Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Academic Competitors

There are three semesters in each academic year, and there are exams at the end of each semester.I was at the top of the math test in the first semester, scoring more than 90 points.But I am not the one with the best English and economics scores. I am ranked second, behind a lady named Ke Yuzhi, and my scores are far behind.This shocked me.I met Miss Ke at Raffles Institution. In 1939, because she was the only girl in this all-boys school, the principal asked her to present the award on the year-end awards day, and I received three books from her... My grandmother had her own way of educating me. In 1929, when I was not yet six years old, she insisted that I attend classes at a nearby school, along with other fishermen's children.The school is located in a wooden house with a solid earth floor and an attap roof.There is only one classroom with wooden desks and benches.There is another room, which is the home of a scrawny middle-aged Chinese teacher.Students aged from 6 to 10 years old all use the same simple textbook and read together with the teacher.Ordinarily we were learning Chinese, but probably the teacher was not well educated and taught more Hokkien than Mandarin.In fact, he didn't teach at all. He only asked us to recite the words with him, and he didn't explain the meaning of the words. Even if he explained, we couldn't understand them.

I complained to my mother, and she gave advice to my grandmother.But my mother was only a 22-year-old young woman at the time, and my grandmother was a 48-year-old experienced parent who raised nine children from two marriages.Determined to give me some Chinese education, she sent me to Chun Yuen School in Joo Chiat Terrace, a mile away from home.I walk to school every day.This school is much more decent, a two-story wooden building with about 10 classrooms, a concrete floor, and a desk for each student.There are 35 to 40 students in each class, ranging from 6 to 12 years old.But the Chinese class is still a headache.At home, I speak English with my parents, Baba Malay (Malay mixed with Chinese vocabulary and grammar) with my grandparents, and Malay mixed with Hokkien with my friends who are fishermen’s children.The Chinese language taught at school is very unfamiliar to me, and it has nothing to do with my life.I couldn't understand most of what the teacher said.Uncle couldn't help either, because they were not educated in Chinese.

Two or three months later, I begged my mother to let me transfer to the British school, and this time my grandmother agreed. In the first month of 1930, I transferred to Telok Kurau English School.The school is also about a mile from my house, on the other side of my house.I still walk to school and home, not only in different directions, but also in different schools.It is a government primary school and instruction is in English only.I could understand what the teacher said, and I made progress without much effort.Most of the students are Chinese, there are a few Indians, and some Malay students are transferred from Telok Kurau Malay School.

Primary school life was uneventful.I still remember that when the sports meeting was held, the playground was covered with colorful flags, hurdles were placed, and the names of the winners were announced with a megaphone, and then awards were presented.I haven't won any awards.The hottest sport was soccer, and I played it casually with bare feet.Malay students are natural football players, and they are much better at playing football than Chinese students. They also have the upper hand in general sports.Chinese students have better academic performance than them, especially in mathematics.

I started from the first grade, skipped a grade and went to No. 1. It took me only six years to complete the primary school that would have taken me seven years. After finishing No. 5 class, I took the island-wide examination and tried to enter a government middle school①. In 1935, when I was about to graduate, I worked harder and got the first place in the school.I was accepted by Raffles Institution, which only accepts the best students. Grandmother suffers from tuberculosis But just the year before, in 1934, my grandmother had been terribly ill with tuberculosis.This event marked the end of my childhood life.My grandfather and grandmother lived next door to us. My grandmother often coughed non-stop, and her cough could be heard through the board wall at night.She was getting thinner and her hair was graying.The western doctor who treated my grandmother finally gave up, saying that she was running out of time.The family discusses what to do.Uncle Qinghe, the oldest of the educated sons in the family, agreed to invite a Malay witch doctor to do his job.It is said that the Malay witch doctor has the ability to treat the sick and blind patients.

The invited witch doctor was about 50 years old, with a thin body, a goatee, piercing eyes and a strong personality.After examining his grandmother, he told his uncle and aunts that there was still a way.He gave some herbs and charms and prayed for my grandmother.After a few days, my grandmother seemed to be better and refreshed, but she still had a cough.After improving, the condition deteriorated again and again for four months until September of the same year.One day, my grandmother's condition deteriorated seriously, and the family rushed to invite the witch doctor in the evening.I remember clearly how he treated my grandmother.He made the grandmother lie on her stomach, lifted her blouse and licked her back, and every time he licked, he spit out something bloody into the plate) Uncle became suspicious, picked up the plate and looked at it, saying that the thing looked like blood.After the witch doctor licked it for 10 minutes, the grandmother fell into a deep sleep, perhaps in a coma.

The witch doctor told his uncle that ghosts and gods must be appeased.On the second night, there will be a Malay show in the garden in front of the house, and there will be offerings of fruits, flowers and nasi lemak with turmeric.The offerings must be placed on a miniature Malay boat and sent from the seaside of Siglap to the sea.Two days later, the Malay opera was staged. The Malay actors performed the sacrificial dance accompanied by the mournful sound of the Malay flute and the strange beating of drums, which left me dumbfounded.I don't know why I did this, and I couldn't help panicking, and even had a bad premonition. I subconsciously felt that my grandmother might pass away soon.

At the same moment, a group of people walked to Siglap Beach 200 meters away with a miniature Malay boat loaded with fruits, flowers and nasi lemak.Two hours later, Uncle Qingxi, who was in charge of urging me to study, came back with everyone.He said that the boat capsized and sank after drifting about 60 meters in the sea. The witch doctor said that the ghosts and gods were unhappy, and my grandmother would die soon.The next day, October 9, 1934, at 9:45 p.m., my grandmother died. I was 11 years old at the time, and I didn't really trust other people's opinions.Later, I studied physics and chemistry in middle school, and when I read about the miracles created by Western medicine, I became suspicious of what I saw.Spitting blood licked from the grandmother's back on a plate, is it magic to deceive people? But after the help of western medicine, the witch doctor can make the grandmother live four months longer.How could the witch doctor have predicted her death a day or two before? I have never been able to solve the mystery.So whenever someone tells me what other witch doctors have done, I have to think about it.

The grandmother is the bond that holds the extended family together.Before she died, two aunts got married and moved out.Since the Raffles Institution where I will study is located in the city center, it is inconvenient to go to school from Telok Kurau every day. My parents also decided to leave the big family at this time.They rented a house at 28 Nafu Road from an Indian family.It was a new small building with brick feet, and it was also divided into two parts, the front and the back. The back half was the kitchen, storage room, garage and outdoor toilet.We moved in at the end of 1935.When the academy started in the first month of the second year, we were already living in the urban area.

Raffles Institution was the best English school in Singapore back then, and it still is.Colleges are named after their founders. In April 1823, Raffles called a conference a few days before leaving Singapore.He said at the meeting that there are several Malay schools in Singapore that teach children to read the Koran, one missionary school and three Chinese schools that teach in different dialects. Due to the lack of concentrated manpower and material resources, these schools are not doing well.He was going to set up an academy.About this college he once said: "I believe in God, the establishment of this college may be a way to educate millions of people and improve their living conditions."

At the meeting, Raffles proposed three major purposes: to educate the children of the local high-ranking people; to provide a way for East India Company employees in need to learn the local language; to collect local literature and traditional materials scattered everywhere in order to understand Local laws and customs, designed to help local people. He allocated a piece of land near the sea and immediately started construction of the school, but by 1830 the school building had not been completed, so it was abandoned.Although the situation was very unstable at the beginning, it later developed into the most outstanding school with the support of the government, training a small group of outstanding students with rich knowledge, many of whom won the "Queen's Scholarship" and went to Oxford, Cambridge, London, Edinburgh. and other UK universities to study medicine, law and engineering. In 1936, I entered Raffles Institution with about 150 talented students from 15 government primary schools.Admission criteria are based on grades. Students are from various ethnic groups and classes with different religious beliefs, and some of them are from the Malay Peninsula.The early principals were British, and the way of running schools imitated British public schools.I was assigned a "dormitory", like at boarding school. There are five "dormitories", all named after previous principals.British public schools have real dormitories, where students live with their housemasters; Raffles Institution is a day school and has no dormitories.Nevertheless, the school encourages us to establish a "dormitory" spirit, and sports such as cricket, football, volleyball, hockey and track and field are all played in "dormitory" units. The school's syllabus is developed for the Cambridge Junior Diploma and Cambridge Advanced Diploma examinations held throughout the British Empire.Students take the test at 15 and 17 years old.The textbooks used, especially English, English Literature, History of the British Empire, Mathematics and Geography, were common in the British colonies and are believed to have been adapted from textbooks used in British schools.All subjects are taught in English.Years later, when I met Commonwealth leaders from remote islands in the Caribbean or the Pacific, I found that they were using the same textbooks, had the same training, and were able to quote the same ornate passages from Shakespeare's plays. Middle school is divided into four levels: No. 6, No. 7, Cambridge Junior Class and Cambridge Advanced Class.I'm not too hardworking, but I'm good at math and science, and I have a solid foundation in English. At the end of Class No. 6, the grades were above average, and he was promoted to Class No. 7A.During the 7th year, I can enter the top three without much effort.I was still not very focused in class, and kept up with the teacher's progress by peeking at the notes of Zhang Jialiang, a classmate sitting next to me.Jialiang's notes are neatly written, but he will cover them with both hands to prevent me from reading them.He is the best student in the class.The grade teacher at that time was Indian Campos. He wrote words of praise and encouragement on my report card: "Harry Lee Kuan Yew is determined to make a difference. He may be in a high position in his life. --M.N. Campos" No. 1 in the school and No. 1 in Singapore and Malaysia I got into Cambridge Junior A, the top class.The grade teacher, the British Griff, was a young Oxford graduate, with thick light brown hair, an amiable man, almost 30 years old and still unmarried, going overseas for the first time.He has no racial prejudice, mostly because he has not lived in the colony of Singapore for a long time, and he does not know that he must keep a certain distance from the locals.In order to maintain British dominance, the British felt that it was necessary to keep a certain distance from the locals.Under Grieve's teaching, my English has improved a lot, and my grades are good, ranking first in Raffles Institution in the Cambridge Preliminary Diploma Examination.The exam was set by the University of Cambridge and revised by the University of Cambridge.It was the first time for me to take such an important exam.In the same year, I won two awards, one is the Raffles Institution Scholarship and the other is the Chen Ruojin Scholarship.The two scholarships total 350 yuan (Straits Settlements currency ②).I bought a beautiful Lili bicycle with three gears and a full chain guard to ride to school in style for only 70 yuan.Better things are yet to come.I am fully committed to excelling in my Cambridge Advanced Diploma exams. When the list was released in early March 1940, I couldn't be happier.I was ranked No. 1 in the school, and also No. 1 in Singapore and Malaya.Coates, an Australian teacher, wrote in my last report card: "For his level, Lee is well-informed, different, and very flexible. He is full of enthusiasm, energy, and a bright future. -- C. H. Coates" The years at Raffles Institution made me happy.I could do my homework well, and I was active in Boy Scouts, played cricket, occasionally played tennis, swam, and took part in several debates.But I have never been a senior, let alone the chief senior.I am mischievous by nature, and teachers often find that I am absent-minded, and I have a unique habit of writing notes to classmates or imitating some teachers' speech.There was an Indian science teacher who gave boring lectures. I once drew a large bald back of his head in the laboratory and got caught by the school. Once Principal McLeod punished me.He was just, disciplined, and unselfish.There is a school rule that a student who is late twice in a semester will be given three whips.I'm a night owl, not a lark, and I can't wake up in the morning. In 1938, I was late for the third time in a semester, and my grade teacher told me to see the principal.I have received many prizes and scholarships on the awards day, and the principal recognizes me.He didn't tell me to go back after scolding me, but he didn't show mercy.I lay on a chair and was beaten three times through my pants.I still don't understand why Western educators strongly oppose corporal punishment.Corporal punishment did not harm me or my classmates, and it may actually be of great benefit to us. Anyway, I'm learning to take life seriously.My parents told me that two of their friends, a lawyer and a doctor, were doing well enough to start their own businesses, so they weren't hit by the Great Recession.My father regretted not working hard when he was young, and tried his best to persuade me to pursue a professional career.So I decided very early on to be a lawyer, to be a professional, and not to work for others. something big happened elsewhere During my Cambridge Junior and Cambridge Senior classes, I had a vague sense that something big was going on in the rest of the world. In 1938, there was the Munich crisis, and war was on the verge of breaking out. In September 1939, when we were preparing for the Cambridge Advanced Diploma exams, the headlines in the newspapers reported that the German army had invaded Poland and that the British government had issued an ultimatum to Germany.A declaration of war followed, but it was a war that was far from ours.As far as I know, the only exciting event in Singapore during the First World War from 1914 to 1918 was the mutiny of the British-led Indian Army stationed at Si Pai Po near the Central Hospital in February 1915; business as usual.However, this time, with the development of the situation, the war is not far away.Grieve, my primary Cambridge teacher, was an active member of the Flying Club.He returned to England to join the Royal Air Force.I was very sad to hear later that he died in battle.Nothing about the war in Europe touches my heart more than this.This enterprising young Oxford graduate died just as I had seen on film the fearless combat pilots of the First World War. During this time, the locals only had to raise funds and collect scrap metal, especially aluminum, for the aircraft industry.Until 1941, we Asians did not believe that war would spread to Singapore.We should have learned a better lesson from this incident. By the time Cambridge Advanced Diploma results were released in February 1940, the war was in full swing in Europe.France is seriously threatened and is about to fall.Going to London to study law can only be postponed.My grades ranked first in both Singapore and Malaya, and I was awarded the most prestigious Anderson Scholarship at that time, allowing me to enter Raffles College.The scholarship was donated by Sir John Anderson, head of one of Singapore's leading British business houses.Scholarship recipients can receive about 900 yuan per year.Scholarships are awarded every three years to students with the best test scores. The 1940 issue is mine.Compared with other government scholarships, the Anderson scholarship is 200 yuan more, and there is still money left over after paying tuition, books, and board and lodging. Raffles College was established by the Straits Settlements government in 1928 with the consent of the British Ministry of Colonial Affairs. It has liberal arts (English, history, geography, economics) and science (physics, chemistry, theoretical and applied mathematics).The government has designed a number of beautiful buildings for it, including quadrangles and cloisters that look like Cambridge and Oxford universities, built of concrete and inlaid with stones; the architectural design also takes into account the tropical climate. Each subject in the college is headed by a professor, with one or two lecturers, about half of whom are first-class honors graduates from Oxford or Cambridge.Most of those who teach liberal arts and mathematics are excellent graduates of these two universities.Most of the science subjects come from universities across Scotland.Since Raffles College is not a university, students do not have a degree after completing the three-year course, but only a diploma, which is divided into first class, second class or third class.But professors have adopted the Oxford and Cambridge system of lectures, tutoring and writing papers every week. Examinations and final grading may be stricter than most British universities, as is the case with King Edward VII Medical College, which trains doctors from Singapore and Malaysia.In the British colonies, it is well understood that diplomas and degrees from local tertiary institutions must be of the highest standard in order to be recognized in the UK.Therefore, the honorary degrees of universities in India and Sri Lanka are at least equal to those of the University of London; even compared with those of Cambridge University and Oxford University, they are not inferior. As a scholarship recipient, I have to live in a dormitory.It is not easy to adapt to new situations.To cope with Singapore's hot and humid climate, the architects designed spacious dormitories with high ceilings.Each dormitory is divided into 20 rooms, with balconies outside the floor-to-ceiling windows.The rooms are separated by walls more than 2 meters high, which are slightly higher than people, so that the air can circulate freely.But then the sound echoed over 20 rooms and balconies where the young students lived.Boarding students are not only from Singapore, but also from all over Malaya. When I was in my first year, students had to take three subjects.English is a compulsory subject for all liberal arts students.I concentrated on improving my ability to use English so that I could study law in the future.Secondly, I choose mathematics because I like it and my ability is not bad.I chose economics in the end, thinking that I could learn how to make money in shopping malls and the stock market-how naive! After the first year, I had to choose a major, and I chose mathematics. There are three semesters in each academic year, and there are exams at the end of each semester.I was at the top of the math test in the first semester, scoring more than 90 points.But I am not the one with the best English and economics scores. I am ranked second, behind a lady named Ke Yuzhi, and my scores are far behind.This shocked me.I met Miss Ke at Raffles Institution. In 1939, because she was the only girl in this all-boys school, the headmaster asked her to present the award on the year-end awards day, and I received three books from her that were awarded to me.We met often afterwards. But most importantly, she has been assigned to a special two-year class for the Queen's Scholarship.I am very troubled.The entire Straits Settlements (Singapore, Penang, and Malacca) have only two Queen's Scholarships a year, and the two students with the best grades may not get it.My biggest concern is that the authorities may not want to award both scholarships to Singaporean students, but will distribute them equally according to the region, so that students from Penang and Malacca will also have the opportunity.In this way, even if it is ranked second, it will not be selected. Famous for being teased by the whole school My first year at Raffles Institution was not as smooth as my first year at Raffles Institution.At that time there was a tradition to tease freshmen for a whole semester.I had the best grades and was well-known throughout the school.Perhaps because of my height and conspicuousness, some older students picked me up for teasing, especially a Eurasian student named Ebert.Ebert was small, dark, wiry, and a nuisance.He is an excellent athlete, but has a strong inferiority complex.I complied with everything he asked me to do, but he could see my resentment, which made him especially happy.I never believed that playing tricks could strengthen the solidarity of a class or company of midshipmen. I had to sing; I had to crawl along a square, pushing a marble with my nose; I had to wear a battered green tie and walk ahead of the new students, carrying a blatant green flag.It's all pointless, but I'm doing it right.This is part of the price I have to pay for joining an academy that is both immature and developing the wrong tradition.In the second year, when it was my turn to play tricks on the freshmen, I publicly objected and tried to persuade my classmates not to do so, but without success.I have experienced hardships when I was a freshman, but vented it on the people who came after me. I firmly oppose this practice. Besides, we had to wear ties and jackets in class.There is no air-conditioning in the lecture hall, and a west-facing classroom in the science building has become a veritable oven.Sweating and sitting in the wind, you will definitely catch a cold and cough.Constantly alternating between a breezy place and a hot and humid room, I feel uncomfortable.All in all, I had a pretty rough first year.Living in unfamiliar surroundings, eating unappetizing college meals, and sharing a dormitory with 19 classmates made me feel a sense of loss. In the second year, I changed from Block C to Block E with a better location. The room is cool and pleasant.But in the past year, I felt awkward and often caught colds and coughs, which must have affected my studies.I remember that at the end of a semester, I couldn't even rank first in mathematics.Even so, when the school year ended in March 1941, I was doing well, ranking first in theoretical mathematics.But Ke Yuzhi's English and economics topped the list, and the third subject of history seems to be the same.Statistics is part of the economics test paper, and my score is slightly higher than hers.But I was very unhappy, knowing that there would be stiff competition for the Queen's Scholarship. Exposure to Malayist Politics Looking back on the situation back then, I realized that my study at Raffles Institution was the beginning of my exposure to Malayist politics.The colonial government of Singapore treated all local ethnic groups equally, and the local Malays were used to receiving the same treatment as other ethnic groups. In June 1940, I met for the first time a number of Malays who had grown up under a different system.In the Malay Federation ③, especially in the Malay States ④, the aboriginal Malays enjoy political and economic privileges and occupy a dominant position in society.In the Federation of Malays, there are only five Raffles College scholarships for non-Malays, but there are more quotas for Malays to choose from; the same is true in the Malay States.Among the 100 students admitted each year, 20 Malay students are from the states in the interior, and the scholarships are provided by the state government. Malays have a strong sense of unity.I later found out that it was because they felt threatened by being overwhelmed by the energetic and hardworking alien races - the Chinese and Indians.There are two Malay classmates who were in the same age as me and later became outstanding leaders. One of them is the former Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Razak.Tun Razak was my classmate in English and economics, but I couldn't get along.He was a Pahang nobleman who kept a certain distance from the other Malay students, who respected him.The people I got along with were civilians, and two of them were college cricket reps.During my childhood, I made Malay friends in Telok Kurau Primary School and Raffles Institution and spoke Malay fluently.But I soon discovered that their attitude towards non-Malays, especially Chinese, was completely different from that of Singaporean Malays.In the second year, a Malay student from Kedah made friends with me. He told me: "For us Malays, you Chinese are too energetic and smart. There are too many Chinese in Kedah. We can't bear this kind of pressure." The pressure he was referring to was competition for jobs, business, and rankings in schools and universities.The Malays are natives, and the new immigrants are much smarter, more competitive, and much more determined than them. They are afraid that high positions will be taken away by these immigrants.Perhaps because the Chinese and Indians performed better and had more confidence, they did not have the same sense of unity as the Malays.They don't feel threatened and therefore don't talk about solidarity. One thing has left a deep impression on my mind.In their second year, the students were dissatisfied with the arrangement of the Raffles Institute Students' Union to hold a perennial dinner at the old Seaview Hotel.The non-Malay students lodged complaints with the Students' Union, and the Honorary Secretary of the Students' Union, Ong Ku Aziz, reacted unceremoniously with sharp arrogance, making them angry.So a small number of students began to take action, calling for a special general meeting to criticize him and remove him from his post.But he was Malay - he later became the first Malay president of the University of Malaya.Malay students rallied around him as the campaign for signatures calling for a special general meeting reached its climax.They stated that if he was removed from his position, they would withdraw collectively.This is a challenge for non-Malay students.The students came to me and asked me to be the first to speak up, expressing everyone's dissatisfaction with Weng Gu Azi.I didn't go to the dinner party, and I didn't have any trouble with Ung Ku Aziz.But since Meiru was willing to do such a thing, I decided to accept their request.The meeting was held on a Saturday afternoon, when many students left the college, presumably not wishing to be involved in the matter.The students who stayed in the dormitory attended the meeting, and all the Malay students attended the meeting.The situation at the venue was tense, and the atmosphere of racism was strong. That was the first time I encountered a Malayism that was one-sidedly pro-Malay and opposed to immigrants.I put forward my views neither humble nor overbearing, and my attitude was firm.Ongku Aziz spoke to refute the accusations that he was rude.I could sense that the 80 or so students present were very disturbed by the confrontation.Malay votes in favor of Ong Ku Aziz were in the majority, and the student union was not split.However, non-Malay students feel they have voiced their dissatisfaction.Afterwards the incident faded from my mind until we had similar problems when we became part of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965. It was an era of competition and confrontation, and it was also an era of establishing eternal friendship.It was in my favor to get into Raffles Institution and Raffles College.Later, the best students of Raffles Institution performed well in government departments and commercial organizations, and so did Raffles Institution's students. Guan Shiqiang is two classes ahead of me in Raffles Institution. He is a talented student who is good at mathematics, English and Chinese. He can play the violin and is also an artist.He is a "generalist" in Singapore and often has patents for some inventions.During his first year at Raffles Institution, he lived next door to me in Block C dormitory and practiced his violin every evening before dinner.Over time, I also got used to the sound of the piano.Despite his mute, the sound still echoed over the low walls in the high-ceilinged dormitory.He became a teacher and eventually the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education.I later appointed him President of the University of Singapore.It is a great loss to us that he died of cancer in his 60s after his retirement as Singapore's ambassador to Manila. Many of the people I met at Raffles Institution later joined me in political activities.One of them was Du Jincai, a science student who was one year earlier than me.He is taciturn, firm in his approach, hardworking and methodical.The other is Wu Qingrui, who is an economic mentor, with a first-rate brain, not good at words, and his writing is clear. Therefore, when I started practicing as a lawyer in the 1950s, I already had many friends and acquaintances who held senior government and professional positions in both Singapore and Malaya.In Singapore and Malaya, even if you don't know each other, as long as you have the same background, it is easy for the other party to accept you; school connections play a very good role, and Malays are no exception.The Malays in the interior of the Malay peninsula were not hostile to me before the political activism, when power was still fully in the hands of the British.I made friends with many Mainland Malays, including two circuit judges who tried my cases. The British colonial education system produced the best 1 in 1,000 English-educated students, making them elite and building alumni networks naturally.We went to similar schools, read the same textbooks, and shared certain common attitudes and personality traits.This school system, which encourages students to network through the way they talk, behave, dress and do things, is not unique to British public schools. Note: ①The educational system of British schools at that time was: primary one, primary two; No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5 (equivalent to elementary school): No. 6, No. 7, No. 8, No. 9 (equivalent to middle school) . ②Issued by the British colonial government in Singapore, and circulated in Malaya and Singapore during the British colonial rule.Because Singapore was also called Shilapo at that time, it was also called Latcoin. ③ The Federation of Malay States (Federated Malay States, 1920-1941) consists of four Malay states, Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan, and is protected by the United Kingdom, which has resident officers stationed in each state. ④ Malay State (Unfederated Malay States) consists of five Malay states: Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu.It was protected by the United Kingdom in the early 20th century, and the United Kingdom sent advisers to the states.