Chapter 5 Baoling (1792~1872)

Baoling (1792~1872), also known as Baoning, Baoling, Baolin, etc.Take your own Chinese name package order.British.In his early years, he followed the British utilitarian philosopher Bentham and edited the "Westminster Review" for him.He was twice elected as a member of the British House of Commons, and was sent by the British government to France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and other countries many times to investigate business conditions.He successively served as the commercial envoy of Belgium, Egypt, Syria, Turkey and other countries. In 1849, he served as British Consul General in Guangzhou.He advocated the use of force to force the Qing government to "amend the treaty", expand British interests in China, and allow the British to enter Guangzhou. He took over as the fourth Governor of Hong Kong on April 13, 1854. He was 65 years old when he took over, making him the oldest of the previous Governors of Hong Kong.

During his tenure, the Chinese Taiping Army attacked Guangzhou, and Baoling cooperated with the Qing government to suppress it; Britain and France jointly invaded China, and Baoling was one of the main planners.Baoling has traveled all over the world and can speak a variety of foreign dialects. He can speak Cantonese, China. When he was the British Consul in Guangzhou in 1849, the governor of Hong Kong, Banham, returned to Britain on vacation, and Bowling came to Hong Kong from Guangzhou to act as an agent of commercial supervision and take charge of Hong Kong affairs.During his tenure, Baoling once advocated that Chinese and Europeans in the Legislative Council have equal voting rights.Ordered to improve sanitation and living environment, build Bingtou Garden, formulate Chinese education policy and build roads, docks and warehouses in coastal areas. He left office in September 1859 for a term of 5 years and 5 months.Was knighted. Died in 1872.Published "Sir Boning's Autobiographical Memoirs".

When the third Governor Banham took office, Hong Kong's economy was in a difficult and backward period, and the Hong Kong government was in financial difficulties. Banham took the initiative to suspend his salary and reduce all financial expenditures.When it came to the fourth governor, Bowring, the British government simply did not dare to formally appoint him as governor because of financial problems.When Bowling was nominated to replace Banham, the British Colonial Office informed him that due to the empty treasury, it was not enough to maintain the post of governor, so he was only appointed as the commercial supervisor, authorized to rule Hong Kong.This is obviously very different from the former Hong Kong Governor who concurrently served as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Director of Commerce, and Minister to China.The Colonial Department stipulated that he could use the title of governor, but this was an honorary position. Therefore, Bowring's salary was 2,000 pounds less than that of the official governor.

The fourth Bowring In February 1855, Bowling and Deputy Governor William Caine had a power dispute.The reason for the dispute is who should be the chairman of the Legislative Council.According to the British Royal "Instructions", the Governor of Hong Kong is the ex officio chairman of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council, while Bowring was not officially appointed as the Governor, but only as the commercial supervisor.William Caine is the "veteran of the three dynasties" of the Hong Kong government. He doesn't pay attention to Baoling, and there are loopholes to take advantage of, so he competes with Baoling for the post of chairman of the two bureaus.

The matter was brought up to the British Colonial Office, which had to admit that the occurrence of this incident was an administrative error.Therefore, Baoling was officially appointed as the full-power governor of Hong Kong, but the annual salary remained unchanged, and the salary of the commercial supervisor was paid as usual, not the salary of the official governor of Hong Kong.William Caine did not get the support of London, so he submitted his resignation, which was approved by Bowring and announced the revocation of William Caine's position as deputy governor. Britain forced the Qing government to conclude the "Nanjing Treaty" and obtained land cession, indemnity and a series of privileges, but the greed of the British invaders was not fully satisfied. On October 8, 1856, with the support of Governor Pauling, the British Consul in Guangzhou, Pacharley, took advantage of the opportunity when the Taiping Revolution shook the rule of the Qing government, and used the "Yarrow" incident to expand the incident and provoked the second opium war. war.

In 1855, the British Hong Kong government promulgated the No. 4 "Ship Registration Ordinance", and the sixth item of the regulations stipulated: "Chinese residents of this colony can apply for and obtain colonial ship licenses. As long as they are ship owners, applicants or people, Those who are registered tenants of the royal land in this colony and have two guarantors of the tenants, and they own 2,000 yuan of property in this colony, can obtain a legal ship license after verification and verification." The cargo ship "Arrow", registered in Hong Kong on September 27, 1855, under the said Ordinance.The license is valid for one year.The owner of the ship is Fang Yaming, a Chinese comprador of a foreign firm.He hired the British Tamas? Kennedy as the captain, the rest of the sailors are Chinese. The "Yaro" cargo ship often sails in the waters of Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou and Shantou.Named as a cargo ship, it actually colludes with pirates and specializes in receiving and selling stolen goods.

On October 8, 1856, the cargo ship "Yarrow" moored at the wharf near Haizhu Fort, Guangzhou.Someone reported that the "Yaro" was a pirate ship.Liang Guoding, head of China's Guangzhou Navy, led more than 40 officers and soldiers to board the ship to search for them. Among the 14 Chinese sailors on board, 12 were identified as pirates and arrested.At that time, the captain Kennedy was on the shore. Seeing the arrest, he reported to the British Consul in Guangzhou, Pacharley, and asked for intervention. The capture of Chinese prisoners by Chinese officials in Chinese territorial waters and on Chinese boats is China's internal affairs and has nothing to do with the United Kingdom. However, Parker protested to Chinese officials and interfered rudely.He said: "Arrow" has received a registration certificate in Hong Kong. It is a British ship and should be protected by the United Kingdom.In fact, the registration certificate expired on September 27 and became invalid.Parker insisted that Chinese officials arrested people on British ships, which was an insult to Britain.Parker also claimed out of nothing that the British flag hoisted on the ship was torn up by Chinese soldiers, and asked the Guangzhou authorities to return the arrested persons and apologize to the British.Bowring fully supports Pacharley, and his attitude is very outrageous and unreasonable.Ye Mingchen, the cowardly governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, had already resigned himself to it. Under Baoling's pressure, he sent all the arrested prisoners to the British Consulate on October 22.But Baoling and Pacharley did not give up. They deliberately expanded the situation and refused to accept criminals, which finally led to the second Opium War.

On October 22, 1856, Seymour, Commander of the Borring Navy, led the British fleet to Guangzhou, arrived at the mouth of the Pearl River on the 23rd, bombarded the city of Guangzhou on the 24th, and the soldiers and civilians of Guangzhou rose up to resist.This is how the war broke out.Due to the limited strength of the British army in China at that time, the British army retreated to Humen to wait for reinforcements shortly after they entered Guangzhou. Bowring asked the British government to send troops for assistance, and suggested joint operations with France and others.The British government adopted Bowling's suggestion, and in July 1857, appointed Elgin as the special envoy to lead a navy and army to fight in China.At the same time, a note was sent to the governments of France, Russia, and the United States, proposing to jointly send troops to attack China.

Long before the "Yarrow" incident, France created the so-called "Pré Ma incident" to provoke. The British note fully complied with France's wishes. In 1853, the French Catholic priest Marais illegally sneaked into Xilin County, Guangxi to carry out various activities. In February 1856, Zhang Mingfeng, magistrate of Xilin County, arrested 26 people including Ma Lai, and sentenced Ma Lai to death according to law.Ma Lai was punished as he deserved.The French government used this as an excuse, claiming to "fight to defend the holy religion."After receiving the British note, the French government immediately appointed Gero as the special envoy to lead the army to China to fight with the British army.

In December 1857, the British army led by Elgin and the French army led by Gero assembled in Hong Kong and acted on standby.At this time, the envoys sent by Russia and the United States also rushed to Hong Kong to plan the specific matters of attacking China with the envoys of Britain and France. On December 29, the British and French allied forces occupied Guangzhou in one fell swoop when only some Qing troops actively and sporadically resisted.The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Ye Mingchen, bowed his head and was captured. The governor, Bogui, and the general of Guangzhou, Mukdena, surrendered to the enemy.Led by Pacharley, with the participation of British General Steubinzi and French officer Martinez, a three-member committee was established to manipulate Baigui and Mukhedane to continue their posts and establish the so-called government.Thus emerged the first local puppet regime controlled by outsiders in the modern history of China.

Bai Gui and others were closely monitored and completely lost their freedom of movement. Without the consent of the three-member committee, no orders could be issued.Since then, Guangzhou has been occupied by British and French troops for three years. After the coalition forces occupied Guangzhou, the envoys of Britain, France, Russia, and the United States proposed to the Qing government to revise the trade treaty. In April 1858, the envoys of the four countries went to Dagukou to negotiate with representatives of the Qing government.Britain and France were deliberately picky, and the negotiations broke down. On May 20, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu.The Qing government panicked, and hurriedly sent Guiliang, a scholar, and Huashana, a minister of officials, to Tianjin to negotiate a peace.Under the coercion of the invaders, the "Tianjin Treaty" was signed in Tianjin on June 26 and 27 with Britain, France, Russia, the United States and other countries. In June 1859, the British and French envoys led their warships outside Dagukou in the name of a contract exchange. They arbitrarily rejected the route designated by the Qing government for landing from Beitang, and insisted on going up the Baihe River to Beijing through Dagukou. On June 25th, the British and French allied forces suddenly attacked the Dagu Fort. They were bravely resisted by the Chinese defenders. After a fierce battle all day and night, the invading army was killed and injured nearly 500 people, and many warships were sunk. Bo was also seriously injured.The British and French allied forces fled to Shanghai. In February 1860, Britain and France dispatched 18,000 and 7,000 troops respectively from home to strengthen their forces to invade China. In March, more than 10,000 British troops who successively arrived in Hong Kong forcibly landed in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, and carried out armed occupation.On the 21st of the same month, Pashali coerced Lao Chongguang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to sign the "Agreement between Lao Chongguang and Pashali", and forced to rent Kowloon with an annual rent of 500 taels of silver. In April, the British and French allied forces invaded and occupied Zhoushan. In May, Dalian Bay and Yantai were occupied. In early June, the Bohai Bay was blocked. In August, Tanggu, Dagu and Tianjin were captured. On September 21, they approached Beijing. On September 22, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Rehe in a panic, and ordered his sixth brother, Prince Gong Yi, to stay in Beijing and take charge of the peace talks. At the beginning of October, under the favorable conditions of Beijing floor plan and military intelligence provided by Tsarist Russia, the British and French allied forces attacked Andingmen, occupied Beijing, and burned the Old Summer Palace. In late October, Yi, on behalf of the Qing government, exchanged notes on the Treaty of Tianjin with Britain and France respectively.And the "Beijing Treaty" was newly established.In this way, in addition to allowing foreign envoys to be stationed in Beijing, allowing free missionary work in the interior, and adding Niuzhuang, Dengzhou, Tainan, Tamsui, Chaozhou, Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, and Tianjin as treaty ports, China also revised tariffs, And ceded Kowloon to the United Kingdom, and compensated Britain and France for military expenses of 8 million taels of silver each. The poisoned bread case that happened during Baoling's tenure was a famous incident in Hong Kong history, and even the governor's wife was among the poisoners. Britain launched the second Opium War. In October 1856, British warships bombarded Guangzhou. The Hong Kong residents who loved the motherland were extremely angry, thinking that the British were simply looking for excuses to create trouble. Although the "Yaro" is a ship registered in Hong Kong, the owner of the ship, Fang Yaming, is a Chinese, and the Chinese sailors he captured should not be used as an excuse to go to war, bombard our provincial capital, and kill our compatriots. Boycott Hong Kong Baoling authorities.At the same time, the intellectuals in Hong Kong put up notices on the streets, calling on Hong Kong compatriots to leave Hong Kong, not to transport food and vegetables to Hong Kong, and to sanction the British army and the British Hong Kong authorities. At that time, Hong Kong quickly set off a wave of safeguarding sovereignty.The British colonialists in Hong Kong panicked and immediately held a special meeting to study emergency measures.The majority advocated the use of high-handed tactics against the Chinese in Hong Kong.But Governor Bowling believed that doing so would arouse public anger even more. At the same time, he knew that Seymour's British fleet had not won the battle in Guangzhou, and the British army was facing stubborn resistance.The front is unfavorable, and the rear needs stability.Therefore, Baoling adopted the policy of winning over Chinese businessmen in Hong Kong and some extremists, and specially published a booklet in Chinese, "Bingchen Cantonese Army Official Documents", which was widely distributed.The pamphlet put the responsibility for the war on Ye Mingchen, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi at the time, and advised the Chinese not to leave Hong Kong and continue to maintain their businesses in peace. At that time, many Chinese in Hong Kong had left Hong Kong. Among them, businessmen who had relations with the officials of the Qing Dynasty also returned to their hometowns after finishing their business in Hong Kong.Notices are often posted in the Hong Kong market, warning those Chinese businessmen who still sell grain to the British that if they persist in their obsession and do not repent, they will burn down their ancestral houses in the mainland and arrest their relatives.The Hong Kong British government also took corresponding measures to protect those Chinese who were willing to take the risk of staying in Hong Kong to serve the British. At that time, there was a businessman named Zhang Yalin who opened a "Yusheng Banguan", which usually specialized in food for foreign ships.When most businessmen went out of business to resist British aggression against China, he took the opportunity to do business and make a fortune for the country.Not only did he transport food into Hong Kong, but he also took care of all the food for the British in Hong Kong, and the business naturally prospered. Zhang Yalin was warned many times by patriotic compatriots in Hong Kong at that time that one of his shops in Guangzhou had been burned down, but he still insisted on supplying food to the British in Hong Kong. On the morning of January 15, 1857, the bread of "Yusheng Banguan" went on the market, and the bread for more than 400 British households was delivered to each subscriber's home.After breakfast, the British were all poisoned.This is how the famous poisonous bread case in Hong Kong history happened. Hong Kong governor Baoling and his family were also poisoned.He immediately sent staff to Zhang Yalin's office to check. After sampling and testing, he found that the bread delivered by Yusheng's office on the same day contained a strong concentration of arsenic. Every 4 pounds of bread contained about 0.92% of arsenic.Due to timely rescue, no one died. After the case happened, the Hong Kong police immediately arrested people and sealed off the shop, and arrested all the bread-making workers.Zhang Yalin went to Macau with his family on the morning boat that morning. At that time, the wife of Hong Kong governor Baoling fell into a coma due to poisoning.He deduced that Zhang Yalin was coerced by patriots in the mainland to do this murder, so he sent warships to Macau to chase back the Hong Kong-Macau ferry "Queen" Zhang Yalin was on, and arrested Zhang Yalin.According to records, Zhang Yalin did not run away with his family. He sent his father, wife and children to Macau.On the boat, his father, wife, and children all ate the bread they brought with them and vomited profusely.He found that there was something wrong with the bread, and he thought that the anti-British elements must have poisoned the flour, so he asked the owner of the "Empress" to sail back to Hong Kong immediately. Since Zhang Yalin's father, wife and children all ate poisonous bread, it proved that he did not intend to poison. Eight of the 15 bakers were charged with intentionally poisoning.But Zhang Yalin stated that they were all good fellows and it was impossible to poison them.Zhang Yalin has been wanted by the Chinese government because he wanted to arrange meals for the British, and the eight fellows were also unable to return to the mainland.For this kind of people who are loyal to the United Kingdom, if they are sentenced to crimes, under the circumstances at that time, it would be very unfavorable to the British authorities in Hong Kong. Because the war with China is still going on, Baoling handles this case more cautiously. To try this case, the Hong Kong government organized a special court, which was composed of the Superintendent of Police and the Colonial Secretary authorized by Governor Bowring.The lawyer responsible for Zhang Yalin's defense, Mr. Billy, tried his best to defend Zhang Yalin from the legal point of view. In order to ease the anger of the poisoned British people, the prosecutor had to say that the drug case was already a fact, and the people involved were the murderers. They should be convicted for the purpose of manipulation. The trial lasted for 3 days, but due to insufficient evidence, the jurors finally declared the crime of poisoning not guilty by a majority of 5:1.Finally, in order to protect the slaves, the Hong Kong government acquitted Zhang Yalin and others.However, the poisoned British were very dissatisfied and called the jurors stupid, and claimed that after Zhang Yalin and his gang were released, they would all be lynched to death.In order to ease the mood of the poisoned British people, Baoling ordered the special court to take Zhang Yalin and others into custody. On the other hand, he hurriedly reported the details of the poisoned bread case and the process of finding no evidence after the trial to London, asking for a solution .It was not until May 8 that the British Ministry of Colonials issued a reply to the poisoned bread case, pointing out that since the first trial could not find any evidence of the mastermind poisoning and how it was poisoned, there is no need to retrial; all relevant personnel should be deported.As a result, Hong Kong Governor Pauling issued deportation orders for eight people.Zhang Yalin left the country freely. He was wanted by the Qing government at the time. If he was deported back to his hometown, it would be tantamount to a death sentence, so he was allowed to leave the country freely.Zhang Yalin went to Vietnam by boat.However, Mr. Blair was promoted later and was appointed Counselor. According to records, in this poisoning incident, although no one died at that time, many people's health was damaged and their spirits were frightened.Governor Pauling's wife, after a period of treatment in Hong Kong, was sent back to England for recuperation, and her health never recovered. Apparently, poisoning prompted her to go to her grave early. Whether the poisoned bread case was poisoned by someone or an accident has always been an unsolved case.It is said that before this case happened, a steamer brought in a batch of flour and a batch of arsenic, and the two kinds of goods were piled up in the same cargo hold.At that time, the cargo ship was poorly equipped and spent a long time at sea. It encountered several strong winds and waves, the cabin leaked, and the arsenic stone penetrated into the flour after being damp.After these batches of flour were shipped to Hong Kong, they were all purchased by Yusheng Office.Poison Bread is made from this batch of poisoned flour.If this is true, it is an accident. The British in Hong Kong have a kind of nationalistic prejudice against this case, thinking that Ye Mingchen, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, must have bribed the killer. Poisoned in the store.Therefore, on the one hand, they accused Baoling of mishandling the case and let the prisoner go. On the other hand, they violently attacked Ye Mingchen, accusing him of being the mastermind behind the drug case, and demanded to enter Guangzhou to take revenge. In London, England, when the truth of the case was not investigated clearly, British newspapers created public opinion and incited British nationalism.Prime Minister Palmerston delivered a fiery op-ed in Parliament, attacking the Chinese for their intention to "poison respectable British businessmen".The intention of the British government is to use this to further incite the British people's hatred of the Chinese and create public opinion for expanding the war of aggression against China.In fact, even if it was determined that the Chinese had put the poison, it was also caused by British aggression. At that time, the Second Opium War had just begun, and the people of Guangdong and Hong Kong hated the British invaders.Are you only allowed to occupy my territory, plunder my property, and kill my compatriots, and not allow me to resist revenge. The British created public opinion, and indeed it played a role. The ministers of various countries lodged a "protest" to China over the poisoned bread case.In response to this unreasonable "protest", Ye Mingchen, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, said: "The incident happened in Hong Kong, and it is impossible for me to find out the truth. Presumably, because the British committed countless crimes against the Chinese, people in nearby places had to go this way to vent their anger." Personal hatred." This case attracted the attention of Engels. In his article "Persia and China", he commented on the poisonous bread case and other incidents, showing his deep sympathy for the resistance struggle of the Chinese people.He wrote: "The piracy policy of the British government has caused a general uprising of all Chinese against all foreigners, and has given this uprising the character of an extermination war." The terrible brutality of the Chinese is best recognized as a war to defend the country and homeland, a people's war to preserve the Chinese nation." first prison built In 1857, the first prison in Hong Kong was built, called Victoria Prison, which was also an important project of Bowring when he was in office.The prison was built on both sides of Old Bailey Street in Central, with high stone walls built on all sides, the street in the middle, and the prison on both sides. The Hong Kong government appointed a man named English as the first prison officer. After the prison was built, all the prisoners convicted by the court were escorted here to serve their sentences.As for the suspects who are awaiting trial, they are detained in the detention center of the police station, which changes the situation that the magistrate is also a prison officer and a law enforcement officer. Less than five years after the new prison was built, it was overcrowded.Moreover, the police station in the mission hall cannot accommodate the ever-expanding police force. The authorities therefore opened up a site on the hillside next to Victoria Prison for the construction of a large and varied building.This building was later located on Hollywood Road, commonly known as the "Tai Kwun" Central Police Station. In front of the building is the Police Headquarters, behind it is the Detention House, and to the east is the Magistrates' Office.Since Victoria Prison is close to the west of the Central Police Station, some people later thought that Victoria Prison was part of the Central Police Station.In fact, the Victoria Prison has existed for a long time, and the Central Police Station was built later.However, for the convenience of commuting, the Central Police Station, the Magistrates' Office and Victoria Prison are connected by roads. When Victoria Prison was first built, because it was divided into two prisons, there was a passage in the middle.Later, in order to ease the traffic from Mid-Levels Caine Road to Hollywood Road, this road was opened up for the general public to use. This short street had no name at first, because there were prisons on both sides of the street, so the British jokingly called it Old Bailey, because there was an old prison in London called Old Bailey Prison, which was built in the 18th century. It is a very famous place and has even become an important tourist spot.Later, because of the habit of calling it, the road in the middle of Victoria Prison, also called Old Bailey Street, has been used all the time. When it comes to prison, it naturally involves various punishments for prisoners, among which the death penalty is related to the governor.Hong Kong courts have always adopted hanging for the execution of prisoners on death row.And, like the flogging cane, it is executed openly for all to watch.When announcing the death sentence, the judge announced to the death row prisoner: "I now declare that your crime is the death penalty, and I will ring your head with a rope until you die. ... Then the governor will decide your burial place..." The governor's management is really thoughtful ! Death row inmates still have a difficult journey before the governor can choose the place of burial.During the execution of the hanging, due to the backward technology at that time, the gallows often failed, and there were two times in the Baoling period.According to records, on June 27, 1854, after a death row prisoner was hoisted, his bound hands were suddenly loosened, and he held the rope on his head with one hand, and took two deep breaths.After hanging like this for 5 minutes, his trousers were about to fall off, and he quickly used one hand to hold his trousers.The prisoner hanged himself for 20 minutes before dying.The other time was on May 19, 1856, when a Malay named Shamalang was executed, accused of murdering a woman on a ship moored in Shantou.The place of execution was in the open space near the magistrate.The twisted rope was wrapped around Shama Lang's neck, and the wooden plank under his feet could not be removed. The execution police beat him repeatedly, but it still didn't work.As a result, the prisoner had to be taken back to the prison, and the gallows was repaired and executed again.Because of the public execution, such unexpected accidents are particularly cruel. Not only do the tortured die unhappily, but they are also tortured alive.Some watchers with weak nerves are often fainted by this exciting scene. Because the Magistrate's Office is close to the city center, Jiandao was a quiet road back then. Many foreign wives took their children for a walk here every day. When they looked up, they saw the gallows standing upright. It was creepy.Therefore, foreign residents often criticize the public execution, and believe that the execution location should be changed to the inside of the prison.However, Bowling insisted on not changing it until 1879, when the eighth governor, Hennessy, was in office, and it was changed to the empty field in Victoria Prison. The corrupt official Gao Heer mentioned in the first chapter of Davis has not restrained his corruption and violation of the law at all. During Baoling's reign, instead of being held accountable, he tried to cover up. There was a man named Huang Mozhou, who was originally a detective sent by the Qing government to Hong Kong. He had a close relationship with Hong Kong officials and secretly communicated with pirates. When the Tiandihui became powerful, he helped the Tiandihui recruit soldiers in Hong Kong. Complicated speculative characters. In July 1857, the Hong Kong government received a secret report that stolen goods were hidden in Huang Mozhou's store, so it sent a brigade of police to search.As a result, a large amount of sugar robbed from a cargo ship was seized in the Huangmozhou store, and some books and documents were also found.The Acting Counselor, Breeze, sent Police Department Mechael and Prison Department English to review the case, and found that Huang Mozhou's books contained the amount of money exchanged with Gao Heer. Gao Heer was related to Huang's illegal business. China is accustomed to become brothers of different races. Breeze is a good friend of Gao Heer, and he sent officials to conduct a review. Originally, he was investigating Huang Mozhou, but unexpectedly, it turned out to be the opposite, and found out his friend's problem.So Bridger accused Mechar and Yingjili of intentionally framing, crowding out Shangguan, and trying to replace him.Breeze burned all the relevant books, acquitted Gao Heer of corruption, and only sentenced Huang Mozhou. At the beginning of 1858, there were still people reporting Gao Heer's corruption and violation of the law.The Hong Kong Department of Justice (General Prosecutor) An Shidi reopened the Gao Heer case and impeached Gao Heer on 19 counts: (1) Insulting officials and gentry. (2) Self-operated prostitution. (3) Cover up bandits. (4) Using prostitutes as wives. (5) Arranging brothels and licenses for prostitution. (6) Collaborating with pirate parties. (7) Listen to slander. (8) Under the guise of authority. (9) Serving as security for bandits. (10) Deceiving the boss. (11) Sharing spoils in partnership. (12) Sheltering convict women. (13) Release pirates. (14) Widely buy private property. (15) Private dirty business. (16) Indulging relatives. (17) Collect high rent. (18) Secret societies. (19) Public bribery. Andersty's impeachment of Gao Heer was ignored by Governor Bowring for several months.Anshidi reported to the British government angrily.Seeing that the matter was getting serious, Baoling had to order a five-member review committee to accept the matter.When questioned by the review committee, Bridget attacked the Attorney General Andersley for making slanderous rumors, and Andersley exposed the other party's shady scenes one by one.The two sides quarreled endlessly.The review committee of the Baoling organization adopted the method of making big things small and small things small, and concluded in the review report that of the 19 crimes listed, eight of them were speculative, seven of which were only suspicions without definite evidence, and the remaining four were facts. exist.However, the review committee believes that Gao Heer's illegal behavior was due to a momentary negligence, and if he is given a dismissal, the punishment is inappropriate. Hong Kong Governor Pauling was very satisfied with the results of the review, claiming that the ruling clarified Gao Heer's problem and condemned An Shidi for making rumors.The Executive Council under the control of the Governor also passed a resolution accusing Andersty of repeatedly causing quarrels due to verbal abuse in formal occasions, claiming that his opinions were often misjudged and arrogant. An Shidi did not succumb to Baoling's pressure, and continued to accuse Gao Heer, demanding a fair trial.Baoling's idea remained unchanged. In January 1859, Andersty was forced to resign and return to England.However, the public opinion against Gao Heer in Hong Kong has not subsided.Later, the British government ordered the new Governor-General Robinson to continue to examine the problem of Gower.Seeing that the situation was not good, Gao Heer refused to be summoned to answer questions, resigned from his post, and fled. In September 1861, the Administrative Bureau announced the results of the review, pointing out that Gao Heer and Huang Mozhou had a relationship, the evidence was solid, and the reputation of the official was tarnished, and he should be dismissed according to law.But at this time Gao Heer had already resigned, and the Hong Kong government just talked about it, and did not give him any punishment. In the early years, there were no restrictions on running a newspaper in Hong Kong, and the people who ran the newspaper were either missionaries or British businessmen or people close to British businessmen.For example, Matheson Matheson, the major shareholder of Jardine Matheson, is a shareholder of The Hong Kong Record. Ma La, the chief writer of Ma La Bao, was a businessman who worked in a British firm in Guangzhou, and later ran a rice business and transported Chinese laborers.Most of the English newspapers at that time were the mouthpieces of British businessmen.The Hong Kong government paid special attention to taking care of the interests of British businessmen, but British businessmen still often had conflicts of opinion with the Hong Kong government.At that time, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom relied on ships to transmit information, and it often took more than half a year for the Hong Kong government and London to exchange information.The conflict between British businessmen and the Hong Kong government could not be resolved in time, so they criticized the Hong Kong government through newspapers to vent their dissatisfaction.Their starting point is often personal gains and losses, but their exposure of the misdeeds of some officials in the early Hong Kong government is often true. In 1850, Durham acquired the "Friends of China" and "Hong Kong Gazette".De Lun went to Guangdong to do business before the Opium War. After the British occupation of Hong Kong, he worked in the Land and Land Department of the Hong Kong government and was later transferred to the Registrar's Office. In 1847, he accused William Caine, who had served as Counselor Secretary at that time, of being suspected of accepting bribes. He lost the case in the High Court and was dismissed.Since then, he has been at odds with Hong Kong government officials. De Lun bought "Friends of China" precisely because he wanted to use public opinion as a tool of revenge to expose and retaliate against Hong Kong government officials. In 1857, when the poisoned bread case happened, De Lun was also a British victim. Unwilling to lose his spirit and medical expenses, he filed a civil lawsuit against Zhang Yalin, demanding compensation. The trial was held in June. As a result of the interrogation, Deren won the case.The judge awarded 1,010 yuan in compensation.But Zhang Yalin's property is under seal, so he can only pay after the case is closed.Unexpectedly, in July, Zhang Yalin was released and fled to Vietnam, and De Lun's compensation was lost.So, along with all the victims, Zhang Yalin's lawyer, Bi Lie, blamed Zhang Yalin for his own lawyer's fees, so he deliberately arranged for Zhang Yalin to leave Hong Kong secretly.Due to the unsatisfied compensation demanded in the poisoned bread case, De Lun has a deep grudge against the Hong Kong government.Therefore, he launched a fierce attack on government officials who practice favoritism and fraud in the newspaper. In August 1857, De Lun published an article in his newspaper "Friends of China" to scold Brad Martyr, accusing him of only caring about his own wealth and not caring about the life or death of others.Bradley filed a lawsuit in court, alleging that Deren committed defamation.However, other British people in Hong Kong also accused Brad Martyr, saying that he was already acting Counselor of the Hong Kong government, but he acted as a defense for a Chinese suspect who wanted to poison all the British people, and that he accepted money, which was a dereliction of duty. On July 23, 1858, due to the case of Huang Mozhou's collusion with pirates, De Lun wrote an article criticizing the investigative committee, and exposed the collusion between Acting Counselor Secretary Brett and Chief Registrar Gowell to cover up prisoners.The Baoling government was very annoyed by De Lun's revelation, and sued De Lun for "slandering the government".Thanks to the resigned former Attorney-General Anderson defending him on his behalf, the court dismissed the case on the grounds of "false evidence". On August 24, 1859, "Friends of China" and "Hong Kong Gazette" reprinted a speech Andersty made in England.In his speech, An Shidi exposed the phenomenon of political corruption and official corruption in Hong Kong at that time.The attack on Acting Governor William Caine was particularly severe, specifically exposing William Caine's use of his power to accept bribes.The day after the report was published, the Hong Kong government filed a lawsuit against "Friends of China" and "Hong Kong Bulletin".Because it was rumored in Hong Kong that the Hong Kong government officials were involved in corruption and bribery incidents, the accusation of the Derren newspaper immediately attracted the attention of Baoling, and immediately appointed special personnel to form an investigation committee.William Caine hired two lawyers, one of whom was a close friend of William Caine, who had also been accused by Deren before.After 3 days of trial, the court finally ruled that Deren was guilty of defaming officials and repeatedly committing the crime of obstructing the reputation of others. He should be punished heavily, and sentenced to 12 months in prison and a fine of 50 pounds. After Deren was imprisoned, he was imprisoned in an ordinary small cell in Victoria Prison. Four criminals lived in the same room. The prison guards were very strict with him and banned activities for 12 hours a day.Some people in Hong Kong sympathized with him, but when they heard about the situation in prison, they felt that William Caine's subordinates were deliberately torturing him.So he initiated a signature letter to Baoling, requesting that Delun's conditions in prison be improved and his sentence reduced.Bowring said it had no authority to deal with requests for a reduced sentence.In fact, the Governor combines administrative, judicial, and legislative powers, and has great powers. Not only does he have the power to commute prisoners, he even has the right to pardon death row prisoners.Of course, Baoling will not commute his sentence for Deren who exposed the scandal of the Hong Kong government.In response to complaints from some British residents, it was only agreed to send someone to prison to investigate the treatment of Deren.The findings concluded that there was no need to improve Deren's conditions in prison.It wasn't until the case reached London, where it became the object of criticism in the House of Commons, that Deren's sentence was halved. Ma La, the editor-in-chief of Ma Ma Pao, has also repeatedly exposed the misdeeds of certain officials of the Hong Kong government in the newspaper.Their exposure of the Chief Registrar, Gohol, was even more intense than that of Deren.He also criticized the current governor, Baoling, for abusing his power and giving special convenience to Jardine Matheson, allowing it to monopolize the market and obtain huge profits from opium trafficking, and Baoling's son is a shareholder of Jardine Matheson.The papers hit the Governor where it hurts.So Bowling filed a counter-suit. As a result, Mara was sentenced to 6 months in prison and fined 100 pounds for "slandering the governor and insulting the government". At that time, the press criticized Bowring a lot, and some Western reporters even accused him of abusing his power. The governor, created a precedent for Hong Kong citizens to accuse the governor. In the third year of Baoling's tenure, on November 21, 1856, the shops opened by the Chinese in Hong Kong closed their doors together in order to oppose the unreasonable regulations promulgated by the Hong Kong British authorities to bully Chinese residents.This was the first general strike in Hong Kong. In that year, the Hong Kong British authorities promulgated the "Purchase of Real Estate Ordinance" and the "Levy of Fees and Costs Ordinance" to try to increase fiscal revenue.Then the "Chinese Housing and Public Security Regulations" was promulgated, which ignored the living habits of the Chinese and violated the interests of the Chinese. The Chinese residents of Hong Kong unanimously expressed their opposition.Although the Chinese repeatedly expressed their opinions, the British Hong Kong authorities ignored them at all.It caused the Chinese to strike collectively.Due to the strike this time, the market trade stopped immediately and the order was in chaos.At that time, the British Hong Kong police force was relatively weak, with only 33 European police officers and 39 Chinese veterans.There are only 238 people in total.The Chinese went on strike, and the Hong Kong government wanted to dispatch the police to suppress it. However, the police force was stretched and they had to maintain patrols and stand guard at the same time.威廉?坚召集当时驻防香港的英军第59团，进入市区，分别驻扎在最繁华的歌赋街和上环，实行武装镇压。还颁布特别法令，征调了四十几个外国商人为“特务警察”，来帮助维持市面秩序。 英国占领香港，开埠之初，曾明文规定，尊重中国人的生活风俗习惯，一切按照“大清律例”，现在竟突然毁诺，对于华人居屋的门窗间隔也一律要按照外国规定办理，违反了中国人自己的传统生活习惯，因此华人居民表示非常不满，屡次要求改善或是暂缓执行这种苛刻条例，官方却执意严厉执行，凡不遵守者一律拘捕，并且加重罚款，逼得香港的中国人忍无可忍。因此当时香港华人团体就在11月20日下午召集全港华人大会，议决要求当局暂缓执行或者放宽处罚。第二天实行罢市，逼迫港府答应这一要求，于是在英帝侵入香港十余年之后，就发生了这次华人商店全体大罢市的风波。 当时总督宝灵不在香港，护督就是威廉?坚。他大为慌张，连忙出示“安民告示”，又接纳了全体华人居民所提出的改善管理七项意见，这才结束了开埠第一次罢市风波。 1855年1月10日，港府正式公布西环至铜锣湾填海计划，声明港督宝灵有权处理一切，凡有损失的业权所有人士，可用延长租地权来抵偿他们的损失。 当年大部分中国籍业权人，都有意接受这项办法。但是外国籍业权人反对港府这一决定，认为港督所提出的计划，损害海上业权人的利益。这个反对意见，由宝顺洋行东主邓脱提出，获得立法局一些非官守议员的支持，并报送伦敦殖民地部。 宝灵总督认为，海旁业权所有人，擅自填海获得土地298685英尺，比较原来向政府租赁的土地面积大出一倍。他们私自填海所得土地，应该属于政府物业，政府有权将这些土地重新估价开投。 1857年，伦敦殖民地部批复，对于邓脱向该部所提出的抗议不予接纳，指令宝灵说，如果有经费的话，可由政府推行填海计划。 中国籍的海旁业权所有人，答允缴纳占用海堤的租金，迫使大部分外籍商人也作同样答允。这样一来，沿海堤岸的业权重归港府所有。只有毕打码头与练兵场之间的一小部分地方的原有业权人英商宝顺洋行和林德赛公司继续反对。 根据英国殖民地部的批复，港府首期填海筑堤工程费用14000英镑，宝灵总督动用两万镑公款，并且于1858年12月23日在立法局提出一个预算案，第一次宣读时，只有邓脱议员投反对票，提案终于首读通过。 由于宝灵离港，前往菲律宾公干，填海筑堤预算案二读会，推延到1859年2月4日才举行。事前，港督和官守议员认为二读通过该预算案不成问题，但到表决时，这个填海筑堤预算案，竟以3票对6票而被否决。官方议员中只有3人投赞成票，辅政司和按察司投了反对票，宝灵万万没有想到，临到任期届满，却吃了狠狠的一闷棍，而且这一棍来自他的左右臂部门，因此，极为愤怒。 历任港督中，一般离职后，眷属都随之返回英国，家人留在香港的，并不多见。宝灵的女儿爱米莱却久居香港不走，并且削发为尼。 宝灵任职期间，香港的外国大商行，主要业务仍是鸦片。其中有一个鸦片商人英利斯，他的太太出身低微，以致受到其他鸦片商夫人的歧视，一切社交活动都不愿邀请她参加。英利斯太太的一些往事，成为当年香港上流社会中“耳语”话题。英利斯太太因受到不平等待遇，心理不平衡。后来她灵机一动，辗转托人关照，终于巴结上了宝灵总督的爱女爱米莱。 宝灵总督女儿爱米莱与英利斯太太一见如故，两人来往逐渐密切，成为闺中好友。 爱米莱经常邀请英利斯太太到督辕来喝下午茶；爱米莱有时还乘坐八人抬的皇冠徵号总督座轿，前往英利斯家中，与英利斯太太喝茶谈天，这成为当时上流社会太太圈里的大新闻。上流社会的太太们咬牙切齿，妒忌英利斯太太，但另一方面，又不得不改变了对待英利斯太太的态度，因为宝灵总督爱女爱米莱与她关系如此亲密，巴结还唯恐不能，就更是得罪不起了。 1859年，宝灵总督任满，离港返回英国时，爱米莱却不愿跟随父亲返英，一方面她喜欢上了香港，另一方面有好友英利斯太太在香港为伴。 后来，宝灵?爱米莱终于到香港一个意大利教派的尼庵去修行。最后在香港病逝。这是香港开埠之后的港督罕有家事。 罗便臣1859年9月至1865年3月在港任总督，任期6年，是第五任港督。 1859年9月9日，罗便臣接替宝灵遗缺，上任时35岁。