not be able to win victory for the directory forever.However, he was even less interested in achieving victory for the Bourbons.To defend the Directorate, who dismissed it, was to defend a regime that would bring him to the pinnacle of power. Napoleon began to pursue his own plans in secret.He first sent his adjutant Lavalette to Paris as his official representative, instructing him not to get involved in any partisan struggle and to maintain a neutral attitude in the political struggle in Paris. On July 7, he sent Augereau to Paris.Napoleon sent a letter to Ballas, saying: "General Augereau asked for leave to return to Paris due to personal affairs. He will tell you that the soldiers who expedition to Italy are absolutely loyal to the Constitution and to the Directory." Napoleon entrusted Augereau to take Petition of the Italian Legion, "If you are afraid of the Royalists, you can mobilize the Italian Legion, which will quickly wipe out these Royalists and the British." Napoleon also sent 3 million gold francs to the Directorate to ease its financial situation. difficulty.Augereau was a general with extreme political views and great success. Napoleon believed that his general would never do nothing in Paris, and he would accomplish the tasks he wanted to accomplish for himself.In this way, Napoleon himself did not have to risk falling into a political vortex in full view, thus avoiding the mistake of General Hoche. With the support of Napoleon, the Big Three of the Republic decided to arrest the royalists in the House of Five Hundred and the Senate.They appointed Augereau as military commander to ensure the success of the plan.This action played into Napoleon's hands. At midnight on the 17th of Fruit (September 4, 1797), Augereau ordered all the troops to go to the designated places and set up artillery on bridges and main streets.At dawn, the halls of the two chambers were surrounded, and a large number of royalists were arrested. General Pischglu and the governor of Barthelemy were also thrown into prison. Only the governor of Karno escaped.In this way, the coup d'état of Fruit 18 was completed without any resistance. The Directory was victorious, the Republic was saved, and the victorious General Napoleon extended warm congratulations to the Directory from the distant Italian military camp. However, the Directorate was not grateful to Napoleon for this. They always believed that Napoleon was a curled up, thin sea beast, and when the tide came, it would suddenly stretch out its dazzling tentacles and kill people.They had the idea of ​​putting Augereau against Napoleon. After the coup, General Augereau was appointed as the commander of the tens of thousands of troops on the Rhine. This vain general thought that his status could rival Napoleon, so he began to feel arrogant.He sided with the Directory and issued a statement blaming Napoleon.Napoleon was very angry. On September 25, he submitted a letter of resignation to the Directory: "I ask you to appoint someone else to replace me and approve my resignation. This terrible ungrateful behavior of the government is completely out of my accident. Since then No power in the world can bring me to its service any longer. My rather impaired health is in desperate need of rest and tranquility. My mental condition also demands that I be exercised in the ranks of ordinary citizens. For quite some time , I am endowed with great power, I have served the happiness of my country in all circumstances. Let those who do not believe in good deeds and doubt my deeds speak for themselves. My consolation lies in a clear conscience and what posterity will say about me .” Resignation was Napoleon's trump card, and he knew his importance to the Directory.Sure enough, although the Directorate disliked the young general who was growing in power, after the impact of the Fruit Moon Incident, they were unable to get rid of Napoleon.They asked Napoleon to remain in the post of commander-in-chief of the Italian Army. The political turmoil at Campo Formio and Paris about the summer of 1797 aroused sudden excitement among the governments of Austria and the entire monarchy of Europe. land. But the defeat of the Royalists on 18th Fruit shattered these illusions.Napoleon saw the right moment and insisted that the Directory sign a formal peace treaty with Austria as soon as possible. On September 27, negotiations between the two sides began.Austria sent a shrewd and capable diplomat, Cobenz, to fight Napoleon.The Directorate overestimated its own strength because it had defeated the royalist party, insisted on incorporating Venice and Friuli into the Inner Alpine Republic, and insisted that Austria's losses in Italy could only be compensated in Germany.At the first meeting, Count Cobenz overturned everything his colleagues had promised in the past, and put forward new requirements for Italy.This was a long and arduous negotiation. The two sides refused to back down, and the negotiation reached an impasse. At this time, Paris sent an ultimatum: If the Austrian side rejects the French side's request, it will immediately resume military operations and march towards Vienna.But Napoleon believed that the current situation was not suitable for resuming the war. There were three reasons. First, Austria was only temporarily and partially defeated, and it was still stronger than France on the whole; second, Britain was preparing for a second war against France; The domestic situation in France is turbulent, wars have been going on for years, and the treasury is empty. A period of respite is urgently needed.因而，拿破仑拒绝执行督政府恢复军事行动的指令，他要想方设法促成两国和约的签订。 在这次谈判中，拿破仑表现出的外交才能丝毫不亚于他的军事才能。他把巴黎的最后通牒始终放在桌上，以提醒科本茨伯爵法国每一分钟都可能中断谈判，恢复进攻。科本茨伯爵对拿破仑的外交手腕起感头痛，他多次向本国政府抱怨说，很少碰到像拿破仑这样的诡辩家和毫无良心的人。 １０月１６日，谈判继续进行。科本茨再次强调：法国给皇帝的补偿还不及皇帝损失的四分之一；法国若占据曼图亚和阿迪杰河一带，实际上等于吞了整个意大利；皇帝已下了不可动摇的决心，宁可冒战争的全部风险，甚至离开自己的京都，也不能同意这种和约。科本茨指责拿破仑不要和平，并威胁说，他今晚就动身回去，战争的一切后果由法国代表负责。 拿破仑发怒了，"你的帝国是习惯于被所有人强奸的老牌婊子，……你忘了，法国是战胜国，你们是战败国，你是在我的掷弹兵的包围中同我进行谈判的。……"拿破仑发疯似地喊叫着。他抓起桌子上的玉石咖啡盒——俄皇女皇叶卡德琳娜赠给科本茨的礼物，继续大叫道：“好吧！那么停战就到此为止，新战争马上宣布开始！但是请你们记住：在秋末以前，我一定要粉碎你们的帝国，就像现在粉碎这件咖啡盒一样！"说罢，用力将咖啡盒摔在地板上，咖啡盒的碎片溅满一地。他向到会的人点一点头就走了出去。尽管拿破仑以后成为欧洲主宰时经常发脾气，但在这时，还是第一次。科本茨被他这通火发得不知所措，嘴里嘟囔着：“像个疯子一样。"拿破仑临上马车时，打发一位军官去通知查理大公：谈判已经破裂，过２４小时以后就开始军事行动。 第二天清晨，拿破仑被告知天开始下雪了，他从床上一跃而起，奔至窗前，果然发现山头上已有积雪，他泰然地说：“怎么，不到１０月中旬就下雪！这是个什么地方啊！那么，我们必须讲和了。"他匆忙穿上衣服，同他的秘书布里昂关在密室中，详细研究各军团呈上的报告。他说：“这里有将近８００００能作战的士兵，我供应他们军粮和饷金。但是开战那天，我只能带６００００人上战场。我能够获胜，但我的兵力将因死、伤、被俘而减少２００００，那时怎能对付前来保卫威尼斯的所有奥地利军队呢？即使莱茵河各军能支持我，必须再等一个月以后，１５天内条条大路都将被大雪覆盖。就这样定了，我要讲和。威尼斯得赔偿战费，我国国界要移到莱茵河。督政府和那帮律师爱怎么说就怎么说去吧！” １０月１７日，拿破仑终于在小村庄坎波福米奥同科本茨签订了和约。根据坎波福米奥和约，奥地利把比利时各省割让给法国，并承认版图已扩大的内阿尔卑斯共和国。法国则将威尼斯的一大片土地及首都划归奥地利，作为奥国失去比利时各省和伦巴第的补偿。威尼斯的剩余部分则割让给内阿尔卑斯共和国。这样，拿破仑不论是在他取得胜利的意大利，还是在法军屡屡被奥军打败的德国，他所坚持的一切几乎会都达到了。他用威尼斯换得了奥国在莱茵河上的让步，莱茵方面得救了，莱茵河成了法国的天然疆界。这是拿破仑外交活动的第一个重大成就，从此，第一次反法联盟便正式宣告破产。 督政府对坎波福米奥条约极为不满。但无论他们如何激烈地反对，拿破仑心安理得地不理睬他们下达给他的训令。督政府无奈，只得批准了这项和约。 荣归巴黎１７９７年１２月７日，拿破仑回到巴黎。１２月１０日，懦弱的督政府在卢森堡官为这位载誉归来的征服者举行了豪华的欢迎仪式。数不清的群众聚集在宫殿前报之以暴风雨般的喊声和掌声。对于人民的这种狂欢情绪，拿破仑并没有把它放在眼里，他事后对人道： “假如把我送上断头台的话，人民也会这么快跑来看热闹的。” 外交部长塔列兰代表督政府发表了一篇十分讲究的、对拿破仑百般阿谀的欢迎辞。全场听众对此并不十分感兴趣，与会者急切要听到的是这位意大利征服者的答辞。于是，拿破仑用他那刺耳的、非法国本土的口音发表了一篇简短的讲话。He said: “各位督政公民：法国人民为获得自由必须同各国君主较量。要得到一部以理性为基础的宪法，必须克服１８００年来的各种偏见。你们已经有了共和三年的宪法，你们已经战胜了所有这些障碍。宗教、封建制度和王政在２０００年间相继统治欧洲，但是你们不久前缔结的和约，开始了代议制政府的时代。你们已经组成了伟大的国家，其领土以大自然亲自划定的疆界为范围。你们的成就还不止如此。向来以科学、艺术和伟人出生地闻名的欧洲两个最美丽的部分，怀着乐观的期望看到他们祖先的墓地上升起了自由的精神。这就是命运行将安置两个强大国家的基座。我荣幸地呈献给诸位的是在坎波福米奥签订并且业经奥皇陛下批准的条约。法国人的幸福得到最有实效的法律的保障时，欧洲就获得自由了。” 接着，擅长辞令的巴拉斯发表了充满华丽辞藻的赞美辞。然后，他紧紧拥抱了拿破仑，其他督政官也一一和他拥抱。 议会两院在欢迎拿破仑方面也不甘落后。几天以后，他们在罗浮宫画廊中摆设盛大筵席，款待司令。画廊里又增添了一批从意大利运来的珍贵油画。 ２８岁的将军以十分安详的表情接受了这些如倾盆大雨袭来的荣誉。鲜花、掌声、赞美词对于这个雄心勃勃的将军来说，实在是太微不足道了，更何况这些赞扬备至、热情洋溢的话未必出于真心，他十分清楚督政府是不甚喜欢他的。他仍然住在赴意大利以前居住那所朴素的房子里，他似乎是在有意回避大众的青睐和喝彩，每天只以同自己朋友相聚为满足。人们注意到这个瘦削、苍白，神情疲乏的小个头将军在听人说话时总是心不在焉，与其说是在听人说话，不如说是在独自出神，谁也猜不透他究竟在想些什么。不过，人们隐约感觉到，在他那好思考的头脑里，在他那无畏的心胸里，一个行将影响欧洲命运的计划正在诞生。 由于前督政官卡尔诺的出逃，科学院空出了一个院士名额。顿时，名人云集，纷纷前来竞争这一空缺。拿破仑也加入了这一行列。当时整个法兰西都在为这个年轻的征服者狂热、陶醉。在这个横杀出来的竞争者面前，其他名人不得不耷拉下脑袋，拿破仑轻而易举地获得了科学院院士这个头衔。拿破仑一向崇拜科学文明，做个真正的科学院院士是他朝思暮想、梦寐以求的愿望。有人曾问他，在和平得到保障之后将如何安排自己的闲暇时间，拿破仑答道：“我将安心退休，并为有朝一日成为一个名副其实的科学院院士而尽力工作。”科学，特别是天文学，对他产生了无可比拟的吸引力。他把从事天文学视同最甜蜜的爱情享乐。２８岁的拿破仑给"幸福"下的定义是：“在漂亮的女人和美丽的蓝天伴随下度过夜晚，在计算和观测中度过白天。” 拿破仑把科学院院士这个头衔视为极大的荣誉。在以后的远征埃及其间，他所发布的命令和文告都签上了"科学院院士、东方远征军总司令"的字样。