Chapter 15 Luard (1858~1945)

Luab (1858~1945), also translated as Lu Jia, Lu Ji, etc.British, born in India.Graduated from the Royal Military Academy, UK.He served in British colonies such as India, Afghanistan, and Africa, and was knighted for his service in the colonial war of aggression.Before coming to Hong Kong, he served as Northern Nigeria Commissioner and Garrison Commander. In 1902, Luard married Flora Shaw, manager of The Times of London.Since his wife was not used to the climate in Africa, Luab proposed to change his job.Just as Nathan was leaving office, the British Colonial Office accepted Luard's request and sent him to Hong Kong to perform his duties.After leaving Hong Kong, he went to Nigeria as a high commissioner. Died in 1945.Authors include Our East African Empire and The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa.

The Luab period was a period of high national movement in China. Hong Kong was influenced by Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities, and the people's thoughts were also very active. There were several major events during Lu's tenure. First, China and Britain finally reached an agreement after many negotiations, and Britain reduced the opium trade in Hong Kong; second, the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution in the Mainland; third, the establishment of Hong Kong University. In December 1907, Luard proposed to establish the University of Hong Kong, something his predecessors had never done.Fourth, the first anti-Japanese movement occurred in Hong Kong in November 1908.The Japanese ship "Nirshin Maru" carried arms to Guangzhou, but was seized and detained by the Guangzhou authorities.The Japanese consul protested and demanded that the Guangzhou authorities fire cannons to apologize. The citizens of Guangzhou were extremely indignant about this.Hong Kong newspapers reported the news, so Chinese residents in Hong Kong launched a boycott of Japanese goods and destroyed shops selling Japanese goods.

In 1909, Hong Kong governor Luard proposed to the British government: hand over Weihaiwei to China, and in exchange for the permanent cession of the New Territories.The British Colonial Office agreed to give serious consideration in due course.It can be seen that the New Territories lease issue was a heart problem for the British Hong Kong authorities in the early days.Weihai was leased to the United Kingdom on July 1, 1898, through the signing of the "Special Lease of Weihaiwei" by Prince Yikuang and Liao Shouheng of the Qing Dynasty and the British Minister to China Donalle.The lease term is 25 years. On April 18, 1930, China and Britain signed the "Recovery of Weihaiwei Agreement" in Nanjing.

In 1910, the Kowloon Reservoir was built, with a water storage capacity of 350 million gallons.Later, the auxiliary pond was added, with a water storage capacity of 185 million gallons. During Luard's tenure, the population of Hong Kong increased to 500,000. Since Britain forced the Qing government to obey by force, signed the "Nanjing Treaty" and obtained the jurisdiction of Hong Kong, it regarded Hong Kong as a base and imported opium into China more recklessly, and the Hong Kong authorities also used opium in Hong Kong and Kowloon. Relying on the opium business as the main source of tax revenue. In 1890, the Hong Kong government only collected 477,600 yuan for opium licenses in Hong Kong and Kowloon, while the total tax revenue of the Hong Kong government in that year was more than 1.99 million yuan, and opium tax revenue accounted for 1/4.Afterwards, the Hong Kong government set up a monopoly bureau, licensed and opened more than 30 opium dens in Hong Kong and Kowloon, and countless opium retail outlets.As for clubs, restaurants, brothels, banks, rice shops, insurance companies, and north-south lines, there are opium beds.As for those transferred to the mainland, there is no need to describe them.

By the time of Luard, the British themselves had a debate about smoking bans.Helich, a member of the Anti-Smoking Federation in London, England, was an upright British man. He had conducted an in-depth investigation into the abuse of opium in China, and made a statement in the British House of Representatives and the House of Commons in 1908.He said: When I was in the Far East, I met various consuls, priests, and friends, and they all said that opium was poisoned in China. If the British did not prohibit the import of cigarettes into China, the crimes of the British would last forever. In the end, only the Indians If they only receive their benefits, the Chinese will only suffer their losses.I honestly don't know why.When I was passing through Hong Kong, I met a famous British businessman and discussed the issue of smoking ban with him. He argued that Chinese people should not be banned from entertainment.I am asking if you yourself are addicted to smoking, and if your children and grandchildren are also like this, are you willing to entertain it?He replied: That is another matter.It is considered unacceptable to suffer harm to oneself, but it is acceptable to suffer harm to others.I know very well that the harm of smoking and poisoning can not only hurt the body, but also destroy the country. I don't understand that the British in the Far East still say that it is harmless to China.From the perspective of a benevolent person, there is no need to ask whether China can ban or not. I, the UK, should also ban it first.

Although Helich, a member of the London Anti-Smoking Association, emphasized in his statement that if smoking is not banned, "not only will you lose your life, but you can also perish the country", and pointedly pointed out that "Britain's crimes will last forever." It expresses his sympathy for the Chinese people's serious disaster caused by opium.However, the current governor, Buli, actually highlighted two reasons for not banning smoking: one is that if smoking is banned, the opium companies will lose "400,000 yuan" in profits every year; the other is that if smoking is banned, the government will lose major tax revenue.The Hong Kong government will gain huge benefits by allowing and instigating the open operation of opium dealers.

The mainstream faction who advocates smoking ban is based on humanitarianism, while the opponents who insist on smoking ban are motivated by "taxes" and "financial resources".With such a stark contrast, the idea of ​​banning smoking should be warmly supported, while the opinion of not banning smoking should be severely criticized.However, even the well-known justices of the peace He Qi, Feng Huachuan, Liu Zhubo and other Chinese have joined the ranks of the British who cannot stop smoking, let alone the British! The book "Farewell, Governor of Hong Kong" written by Batu has the following records. Regarding whether to ban smoking, the "South China Morning Post" once listed eight questions to solicit the opinions of Hong Kong citizens. Please see how Chinese Feng Huachuan and Liu Zhubo answered the newspaper questionnaire of.

(1) Is the ban on smoking beneficial to the conduct of Hong Kong people? (Feng: Yes. Liu: Yes.) (2) Will it prevent Hong Kong people from smoking after the ban? (Feng: No. Liu: It is expected to decrease in the future.) (3) Should the undertaker of cigarette payment make up for its losses? (Feng: No answer. Liu: Yes.) (4) Will it harm Hong Kong's finances? (Feng: Yes. Liu: Yes.) (5) If all the above questions are true, what method should be used to make up for the salary source? (Feng: To make up for the payment of smoke and soil. Liu: Reduce military pay and increase taxes.) (6) Has Hong Kong-China business changed? (Feng: No. Liu: No.)

(7) Do people believe that the Chinese government bans smoking? (Feng: Yes. Liu: As far as the central government is concerned, it is out of enthusiasm.) (8) Do you have any other opinions? (Feng: It is beneficial to close the smoking hall. Liu: If after the smoking ban, the taxes and salaries are reduced every year, and the losses of the tobacco dealers must be made up for, the amount is not small. If the tax is increased to make up for it, the current tax increase must be unpopular. willing.) On the key issue of banning smoking, the two celebrities either completely sided with the British anti-smoking faction, or their attitudes were ambiguous and ambiguous.

Due to the unanimous opposition of British businessmen to the ban on smoking and the support of Chinese justices of the peace, the Hong Kong Bureau of Commerce held a meeting on May 16, 1908, and resolved to oppose the ban on smoking.Hong Kong Governor Luard conveyed the following content to the British government: public opinion in Hong Kong is not in favor of an immediate ban to derogate Hong Kong's rights, but if it is gradually implemented over time, it will be approved by everyone. This resolution was enthusiastically supported by MP Shi Diao Huo at the meeting of the Statutory Bureau on May 29, and He Qi, a Chinese justice of the peace, immediately echoed it.

However, at the same time, the British House of Commons passed a resolution requiring Luard to take steps to quickly abolish the system of operating opium dens licensed in Hong Kong and other places.Under the urging of the Minister of Colonial Affairs, in 1909 Luard banned the export of tobacco paste to countries that banned the import of tobacco paste, and reduced the annual limit of boiled tobacco from 1,200 cases to 900 cases. Hong Kong University's preparations are full of twists and turns On July 28, 1907, Luard took office. In December, he presided over the award ceremony at St. Stephen's Secondary School. In his speech, he said: Hong Kong has become a big city, but it still lacks a university, which is really a fly in the ointment.It is hoped that those who are enthusiastic about education will devote themselves to establishing a university to cultivate talents for the society and build Hong Kong.He believes that Hong Kong already has the conditions to build a university. According to "A Brief History of Hong Kong" written by Yuan Bangjian, after the British occupation of Hong Kong, due to the needs of political and economic development, the main activity center was limited to commercial transactions, and did not care about the development of education. government".The earliest English academy in Hong Kong was moved from Malacca in 1843. This Yinghua Academy was sponsored by members of the Church of England.In the same year, another church school, St. Paul's College, opened in Central, Hong Kong Island.The real government-run college in Hong Kong is the Central College founded in 1889, which was later renamed Queen's College.Another school in Hong Kong is the Kowloon Free School established by the Chinese in 1843.By 1866, there were only 16 schools in Hong Kong with 1,870 students, and all of them were English schools.Later, some primary and secondary schools were established one after another. In 1891, Liu Bozhu, a Chinese businessman, felt that in Hong Kong, where the majority of Chinese were Chinese, there were only English schools but no Chinese schools, which was "inappropriate".Then he initiated the establishment of a Chinese school - Yucai Book Club.Mainly teaching Chinese, followed by English. In 1906, when Nathan was the governor, a training course for engineering and technical personnel was held, and it was changed to the Hong Kong Institute of Technology the following year. In the ten years before Luard took office, that is, from 1896 to 1906, education was in a state of decline and stagnation, and schools not only did not increase, but decreased. In 1896, there were only 120 schools in Hong Kong with 7,301 students.By 1906, there were only 85 schools left. Under such circumstances, it is commendable that Luab proposed to establish a university. British businessman Modi first expressed support for Lua’s proposal to establish the University of Hong Kong, and was willing to donate 150,000 yuan for the construction of the university and another 30,000 yuan for the university fund.This is the first British businessman to respond to Luab's founding of a university. Luah estimated that the establishment of a university would require one million yuan as a fund, as well as construction and equipment costs. The government can only allocate land, and the funds cannot be paid.Therefore, on March 18, 1908, Luard invited all wealthy businessmen in Hong Kong to a meeting.A fund-raising committee was formed impromptu to study all plans and expenses for the establishment of the school.At the meeting, 8 preparatory committee members and a chairman were elected, a total of 9 people.The chairman is Lord Chater, and the members include: lawyer and doctor He Qi (Chinese), chief medical officer Ai Jianchen, public works secretary Zhai Xian, lawyer Pu Le, Huangren Secondary School supervisor Hu Li, doctor Tan Chen, and Western businessman Duan Na and Pauli. After half a year of work, the Preparatory Committee of the University of Hong Kong completed a report on September 25 that was contrary to Luard's point of view and submitted it to Luard for review.According to the report, all members believe that the conditions for establishing the University of Hong Kong are not yet ripe, because the funds for building a comprehensive university are huge and cannot be raised. According to the budget proposed in the report, even if the University of Hong Kong only established medicine and engineering, the fund would need 1 million pounds to maintain, and the purchase of school equipment would also require 10,000 pounds, and the construction cost has not been included. When the university construction plan fell through, He Qi suggested that if the University of Hong Kong had Chinese subjects, overseas Chinese, domestic gentry and businessmen, and Hong Kong Chinese would fully support them, so there was no need to worry about funding. According to He Qi's opinion, Lu Ya proposed that a university could be established by merging the Chinese Western Medical School and the Industrial School.Because the Chinese Western Medical School and the Industrial School have normal funds, the problem of expenditure can be solved.Mody's donation of 180,000 yuan, plus other donations, can build the school building.In the future, other disciplines will be gradually added, and a large-scale university will gradually take shape. Lu Ya ordered the preparatory committee to collect donations and prepare to build a small-scale school building first.However, the British businessman Mody's who originally promised to donate said that the organizing committee had announced that donations could only be collected when the fundraising reached 110,000 pounds.The donations raised now are still far from 110,000 pounds, and he has reason to delay the delivery of the donations. Luab originally planned to build two ordinary school buildings after receiving the donation from Mody's, so that the university could start classes. Since Mody's refused to pay on schedule, then the funds for the establishment of the school had to be raised again. Lu Ya invited Chinese and Western business people to participate in the fundraising committee, mobilizing Chinese donations to open the University of Hong Kong.All liberal arts, sciences, medicine and engineering are allowed.The Chinese who participated in the fundraising committee included He Qi, Liu Zhubo, Wu Luqing and Zheng Zhuokai.Wu Luqing and Zheng Zhuokai are both philanthropists who donated money to support the School of Western Medicine, and this time they expressed their support for the opening of the University of Hong Kong.In less than half a year, nearly 1.28 million yuan was raised.Overseas Chinese from all over the world heard that the University of Hong Kong has a Chinese language department, which can be used by the children of overseas Chinese, and they have sent money to donate, which has made great contributions to the prosperity of the University of Hong Kong. Mody originally thought that his 180,000 yuan donation was the largest donation, but later he learned that the largest donation was 200,000 yuan from Zhang Renjun, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.Not to be outdone, Mody increased the donation to 280,000 yuan, keeping the donation chief. In terms of groups, the largest donation was Swire & Co., which donated 40,000 pounds.All donations were due on December 13, 1909. On March 16, 1910, the foundation stone laying ceremony of the University of Hong Kong was held at the site of Bonham Road on Hong Kong Island. Luard personally presided over the ceremony and acted as the president. On March 11, 1912, the University of Hong Kong was formally established.Initially, four colleges of medicine, liberal arts, science and engineering were established.At that time, there were 31 students in the Faculty of Engineering, 21 students in the Faculty of Medicine, and 20 students in the Faculty of Arts.There are only 72 students in the school. When the University of Hong Kong was built, donations came from all sides. As of the opening day, a total of 1.477 million yuan in donations had been received. In the early days of the establishment of the University of Hong Kong, the new city universities in Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Birmingham and other places in the United Kingdom were used as models to formulate laws and regulations. The laws stipulated the establishment of management departments. The committee members include the Vice-Chancellor, Assistant Vice-Chancellor, professors, full-time lecturers and the Department of Education.English is the medium of instruction. At that time, the Chinese students who studied at the school paid a tuition fee of 43 yuan per year, which was far cheaper than the tuition fee of 200 pounds to study in the UK. To commemorate Luard's contribution to the founding of the University of Hong Kong, a road around Victoria Peak was built in Hong Kong, named Luard Road.The west side of the road around the mountain is all cliffs, so a plank road had to be built, which became one of the eight scenic spots in Hong Kong, named "Flyover Fog Lock".The teaching building "Lu Jia Building" of the University of Hong Kong and the "Lu Jia She" in the dormitory are all named after him. During Lu Ya's tenure, Hong Kong's economy was relatively active, and Chinese enterprises developed rapidly.Chinese enterprises in Hong Kong are mainly engaged in commercial trade and industrial development.The weaving and dyeing industry in Hong Kong has always been monopolized by the Chinese, and until now, Chinese capital still occupies a dominant position in this industry. In 1908, Limin Xingguo Socks Factory was founded in Hong Kong. In 1911, Shaoxing Weaving Factory was established. In 1914, Daxing Weaving Factory was established.In terms of food and beverage, the Anle Soda Factory was established in 1906. The Lin Honglong Glass Factory in 1908.Although the factories and enterprises run by these Chinese people are not large in scale and don't have too much capital, they have made an indelible contribution to the vitality of the Hong Kong market and the promotion of Hong Kong's economic development. gfgfhgfhfghfghfg There were many reasons for the further development of Hong Kong’s economy during this period, but the most basic reason was that Lu’s predecessors forced the Qing government to sign the “Special Regulations on the Expansion of Hong Kong’s Boundary Site” through the war, and included the New Territories into Hong Kong.The name of the New Territories refers to the territory newly leased by the British, including more than 200 islands such as Lantau Island. Into a piece, very impressive.This vast land provides a vast space and sufficient human resources for Hong Kong's economic development.The New Territories used to be an agricultural area, so there is a base to provide Hong Kong citizens with a certain amount of agricultural and sideline products. The 13th Governor Nathan believed that the New Territories were an ideal industrial zone for Hong Kong. In 1907, before leaving office, he solemnly told the people of Hong Kong in the Legislative Council that the future of Hong Kong would depend on the development of industries in the New Territories.Nathan is indeed very far-sighted. After 80 years of development, many new satellite towns have emerged in the New Territories, and many factories in Hong Kong are located in the New Territories. The economic development during this period was also due to the inflow of a batch of capital and labor from mainland China.At this time, the democratic revolutionary movement in mainland China was flourishing. In 1911, the Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen broke out, impacting every corner and every field across the country. Soon, Guangdong fell into a chaotic situation of warlords and separatists. In search of a stable business environment, some business people flowed into Hong Kong with capital and staff, injecting capital and technical strength into Hong Kong's economic development.During this period, a group of overseas Chinese who returned from North America, Australia, and Southeast Asia stayed and settled in Hong Kong.They brought capital, equipment and management experience, and also added impetus to the prosperous development of Hong Kong's economy. In September 1908, Luard's second year in office, there was a heated debate in the Hong Kong newspapers around the issue of racial discrimination.At that time, two Americans wrote to the English-language newspaper South China Morning Post.The general idea of ​​the letter is that the Hong Kong government's local governance methods are inappropriate, public places are full of unclean Chinese, and Westerners want to avoid them.In public places such as trams and parks, additional seats for Westerners should be provided to separate the boundaries between China and the West, and to avoid getting close to unclean Chinese. The South China Morning Post published the malicious letter. Originally, in Hong Kong at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, racial discrimination was already very serious, and Chinese people in Hong Kong were treated unfairly in many aspects of social life. After this letter was published, all Chinese in Hong Kong were in an uproar, thinking that it was a fallacy advocating racial discrimination.A Chinese businessman named Li Huilin wrote to the South China Morning Post, denouncing the absurd remarks made by the Americans.His letter said: "The letter from the beauty published in your newspaper on the 19th and 22nd is so absurd that I have to dismiss it. Recently, there is a kind of foreigner who forgets his original conscience not long after he first arrived in China. Full of whimsy and pride. Before he left the motherland, he took care of all the chores at home, such as cleaning shoes, sweeping the floor, washing dishes, etc., and did not take them as lowly labor. After coming to China, In less than a few months, the weather will suddenly change, and the self-esteem will be arrogant. I expect that the beauties who sent letters and newspapers are almost the same. These two monarchs have forgotten that they are of no benefit in China. These Westerners and Chinese are all eager to go. Excuse me. These two lords, if all Chinese are excluded from Hong Kong, can the two lords restore Hong Kong’s status? Hong Kong’s prosperity depends on the power of the Chinese. If he hates the Chinese and wants to avoid them but cannot, why not find another place to avoid them. Hong Kong More money for construction is levied on the Chinese. These two gentlemen proposed to ban Chinese from entering the park and divide the boundaries between China and the West, which is tantamount to depriving the Chinese of the rights and interests purchased with their own funds. My advice to the two gentlemen is to be careful, and not to make such absurd words. Furthermore, although the former slanders the Chinese, the Chinese despise them and keep silent. Recently, the wisdom of the Chinese people is developing, and those who slander must not be tolerated." After Li Huilin's letter was published, a Scotsman who signed the letter wrote in the newspaper and said: "Reading Li Huilin's reply letter, the words are almost flashing. Since the opening of Hong Kong, until now, it is all the credit of the British." I mean the people of the whole country, not individuals. I ask Mr. Li to give you a direct answer without hesitating. How great are the contributions of British merchants in opening up Hong Kong, and how great is the contribution of the British navy and army to Hong Kong? The tax paid by the people is largely due to the cost of Hong Kong's defense. What is the contribution? Li Jun's letter said that the British won Hong Kong by transporting opium into China. He is ashamed. Huh? Because of the decisive battle between opium and China, those who think it is shameful are only some people in the UK." After the Scotsman’s letter was published, Li Huilin replied quickly to refute it. The letter said: “The Scotsman’s letter is unreasonable. We all have our own opinions, and we can express our own opinions. You can’t force someone’s opinion to be like this, and others may not be like this. It is also too far away from the question of the boundary between China and the West that is currently being studied. Although the opinions of the Scots are the same, the opinions of the Chinese may not be changed by them. Iraq wants to distinguish the contribution of the British? What is the contribution of the Chinese? Listen, we should ignore it. It is no longer known how much Chinese money has been taken by the British, and the Scots also think about it? Without Chinese business and Chinese assets, how can British business be as good as it is? developed." The views expressed in Li Huilin's letter reflect the aspirations of the vast majority of Chinese residents in Hong Kong to oppose racial discrimination and safeguard national dignity.Clarify the responsibilities of "justices of the peace" Some people say that "JP" is a native product that appeared after the British occupation of Hong Kong.The noun is translated from English JusticE oF tHE pEacE, which means a sheriff or a security committee member. In 1843, Pu Dingcha, the British plenipotentiary in China and the governor of Hong Kong, organized the Public Security Committee and appointed the first batch of security committee members.At that time, the translator translated the public security committee member as "a justice of the peace", and this translation method has been used all the time. The highest mountain in Hong Kong is called Xianglu Peak.More than a hundred years ago, "Pirate" Zhang Baozai led his troops to live on the mountain, set up camps at the foot of the mountain, and used the peak as a lookout. People also call Xianglu Peak Tieqi Mountain.After the British occupied Hong Kong, they still used the mountain as a flag to instruct ships to enter and leave the port, and the name of Mount Flag continues to be used.However, most Hong Kong people call Cheqi Mountain "Taiping Mountain". Probably the translation was influenced by the name of the mountain, and the public security committee member was translated as Justice of the Peace.For more than a hundred years, Hong Kong has never had peace. It is called Victoria Peak, which is just a wish of the residents at the foot of the mountain. In the early years, the justices of the peace were concurrently served by British officials of the Hong Kong government, known as official justices of the peace; the justices of the peace served by British businessmen were called non-official justices of the peace.Many non-official justices of the peace turned out to be armed smugglers of opium.At the beginning of the opening of the port, the duty of justices of the peace was ostensibly to control the British expatriates in Hong Kong and other places in China.At that time, the Opium War had just ended, and in Hong Kong and the mainland, Chinese people's activities against the British invaders continued to occur.The duty of Justices of the Peace is actually to assist the British army and police to maintain the order of the colonial rule and suppress the people's resistance struggle. Justices of the peace in the early years had a certain influence on Hong Kong politics.The original non-official members of the Legislative Council were nominated and recommended by justices of the peace.By the second half of the 19th century, justices of the peace participated in many administrative affairs in addition to maintaining the order of colonial rule. In the "Maintenance of Order Ordinance" promulgated by the ninth Governor of Hong Kong, Bowen, in 1886, justices of the peace were given great powers.The ordinance declares that in the event of a disturbance of the law and order, the justice of the peace has the power to order other people present and local to assist in maintaining order or arrest the disturber.Those who refuse to assist will be punished according to certain procedures, fined up to 50 yuan or imprisoned within three months, and, whether they have a search warrant or not, justices of the peace have the right to freely enter private houses to search for suspects. During Lu Ya's tenure, the "Ershin Wan Case" occurred in February 1908.A businessman surnamed Ke bought Japanese ordnance and transported it to the waters of Macau on the Japanese ship "Ershin Maru", where he was seized by Qing warships.The Japanese protested against the arrest of the ship by the Qing army. Zhang Renjun, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was afraid of the Japanese, so he compensated the Japanese for the so-called loss and fired a cannon to apologize.Groups such as the Shanghai Guangdong-Guangdong Association and the Political News Agency called Guangdong to express their opposition and launched a boycott of Japanese goods.The compatriots in Hong Kong responded positively and organized the "Revitalization of Domestic Products Fair" to vigorously boycott Japanese products.All merchants who sold Japanese goods were sanctioned by the masses.In shops selling Japanese goods, the windows were smashed with stones, the hoarded Japanese goods were seized and burned, and some shopkeepers and shop assistants were even punished with their ears cut off.Patriotic compatriots also organized organizations such as the "Death Society".There are two warehouses by the waterfront in Sai Wan, which store a large amount of Japanese goods. The "Death Society" surrounded the warehouse, ready to rush into it and destroy it.At this moment, the Hong Kong government sent a brigade of police to the scene to suppress the crowd, shooting and wounding several people.Hong Kong Governor Luard even mobilized the army into the urban area to assist the police in suppressing patriotic people.However, the patriotic compatriots were outraged, and the "Death Society" was still active.The Japanese consul kept negotiating with the Hong Kong and British authorities, demanding effective suppression.According to the unreasonable demands of the Japanese, Governor Luard further clarified the duties of justices of the peace in accordance with the relevant provisions of the 1886 "Regulations on the Maintenance of Public Order" and promulgated the following regulations restricting the Chinese boycott of Japanese goods: (1) Where a justice of the peace in Hong Kong sees a disturbance, he may order the people nearby to cooperate in the suppression of the disturbance and arrest the criminals to maintain public order. Those who refuse to assist without reason shall be imprisoned for three months. (2) When a justice of the peace sees that there is a gathering of people to disturb, he must first announce the prohibition, and disband immediately if he does not listen, and he will be imprisoned for three months. (3) Except for daily hand-made utensils, all military weapons, swords, etc. are not allowed to be carried and stored. Anyone who violates the law will be imprisoned for six months. (4) In addition to other punishments, those who disturb the public order and carry hidden weapons may also be sentenced to whipping. (5) The justice of the peace may himself or order the officers to enter the house to arrest the person suspected of causing trouble, and search for ordnance. (6) If there is a joint market strike or prohibition against shopkeepers trading to hinder the removal of goods, or prevent people from buying goods, they will be fined fifty yuan in silver, or imprisoned for three months, or imprisoned and fined. (7) If a person who violates the law and order is found in the arrest, it will be reported to the Governor's Council and the Political Bureau, regardless of whether he has been a British citizen, and he will be deported. According to these regulations, justices of the peace have completely stood on the opposite side of Hong Kong residents.Later, during the general strike in Hong Kong, justices of the peace once again stood on the opposite side of the patriotic Chinese residents and undertook tasks such as checking post and telecommunications and newspaper news.But later, due to the strengthening of the police force, the title of "JP" has no connection with the word "Taiping" (maintaining law and order), and is just an honorary title bestowed by the British Hong Kong authorities. Limit the influence of the 1911 Revolution in Hong Kong After Sun Yat-sen's many armed uprisings and ideological preparations, on October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and all provinces responded one after another, declaring independence one after another.The Qing government quickly disintegrated.The rapid development of the revolutionary situation also aroused strong repercussions among Hong Kong Chinese. Most Hong Kong Chinese sympathized with and supported the Revolution of 1911.According to Hong Kong's "Dechen Western News" at the time, 99 out of every 100 Chinese in Hong Kong expressed sympathy for the revolutionary movement, and "75% were fanatical and desperate sympathizers." On November 9, Guangdong declared republic independence, and many celebrities in Hong Kong participated in the leadership of the Guangdong military government.The new government had just been established and was facing financial difficulties. Chinese businessmen in Hong Kong actively donated money to support it.Li Yutang, financial secretary of the Guangdong government, went to Hong Kong to raise funds, and soon raised nearly one million yuan. On November 12, the Chinese in Hong Kong closed their shops and held a celebration. According to reports, the celebration cost HK$100,000 just to set off firecrackers.It is conceivable that Hong Kong people were aroused by the overthrow of the Qing government and the development of the revolution. The Hong Kong government was very disturbed by the development of the Revolutionary Movement of 1911.Faced with the sympathy and support for the revolutionary movement from the general public in Hong Kong, Governor Luard had to make some concessions, expressing his understanding of the people's sentiments, and was extremely afraid of the development of the revolutionary situation. Therefore, he took various measures to control and prevent China from The development of the revolutionary movement in the Mainland endangered the British colonial rule of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Governor Luard’s attitude towards the 1911 Revolution and the performance of the Chinese in Hong Kong is described in the book "Hong Kong in the 20th Century" edited by Yu Shengwu and Mr. Liu Shuyong as follows: On November 6, when the Chinese in Hong Kong celebrated the success of the Wuchang Uprising, Lu Ya sent a special police patrol to patrol the streets to prevent riots.He himself stood by the telephone throughout the night, in communication with the police.Lua was ready to send patrols to stop the riots immediately. When Lu Ya was informed that the Chinese in Hong Kong were planning to hold an event to celebrate the declaration of the Republic of Guangdong, he invited two Chinese members of the Legislative Council, He Qi and Wei Yu, to the Governor's Mansion for questioning on November 11.Wei Yu explained: In Hong Kong, people's feelings are easily inclined to the republican side, and it is impossible to stop activities, and such activities are limited to setting off firecrackers for two hours and closing shops.Luab immediately expressed his opposition to any event.He pointed out that the republic cannot be officially recognized and its status is not yet stable.At the same time, it is forgivable to hold spontaneous activities on the assumption that Beijing has changed its flag. The authorities can turn a blind eye, but they cannot turn a blind eye again to violations of the law.After repeated explanations by He Qi and Wei Yu, the Governor of Hong Kong finally decided to order the Secretary of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China to issue a notice on the celebration, allowing firecrackers to be set off from 12:00 noon to 2:00 pm on November 12 to celebrate the avoidance of bloodshed in Guangzhou. The Hong Kong government is full of suspicion and dissatisfaction with the close connection between the Hong Kong Chinese and the Guangdong military government.After learning that Hong Kong Chinese organized a committee aimed at resuming trade, Hong Kong Governor Luard took the opportunity to convene a meeting of Hong Kong Chinese leaders in the Governor's House on November 19 to express the Hong Kong government's attitude towards various issues related to the 1911 Revolution. Luard stated that he noticed that most responsible and leading Chinese sympathized with the revolutionary movement and they had every right to do so.If they think the movement benefits their country and race, they are right to sympathize with it.Luard said he was not hostile to the movement, but the attitude of the government in the British colony was not easy to ignore.Chinese leaders should inform the Governor of Hong Kong of the actions they intend to take in advance to see if the boundaries are exceeded. Luard said he had heard that two Guangdong-related committees had been formed in the past few days, and he fully supported them as their goals were to rebuild trade links and end the disastrous depression of the past few weeks.But Luard also said that their concern is purely Chinese political affairs, the purpose is to promote the revolution, and they should not settle in Hong Kong.The meetings of such committees should be held at Canton, and Chinese subjects who intend to attend these committees should do so there. Luab also said that a British colony should be aligned with the British government.As long as the Qing government, which had a treaty with Britain, remained in power in Peking, a new, unrecognized government was established, which would put the British government in a difficult position.If someone suggests that it is true that people in Hong Kong openly support the Revolutionary Party, not only the existing government in Beijing will complain, but also the powers such as Japan and Germany will have reason to complain, and strongly demand that this matter be used as a reason to support one side in the current conflict, It will even favor the Qing imperial government and oppose the new party. Luard emphasized that what he said applies to any Chinese who is connected in any way with the Hong Kong government, especially Chinese members of the Legislative Council. Luab also emphasized that the placement of banners should not be allowed, nor should the Canton government be allowed to send official representatives, or publicly pledge donations in support of the revolution. After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, Sun Yat-sen planned to return to China via Hong Kong and asked the British government to revoke the deportation order against him.When talking about this matter during the meeting with He Qi and other Chinese leaders, Lu Ya said, I just received a telegram from Sir Zhu Erdian saying that Sun Yat-sen requested to revoke the order prohibiting him from landing in Hong Kong.I have no objection to this, but the condition is that he does not settle here, nor does he carry out revolutionary propaganda here, because he can do these things in Guangzhou. On July 4, 1912, Meghanley arrived in Hong Kong and took office as the fifteenth Governor of Hong Kong.At the end of his tenure, he suffered from heart disease. In early 1918, he was accompanied by his wife and went to Vancouver, Canada to recuperate. Unexpectedly, his condition worsened. On January 27, 1919, he sent a telegram to ask for early retirement, which was approved.