Chapter 37 Part IX: The New Moon Human Rights and Beyond

On May 17, 1927, Hu Shi returned to Shanghai from Japan.He also received a long letter from Gu Jiegang.In the letter, Gu spoke to the teacher and tears, saying: With the qualifications I have followed for ten years, I sincerely advise Mr.: Do not go back to Beijing.In the current Beijing cabinet, you have many acquaintances. During the time of the National Revolution, they worked for Zhang Zuolin, and they knew they were counter-revolutionaries.Once Mr. Wen goes to Beijing, they may not refuse to win over him. The public is not tolerant, and Mr. Hu may be affected because of them. ... This is something I persuaded with tears, please listen to me, sir! ①There are circles under the words "Never go to Beijing", which shows that it is extremely important! Why? Front As I have already said, Hu Shi himself once advocated "good government doctrine", served as a member of the aftermath conference of Duan Qirui's government, and opposed the confiscation of the Qing Palace. These can be regarded as "counter-revolutionary" actions; Warlords and politicians.During the National Revolution, if Hu Shi went back to Beijing again, on the day when the Beiyang government collapsed, would he be able to escape the charge of "counter-revolutionary"? He waited and watched in Japan for more than 20 days, and this was what he thought about day and night. What was going on in his heart? Don't understand? Beijing, at this time, absolutely can't go back, so he decided to stay in Shanghai.

At that time, the Beiyang government was already in turmoil, and its financial resources had already been exhausted.Universities in Beijing can't even pay their salaries, and the life of teachers is very miserable; political oppression is getting worse day by day, and the "March 18" massacres and other massacres of petitioning students and people have occurred in succession.As a result, a large number of cultural people fled south to seek refuge, either longing to join the revolution, or seeking a new shelter.It turned out that a group of people from the New Moon Society and "Modern Review" also went south one after another. Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu, Rao Mengkan, Yu Shangyuan, Ding Xilin, Ye Gongchao, Pan Guangdan, Shao Xunmei and other new and old members all gathered in the Shanghai.Soon after Hu Shi returned to China, people from the Xinyue Society contacted and discussed, and everyone raised funds to set up a Xinyue Bookstore.They promoted Hu Shi as chairman and Zhang Yujiu as manager.Therefore, an advertisement was published in the "Shenbao" on June 30:

New Moon Bookstore Opening Announcement The store is located at No. 159, Merciertillo Road, near the French Park, Hualong Road, Shanghai. It is scheduled to officially open on July 1st. Refreshments are provided. All are welcome to visit. I hope that Xi Ben will come and give me advice. Sincerely, Xinyue Bookstore opened Xinyue Bookstore, because Xu Zhimo has many connections and familiar personnel, so he contributed the most.Hu Shi only has a share capital of 100 yuan, ② but in the name of the chairman, he is even more embarrassed not to fulfill the obligations of shareholders.He agreed to revise "History of Vernacular Literature" and publish it to Xinyue Bookstore.

This book was originally a lecture on the "History of Mandarin Literature" given by Hu Shi at the Third National Language Institute held by the Ministry of Education in the winter of 1921.The next year he went to Tianjin to give lectures. He stayed in a hotel and revised the manuscript of the "History of Chinese Literature".Later, the Beijing Cultural Society actually printed this handout, with the title of the book inscribed by Yi Gu Xuantong printed on the cover, and there was a "preface" written by Li Jinxi in front of the book, which seemed to be an official publication. ③ After Hu Shi learned about it, he felt that "this kind of view is immature and the materials are not complete, and the draft that was rushed out was published", and he felt "very embarrassed", so he decided to revise this book. ④ This modification is almost a rewrite;

Moreover, the scope of "vernacular literature" is enlarged, and it is actually writing a history of Chinese literature.Since the bookstore was just opened, the manuscripts were urgently rushed, and Hu Shi "printed as he wrote" was still in a hurry, and there were inevitably many omissions; Some of these insights may seem shallow and naive even today.However, this book can be said to be the first work to use modern scientific methods to study and sort out the history of ancient Chinese literature.It's a pity that the continuation has not been completed, and it is "half a book" again!

Not long after the opening of the New Moon Bookstore, the "Modern Review", which was originally published in Beijing, was also moved to Shanghai for editing and publishing; they also started to create a "New Moon" magazine.There have been some twists and turns in the creation of this publication.According to Liang Shiqiu in the article "Before and After the New Moon": At first, Mr. Hu, Zhimo and Shang Yuan were in charge of planning the magazine. After an agreement was reached, Shang Yuan went to Pan Guangdan's house on Scott Road, Zhabei, and announced that Mr. Hu would be the president and Zhimo would be the editor.Wen Yiduo and Rao Mengkan, who gathered at Guangdan’s house at that time, expressed their dissent. On the surface, it was because the president and editor-in-chief had not been elected by colleagues, and the procedures were inconsistent. In fact, Xinyue’s group of people were all strong individualists. , No one wants to follow others.What a tactful person Zhimo is, he immediately advocated changing to a collective system, and Brother Hu was not among them at all.

Probably because of this disturbance in the Pan family, Hu Shi, who is known for his self-cultivation, was also a little angry. He wrote a letter to Xu Zhimo, saying that he "determined to leave Xinyue Bookstore" and proposed five conditions to the board of directors: 1. Please allow me to resign as a director. 2. Please allow me to resign as a member of the Manuscript Review Committee. 3. The three stocks I recruited last time—Jiang Dongxiu, Zhang Weici, and Hu Sidu—please return them to me, and I will return them to their original owners. 4. My own share, please allow me to return it... 5. My "History of Vernacular Literature" has 350 pages, and it has not been finished yet, so it has not been printed. Please allow me to take back the hard copy. It will be published separately, and I will pay the cost of typesetting and paper printing. ... ⑤Hu Shi asked to resign from his position, take away his share capital, and withdraw his manuscript.

The ultimatum letter was not made public at the time.After all, Xu Zhimo is "really the loveliest cloud" among fellow members of the New Moon Club, ⑥ or "what a smooth guy".The storm finally passed, and the "New Moon" finally rose in March 1928.The inaugural issue published a masterpiece of Hu Shi's "New Materials for Textual Research on "Dream of Red Mansions". The Xinyue Club, which was reorganized in Shanghai, opened a bookstore, published a weekly magazine, and created a new monthly magazine "New Moon" and "Poetry Magazine" (quarterly magazine), publishing political, economic, and cultural articles mainly written by members of the New Moon School. Many works, such as literature and translation, can be called the heyday of the Crescent Society.

① Gu Jiegang sent a letter to Hu Shi on April 28, 1927, see "Selected Letters from Hu Shi", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, May 1, 1979, Volume 1, p. 428. ②Hu Shi said in "Preface to the History of Vernacular Literature" that he "only had a share capital of 100 yuan"; but in his letter to Xu Zhimo on January 28, 1928, he said that he also recruited Jiang Dongxiu, Zhang Weici, and Hu Sidu One share for each, and Hu Shi himself has another share.According to this, excluding Zhang's shares, the Hu family's share capital is not only one hundred yuan, but three hundred yuan.

③The History of Chinese Language and Literature published by Beijing Culture Society was published in April 1927.Li Jinxi made a "preface" on February 16, in which he explained the compilation and revision of the book, saying: "His (referring to Hu Shi)'s first draft was compiled for the Ministry of Education's third Mandarin lecture in the 10th year of the Republic of China. ... In April of the following year (1922), I gave a lecture at the Zhili Mandarin Institute in Tianjin. Mr. Hu also came, and he moved the order of the chapters of this lecture in the hotel.In December of that year, the Ministry of Education organized the 4th National Language Institute, and he changed it a few more places—this is the current printed version. (the beginning of the book)

This "History of Chinese Literature" is divided into three volumes, the first volume is the common people's literature of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, the second volume is the vernacularization of Tang Dynasty literature, and the third volume is the vernacular literature of the Song and Song Dynasties.Appendix "Chinese Literature in the Past Fifty Years". ④ See "History of Vernacular Literature? Preface", Shanghai Crescent Bookstore, June 1928 edition, front volume.Later, it was included in "Three Collections of Hu Shi's Essays", which was published by Shanghai Yadong Library in September 1930. ⑤ See "Hu Shi's Correspondence and Selected Letters", Volume 1, pp. 457-458. ⑥ This phrase comes from Hu Shi's article "Remembrance of Zhimo", which was published in the first issue of Volume 4 of "New Moon" magazine "Zhimo Memorial". In March 1928, just as the "New Moon" was rising by the Huangpu River, a storm broke out at the Chinese Public School in Wusong Beach, Shanghai. It was not resolved until the end of April, and the principal, He Lu, resigned.The school board pushed Hu Shi to succeed, hoping that he could come forward to maintain it and calm the trend.Due to the relationship with his alma mater, Hu Shi generously agreed to take office as the principal of Zhong Gong on April 30. After Hu Shi took over from the Chinese Public School, he had a lot of innovations.At that time, China was short of both talents and funds, so it was difficult to establish a comprehensive and large-scale university.Offcn is extremely poor in funding and is on the verge of bankruptcy. However, it has 4 colleges of literature, business, law, and science and engineering, 17 departments, and only more than 300 students.Hu Shi felt that it was necessary to abolish and reform.In his school history he said: We felt that the scale of the subject organization established by Mr. He Lu during his tenure was too large for the economic situation of the public school. Therefore, starting from the summer vacation of the 17th year, the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Law were abolished, and the rest of the departments were also abolished and reorganized. There are two colleges and seven departments for the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Social Sciences.The former Faculty of Commerce became the Department of Commerce within the Faculty of Social Sciences. The remaining six departments are the Department of Chinese Literature, the Department of Foreign Languages ​​and Literature, the Department of Philosophy, the Department of Mathematics and Physics, the Department of History and Sociology, and the Department of Political Economy. ① This kind of reform, seeking truth from facts, and after a period of hard work, actually "rescued the school from bankruptcy and enabled it to develop greatly", so that it prospered. ② There are more than 1,300 students at most; while the whole school only has 1 accountant, 1 office worker, 1 dormitory supervisor, and a total of 14 staff members. ③Compared with some universities with bloated institutions today, it can be regarded as a streamlined administration. As the president of the university, Hu Shi attached great importance to the cultivation of students' intelligence.He set up a scholarship in Offcn to reward students for studying; he also actively advocated writing, various academic seminars, lectures and other activities.Hu Shi believes that these activities can arouse students' interest in reading and help them think and learn.He once said: We believe that written records can help ideology and learning: it can gradually organize thoughts and make knowledge progress step by step. …The account books of merchants are often written "Diligent writing frees thinking"; in fact, diligent writing does not free me from thinking, but helps me to think. ④ Under Hu Shi's advocacy and encouragement, the school established "Wusong Monthly", and many publications such as "Wild Horse" were also established among the students, and a free, active, and lively reading atmosphere emerged. Hu Shi also attached great importance to sports, and once wrote a short song for the school sports meeting: All the athletes come forward. Only one person is the first, and everyone must strive to be the first. It is gratifying to win, but also happy to lose. All the athletes come forward. All the athletes come together. The glory of the whole is for us to bear. To win with honor, to lose with honor. All the athletes come together. ⑤ What he values ​​is not only the physical exercise of the students, but also the cultivation of the students' character on the sports field. He hopes that the young people will develop a dignified sportsman's demeanor. For the young students with outstanding grades in the school, Hu Shi was very enthusiastic about cultivating and supporting them, and even had some preference, but he was also quite strict.At that time, Luo Ergang, a student in the College of Arts and Sciences, was usually not active at all, and he was silent in school.But he had excellent grades, won the school's first scholarship, and did a good job in his thesis on cultural history, which was appreciated by President Hu. In the summer of 1930, Rolle graduated from the outline.On the eve of graduation, he wrote a letter to Hu Shi, asking him to introduce a job.Hu Shi invited Luo Ergang to be his tutor and accepted him as his "apprentice".Luo stayed in the Hu family for five years. In addition to guiding Zuwang and Sidu brothers to study, he also helped transcribe and sort out Mr. Hu Tiehua's posthumous works, and studied historiography under the guidance of Hu Shi.Later, Luo Ergang wrote an autobiography "Records of Teacher's Humiliation", describing the life of being a "disciple" with Hu Shi during the past five years, which is quite cordial and vivid.which reads: As soon as I entered the teacher's school, the teacher who was suitable taught me the three words "not to be careless", and I used to follow the teacher's teaching.After his wife and children came to Peiping, in order to sell manuscripts to subsidize their living, most of the articles had to be crudely produced. ...it still hurts to think about it. I am very ashamed and very grateful. Every time I publish this kind of article, I get a strict lesson from the right teacher. According to Luo Ergang's records, Hu Shi's criticisms of him were indeed severe, but the harshness can also inspire people; Hu Shi also praised and encouraged Luo's achievements. ⑦Luo Ergang later made great achievements in historiography, especially a famous scholar in the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.He himself believes that it is inseparable from Hu Shi's guidance and strict requirements. Wu Han, whose name was Chun Han back then, also studied in Chinese public schools, and was also a proud student of Hu Shi.When Hu Shi taught the course of Chinese cultural history, Wu Han received Hu Shi's guidance and help, and wrote his first academic paper "The Economic Situation of the Western Han Dynasty", which was also appreciated by President Hu.Later, Hu Shi was forced to leave Zhonggong, and Wu Han also left school to go north, and was admitted to the second year of the History Department of Tsinghua University.Hu Shi also introduced him to be a "work-study student" at school The opportunity to solve the economic difficulties; I also wrote a pair of couplets to him, which read: Think big, start small; Talk more about problems and less about doctrines. Hu Shi also wrote to encourage Wu Han, asking him to "train himself to be a scholar who can sort out the historical materials of the Ming Dynasty"; he also wrote an article in "Ta Kung Pao", hoping that college students would follow Wu Han's example and "bury their heads in reading and not ask about politics".Wu Han was indeed deeply influenced by Hu Shi at that time. He not only hung the couplets sent by Hu Shi in his room, but also wrote articles for the "Independent Review" run by Hu Shi. famous scholars. ⑧However, Wu Han is a passionate young man. Seeing the reality of darkness and corruption, how could he sit down in the library and remain indifferent? He wrote to Hu Shi and said: In today's current situation, the leaders of the party and the country are traitorous, the government is traitorous, and the border officials are traitorous... If you look at the history of any country or dynasty, you can't find such a despicable, shameless and insane government, and it is very difficult to find such a government. A callous, unexamined citizen. He didn't dare to "confide to people with party membership" about these pains, so he confided to Hu Shi, saying that he "had been taught and guided by his master in the past", and hoped that he could "show him a path to follow" at this time. ⑨Hu Shi was helpless.Later, Wu Han changed his mind and took the opposite path to Hu Shi, becoming a strong fighter for democracy. At that time, there was also a Ms. Wu Jianxiong among the students of the Chinese public school.Later, she studied in the United States, and Hu Shi still cared and guided her often.She finally became a famous physicist all over the world, and Hu Shi was always proud of having such a student. 10 As for Wu Jianxiong, he never forgot the teachings of Hu Shi throughout his life. In 1985, she was invited to return to her motherland to attend the celebration of her alma mater, Nanjing University. When talking about her academic experience to young graduates, she still mentioned Mr. Hu Shi’s teaching and concern for her, which was the driving force for her to be aggressive later. In order to train students, the most important thing for universities is to hire good professors.After Hu Shi took over as the senior high school official, although restricted by various conditions, he still tried his best to recruit a group of British and American students to teach at the school, making the professors of humanities and social sciences relatively uniform.He hired professors, with Cai Yuanpei's style, no qualifications, no sects.For example, in the Department of Chinese Literature, Ma Zonghuo, a disciple of Wang Yun, taught pre-Qin literature and "Shuowen", leftist writer Bai Wei taught drama, Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun taught classical poetry research and interpretation, Zheng Zhenduo and Liang Shiqiu taught Western literature, etc. A young writer, Shen Congwen, taught novel creation.He also hired Mr. Gao Yihan as the dean of the Academy of Social Sciences, and Hu Shizi was also the dean of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and also taught a course of "Cultural History".In addition to coming to the school to attend classes, discuss school affairs, and host various meetings and activities every week, he still lives in the residence of Si Feierlu in Shanghai West Ji most of the time, engaging in academic research and writing.During his two years as the principal of Zhonggong, he published the first volume of "History of Vernacular Literature", "Travel Notes on Lushan Mountain", "On Human Rights", edited and edited "Shenhui Monk's Legacy Collection", and wrote "Three Collections of Hu Shiwen Cun" Many articles in .It is self-evident that such a well-educated and hard-working principal has so many achievements in research and writing. It is self-evident what kind of good influence it will have on teachers, students and the school's style of study. Regardless of qualifications, Hu Shi hired Shen Congwen to teach at the school, which was once a good story in Chinese public schools. Shen Congwen, from Fenghuang, Hunan.He only went to elementary school and was born in the army.Later, he studied hard and created novels, which were mostly published in "Modern Review" and "Morning News Supplement", and became a pillar writer of "Modern Review", which was quite popular among readers. In the spring of 1928, Shen Congwen came to Shanghai and co-founded "Red Black" magazine and Red Black Publishing House with Ding Ling and Hu Yepin.The three of them have a deep friendship.Later, Hu Ye was frequently arrested and killed by the Kuomintang government. Shen Congwen went to various places to assist Ding Ling in trying to rescue him.But according to Shen's good friend Ms. Ding Ling: Because Shen Congwen has always had some friendship with the Crescent Society and the Modern Critic, he has always been a little envious of the gentry class. He is no longer reconciled to the life of a poor writer, nor is he satisfied with his status as a writer. He really wants to be a professor . At that time, the social status of professors was far higher than that of writers, because self-study could become a writer and engage in creation, but it was difficult to become a scholar or a professor.Shen Congwen also wanted to be a professor.But he has no academic qualifications. Although the novel is well written, it cannot be regarded as knowledge, so it is difficult to enter the threshold of university. Hu Shi originally attached great importance to Congwen. After he became the principal of Zhonggong, he hired him to teach "fiction exercises" at the school, and promoted him to be a professor.Shen Congwen was slow in speech, and he was not serious about reading when he was a child; but he was very serious about teaching. In order to give examples for students to do exercises, he used different artistic techniques at any time, wrote many works expressing different life themes, and explored various aspects of art.Most of these works were published in "New Moon" magazine and "Fiction Monthly", which is a great achievement for him teaching in Zhonggong. The greatest achievement of Shen Congwen in Zhonggong is that he found his lifelong partner——his wife, Ms. Zhang Zhaohe.It is said that this matter has something to do with President Hu Shi, and he has been helped by Hu Shi.At that time, the school was co-educational, but there were not many female students.According to the memories of Offcn alumni, Ms. Zhang Zhaohe is kind-hearted, simple and quiet, and good at ball games. She is healthy and beautiful, and is recognized as the "school belle" of Offcn.Many male students rushed to pursue her, but she rejected them all and ignored them, so they all retreated despite the difficulties.Only the teacher Shen Congwen persevered and wrote many love letters to Zhang.She ignored him at first, but then she couldn't be bothered, so she went to Jisi Feier Road to find Principal Hu.When she entered the door, Ms. Zhang had a package under her armpit; Hu Shi saw it and said with a smile, "Why do you send anything?" She opened the package and brought it to the principal, saying, "It's not a gift, it's a big gift from Mr. Shen." Pile up letters. Please take a look at the principal." Apparently, the purpose of Ms. Zhang's trip was to ask the principal to intervene and reject Mr. Shen; and said, "He is a teacher, so he cannot treat students like this!" Then he smiled and said: "Teacher-student love is not against the law. It is common in foreign countries. The principal cannot interfere." After talking for a while, Zhang Zhaohe got up to leave. Said: "You might as well reply him a letter and observe carefully later. If you think he has no malicious intentions, it's good to be a friend. Otherwise, marriage cannot be forced." President Hu spoke eloquently and became an iceman unintentionally. Shen Zhang fell in love unexpectedly and matured, and got married on September 9, 1933. Since then, the two of them have become loyal partners who share joys and sorrows through ups and downs for decades. ① "History of Chinese Public Schools", originally contained in "Graduation Album of Zhonggong Jisi", later included in "History" volume of "Hu Shi Selected Works", Taipei Wenxing Bookstore, June 1966 edition, pp. 1-10. ②The Chinese Public School Board sent a letter to Hu Shi on May 15, 1930, contained in "Hu Shi's Correspondence and Selected Letters", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, May 1, 1979, volume 1, pp. 14-15. ③Refer to "Mr. Hu Shizhi and Chinese Public School" by Yang Lianggong, contained in Volume 2, Issue 3 of "Biographical Literature" in Taipei. Mr. Yang Lianggong was the vice-principal of China Public School at that time. He was nominated by Hu Shi and hired by the school board of directors. He worked in the school during the summer vacation of 1928. ④ "Wu Song Monthly Publishing Words", see "Three Collections of Hu Shi's Essays", Shanghai Yadong Library, June 1937, Edition 3, Volume 7, pp. 975-976. ⑤ This song was written in April 1930.It was later included in "Mr. Hu Shizhi's Poetry and Handwriting" (published by Taipei Commercial Press in December 1964), which is one of the "After Attempt Collection", titled "Song of Chinese Public School Games".Some people also call it "Healthy Children's Song". ⑥ Hu Chuan (Tiehua)'s posthumous work has not been published after it was compiled and transcribed by Luo Ergang. In December 1948, Hu Shifei took it out of Beijing, and then brought it to the United States.Among them, "diary" and "report" were published by the Taiwan Provincial Documentation Committee in May 1951. The title of the book is "Two Records of Taiwan"; later compiled according to the date as "Taiwan Diary and Revelation", 1960 Published by the Economic Research Office of the Bank of Taiwan.The above two editions are signed "Hu Chuanzhuan, edited by Hu Shi Luoergang". ⑦According to Luo Ergang's "Preface" and Hu Shi's "Preface" and "Postscript", we can know that Luo Ergang's "Teacher's Disgrace to Education" was written in March 1943. Written by the editor, Mr. Qian Shifu. In June 1944, it was printed by Guilin Jianshe Bookstore, "In less than a few days, Guilin was evacuated urgently, so in that short time, this book has not been able to meet the readers." In 1945, Luo Ergang revised the edition Handed over to Mr. Lu Jichen (Zeng Zeng), the general manager of Independent Publishing House, for reprinting; Lu asked Hu Shi to write a preface, but Hu Shi delayed writing it until August 1948, and the book was not printed. In 1952, Hu Shi went back to Taiwan to give lectures and tour. By the way, he obtained the revised manuscript of this book from Lu Tuozeng, and printed it at his own expense in 1958. In 1963, it was selected and included in the third issue of Volume 3 of "Biographical Literature" in Taipei.The quotations here are based on Biographical Literature. ⑧Refer to Jin Ruonian's "Comrade Wu Han's Stories", and see the book "Wu Han and "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office"" edited and published by People's Publishing House, August 1st edition, 1979, pages 115-116 and 121. ⑨Wu Chunhan wrote a letter to Hu Shi on January 30, 1932, see "Selected Letters from Hu Shi", Volume II, pp. 102-104. (Third Edition Note) ⑩ On February 24, 1962, Hu Shi presided over the fifth academician meeting of the "Academia Sinica" in Taipei.In the afternoon, at the reception held to welcome new and old academicians, Hu Shi delivered a speech, saying: I don't know anything about physics, but I have two students who are famous physicists all over the world.One was Rao Yutai, then director of the Physics Department of Peking University, and the other was Ms. Wu Jianxiong, who had collaborated with Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning to verify the "unreliability of the law of equivalence".But Wu Dayou is Rao Yutai's student, and Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao are Wu Dayou's students, so they should be "four generations".I think this is the most proud thing in my life, and it is also something to be proud of. ("Biography of Hundred People in the Republic of China", Volume 1, p. 207.) Shortly after speaking these words, at the end of the reception, he suffered a heart attack and fell to the ground, and died. See the "Character Interview" written by Fang Yanming, "Return to Alma Mater, Message to Future Students-Professor Wu Jianxiong Talks about Academic Research", published in the overseas edition of "People's Daily" in Beijing on July 18, 1985. Ms. Wu Jianxiong, originally studied at a public school in China, and later transferred to Central University. After liberation, it was renamed Nanjing University.Therefore, China Public School and Nanjing University are the alma maters of Ms. Wu Jianxiong. Ding Ling's "A Real Man's Life—Records of Hu Yepin", November 1950, published in the preface of "Selected Works of Hu Yepin's Novels", Beijing People's Literature Publishing House, 1954 edition, p. 9. Shen Congwen's teaching position in China Public School was recalled by the vice-principal at the time as "professor", see Note ③; however, Li Xiong, a student of the public school at the time, recalled that Shen was a "lecturer" ("Respect for Mr. Hu Shizhi", contained Taipei "Chang Liu" bimonthly, Volume 25, Issue 3).Yin Zaiqin, a mainland scholar, wrote "Comments on the New Moon School" (Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1985 edition), saying that He Qifang was influenced and appreciated by Shen Congwen when he was studying at Shanghai China Public School. Lecturer", I do not know what evidence.It is inconvenient for the author to ask Mr. Shen about such matters, so I will follow Yang's theory, and I will save Li and Yin's second theory for future reference. See Li Xiong's "Respect for Mr. Hu Shizhi" and Cheng Wai's "Shen Congwen and Hu Shi" (in "Free Man" on May 4, 1957). "New Moon" is a monthly magazine focusing on literature and art, advocating the so-called "art for art's sake" and confronting the left-wing literature at that time.But Hu Shi was a person who "was determined to talk about politics". In 1929, he initiated a discussion on the "Question of Human Rights" in the "New Moon" magazine. The first to act was Hu Shi himself, who published the article "Human Rights and Treaties". ①The opening shot was quite fierce, directly targeting the Nationalist government, the party departments, and even Chiang Kai-shek himself, exposing the human rights violations by the Kuomintang government.His article was prompted by an order from the Nationalist Government.At that time, massacres of the Communist Party and violations of human rights were not uncommon. "At a time when human rights are deprived of almost nothing left," the Nationalist government wanted to put on a show and issued an order to "protect human rights" on April 20.The language is ambiguous, and it only mentions that "individuals or groups" must not illegally violate the human rights of others, but does not mention "government agencies".Hu Shi was very disappointed after reading it, and wrote in the article, "What we feel the most painful today is that various government agencies or under the guise of government and party agencies infringe on people's physical freedom and property." In this regard, people are not given any protection at all. Isn't it "Only state officials are allowed to set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps"? Hu Shi's article clearly targeted the Kuomintang government. Three facts are listed in the article.One is a proposal reported at the Third National Congress of the Kuomintang - "Severely Handling the Case of Counter-Revolutionaries".It mentioned that the courts are often too strict with the evidence, which makes it easy for counter-revolutionaries to slip through the net. Therefore, the proposal states: "Anyone who is certified as a counter-revolutionary by the provincial and special city party committees in writing" should be punished by the court as a counter-revolutionary crime.If you disagree, you can appeal.However, if the higher court receives written proof from the Party Central Committee, it shall immediately refute it. ②Hu Shi thinks that replacing the law with the party, "just relying on a piece of evidence from the party headquarters, you must be convicted and punished." Doesn't this mean that the rule of the party is replaced by the rule of law, and the rule of law is actually abolished at all? One is that the 152nd Brigade of the army stationed in Tangshan detained businessmen arbitrarily and tortured them severely, causing them to be injured or disabled. The other is Liu Wendian, the president of Anhui University, who was summoned by Chiang Kai-shek and referred to him as "Sir" instead of "Chairman". "His family and friends can only run around begging for mercy, and they must not go to any court to sue Chairman Jiang."Hu Shi said, "You can only intercede but not sue. This is the rule of man, not the rule of law." ③What is the rule of law? Hu Shi believes that the rule of law is not only for ordinary people and mass organizations, but also for the government, the party and the army of all officials.He pointed out: The rule of law means that all actions of government officials must not exceed the authority stipulated by the law.The rule of law only recognizes the law, not people.Under the rule of law, the chairman of the national government and the officers of the Tangshan 152nd Brigade are equally not allowed to exceed the authority stipulated by the law.The chairman of the national government can detain citizens at will, and the officers of the 152nd brigade can also detain and torture businessmen at will. …Under this state, what are you talking about to protect human rights! What are you talking about establishing the basis of the rule of law! ④ Therefore, Hu Shi called for: "Quickly formulate a contract to determine the basis of the rule of law! Quickly formulate a contract to protect human rights!" If there is a violation of human rights, "regardless of the company commander of the 152nd brigade or the chairman of the national government, the people can sue and be punished by law." After the publication of "Human Rights and Treaties", it had a great influence at the time because of its sharpness and courage in criticizing the Kuomintang government.Some domestic and foreign newspapers reprinted it, some translated it, and many readers wrote letters to "New Moon". Therefore, discussions on human rights issues centered on "New Moon". During the discussion, Hu Shi also further raised the issue of the relationship between the party and the law regarding the Kuomintang's "ruling the country by the party".He said: Not only the authority of the government is subject to the sanction of the contract, but also the authority of the party is also subject to the sanction of the contract.If the party is not sanctioned by the law, it means that there are still special classes in a country that are beyond the sanction of the law. Is it still "rule of law"? ⑤ He analyzed the relationship between "party rule" and "rule of law" in Kuomintang China It hits the nail on the head and is quite profound. Then, they successively published Hu Shi's "Knowing Difficulty, Acting is Not Easy", "When Will We Have a Constitution", "New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang", Luo Longji's "On Human Rights", and "Success to those who Oppress Freedom of Speech" , "Expert Politics", Liang Shiqiu's "On the Unification of Thought" and a series of articles.These articles are also sharp and pungent, raising many major issues such as the rule of law, the constitution, and freedom of thought and speech. They criticized the so-called "political training" of the Kuomintang and advocated the implementation of "constitutional government."Hu Shi pointed out that Mr. Sun Yat-sen's "Outline for the Founding of the People's Republic of China" only talked about "political training" and abolished the rule of law.He believes that "political training" can't just train the people, and the party-state officials should especially have the training of the constitution and the rule of law.He said: The training the people need is civic life under the Constitution.The training needed by the government and the party officials is to live under the rule of law under the constitution. The princes of the "foresighted" government must first use the constitution to train themselves and discipline themselves, and then they can hope to train the people to embark on the road of republic.Otherwise, they keep saying "training the government", but their own actions are not enough to teach them. Although the common people are stupid, how can they be easily deceived? ⑥Luo Longji also said that if there are no constitutional and legal restrictions on government officials, then " Someone, a certain family, or a certain group occupy the position of the government, use the name of the government" to trample on human rights, it is more terrible than "robbers who rob with open flames, kidnappers who kill people with guns"! Therefore, he advocated "struggling Those who fight for human rights should first fight for the rule of law; those who fight for the rule of law should fight for the constitution first.” ⑦ In short, the rule of law and constitutionalism are the focus of their human rights discussions. They also vigorously advocated freedom of thought and speech, and had quite sharp criticism and accusations against the KMT.Hu Shi pointed out in his article "The New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang": One of the major undertakings of the New Culture Movement was the emancipation of the mind.Back then we criticized Confucius and Mencius, impeached Cheng Zhu, opposed Confucianism, and denied God, all for the purpose of overthrowing the sect of God, liberating Chinese thought, and advocating a skeptical attitude and a spirit of criticism.However, as a result of the cooperation between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang, an absolute autocratic situation was created, and freedom of thought and speech was completely lost.God can deny, but Sun Yat-sen cannot criticize.You don't have to do worship, but you must read the prime minister's will, and you must do commemoration week. ⑧ Hu Shi even declared, "From the standpoint of the New Culture Movement, the Kuomintang is reactionary," and that the head of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang "is a reactionary, and the ideas he represents are reactionary ideas"! This criticism is sharp enough and serious enough. The title of Luo Longji's article is very hot: "Sue those who oppress freedom of speech"! And he used Mr. Sun Yat-sen as a shield, saying that Mr. Sun Yat-sen supported freedom of speech, so "those who oppress freedom of speech" are "reactionary or counter-revolutionary" ".Roche also cited China's Emperor Xuantong, Emperor Hongxian, and many foreign autocratic emperors. None of them did not suppress freedom of speech, but none of them did not end in failure. ⑨ Only Liang Shiqiu's tone is quite gentle.He advocated freedom of thought and opposed the unity of thought.At the end of the article, a tail was added to promote freedom of literature and art, opposing both "literature of the Three People's Principles" and "literary and artistic works advocating class struggle" He believes that any work that promotes any doctrine has little value: "The value of literature and art is not a tool for a certain project, literature itself is the purpose." ⑩This is Liang Shiqiu's consistent position. They also advocate expert politics and criticize China's current politics as "warrior politics" and "politics of spoils".They pointed out that from the central government to the local government, from the administration of the country to the administration of the party, they are all controlled by a group of warriors who have no political knowledge and no political training. The result is naturally sad.in particular: How are the hundreds of thousands of officials in China now produced, from the highest dean and ministers to the gatekeepers and sweeping servants? There are no elections and no exams. Are these hundreds of thousands of people recommended? Is it produced by citing, quoting, predestined relationship, and random methods? Just ask a country’s officials, who only rely on recommendations, citations, predestined relationship, and random methods to produce them. Is this taking the country’s official positions as stolen goods? Is this system a system of dividing the spoils? This kind of criticism can be said to have hit the heart of China's official system and touched a deep legacy of China's autocratic system.They advocate the use of "legitimate elections and public examinations" to establish real expert politics.And asserted that in the 20th century today, "only expert politics can save China today."It is natural and reasonable, but it actually reflects their desire to participate in politics. extension. One of the most eye-catching highlights of this discussion on human rights is the public criticism of the founder of the Kuomintang and the "father of the nation", Dr. Sun Yat-sen.Hu Shi not only accused Mr. Sun of abolishing the "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" that "ruled by law", and accused him of praising China's inherent civilization. Easy to do" theory. The article "Knowledge is Difficult, Acting Is Not Easy" also affirms Sun Wen's theory from a political point of view, saying: 行易知难的学说是一种很有力的革命哲学。一面要人知道“行易”，可以鼓舞人勇往进取。一面要人知道“知难”，可以提倡多数人对于先知先觉者的信仰与服从。信仰领袖，服从命令，一致进取，不怕艰难，这便是革命成功的条件。所以中山说这是必要的心理建设。 胡适认为，孙中山死后，北伐之所以成功，正是奉行他的遗教，建立“共信”的功效。 但是，胡适的文章，重点是批评“行易知难”说的错误。他指出：“行易知难” 说的第一个根本错误，在于“把'知''行'分的太分明”。把“知”“行”分做两件事，分做两种人做的两类事，这是错误的。“因为绝大部分的知识是不能同'行'分离的，尤其是社会科学的知识”。“行易知难”说的第二个根本错误，是因为“知固是难，行也不易”。尤其是治国，是一件最复杂最繁难最重要的事，知行都很重要。卤莽糊涂，胡作胡为，自然要害国害民；就是有了良法美意，而行之不得其法，也会祸民误国。但在国民党政府里，有些人借“行易”之说，把治国看得太容易，“故纨子弟可以办交通，顽固书生可以办考试，当火头出身的可以办一省的财政，旧式的官僚可以管一国的卫生”。这样怎么谈得上治国呢?所以，胡适指出： 今日最大的危险是当国的人不明白他们干的事是一件绝大繁难的事。以一班没有现代学术训练的人，统治一个没有现代物质基础的大国家，天下的事有比这个更繁难的吗?要把这件大事办的好，没有别的法子，只有充分请教专家，充分运用科学。然而“行易”之说可以作一班不学无术的军人政客的护身符! 当时，胡适的一些朋友看了他的这些文章，担心事涉当局不许批评的孙中山先生，怕惹麻烦，都劝他不要发表；并要那时做《新月》编辑的梁实秋把稿子抽出。 上海暨南大学文学院长陈钟凡看了文稿，对着胡适吐舌头，说，“了不得!比上两回的文章更厉害了!”他也劝胡适暂时不要发表，“且等等看”。但胡适还是坚决要发表。后来，果然招致麻烦，而胡适还居然大胆声言： 我们所要建立的是批评国民党的自由和批评孙中山的自由。上帝我们尚且可以批评，何况国民党与孙中山? 这就很有一点资产阶级自由派的胆略与无畏精神，在当时知识界思想界和政界影响极大。许多人写信给胡适，称赞他的文章有声有色，有识见，又有胆量，连高梦旦家最守旧之九兄也称赞说：“不特文笔纵横，一往无敌，而威武不屈，胆略过人，兄拟上胡先生谥号，称之为'龙胆公'，取赵子龙一身都是胆之义。” 胡适等人搞的这场所谓“人权运动”，其实只是一班自由主义知识分子的呼声，表现出相当强烈的法治和民主自由精神，当然有它的积极意义。但对于广大被压迫的劳苦大众，对于被“围剿”被屠杀的共产党人，他们并没有说什么话。对于国民党当局虽有某些微辞，有所指责，有的也还相当尖锐，但他们其实也只不过希望蒋介石的党国搞一点西方的资产阶级民主政治而已。胡适等人的态度也是很明白的，他说：“我们的态度是'修正'的态度，我们不问谁在台上，只希望做点补偏救弊的工作。补得一分是一分，救得一弊是一利。” 然而，党国治下，即使像胡适《新月》那样谈人权，也是不允许的。一时上海的《民国日报》、《光报》、《时事新报》、《大公报》、《觉悟》、《星期评论》等许多报纸都刊文批判胡适；并由上海市第三区党部发难，呈请将中国公学校长胡适“撤职惩处”；接着又有上海、青岛、天津、北平、江苏、南京等几个省市的党部，呈请政府“严予惩办”；国民党中央常会，中央执行委员会，国民政府，行政院，层层公文训令，最后由教育部出面警告胡适。部令中引了六件公文，有的说：查胡适近年以来刊发言论，每多悖谬，如刊载《新月》杂志之《人权与约法》、《知难行亦不易》、《我们什么时候才可有宪法》等等，大都陈腐荒怪，而往往语侵个人，任情指谪，足以引起人民对于政府恶感或轻视之影响。……胡适殊不能使之再长中国公学。而为纠绳学者发言计，又不能不予以相当之惩处。 有的则说： 查胡适年来言论确有不合，……不谙国内社会实际情况，误解本党党义及总理学说，并溢出讨论范围，放言空论。……任意攻击，其影响所及，既失大学校长尊严，并易使社会缺乏定见之人民，对党政生不良印象，自不能不加以纠正，以昭警戒。……并通饬全国各大学校长切实督率教职员详细精研本党党义，以免再有与此类似之谬误见解发生。 随着，国民党中央常会又制定了一个《各级学校教职员研究党义暂行条例》，通令全国各级学校教职员学习党义，并规定“平均每日至少须有半小时之自修研究”。这便是因胡适“人权”案而引起的，国民党最先创造的“天天读”。 胡适接到教育部上述训令之后，特别将令文中的错误一处，别字二处，标出改正，并谓“该令殊属不合”，“含糊拢统”，驳回教育部。 到1930年2月，上海市党部又奉中央宣传部密令，没收焚毁《新月》杂志；5月，刚刚出版不久的《人权论集》，也遭国民党中宣部密令查禁。各种报纸又纷纷登载要惩办胡适、通缉胡适的议案和消息，闹得满城风雨。《新月》不保，新月社人心惶惶，“人权运动”也就无可奈何，偃旗息鼓了。 ①《人权与约法》载《新月》杂志第2卷第2号；后收入《人权论集》，上海新月书店1930年2月出版。本则引文未注出处者均见此文。 ②此提案由上海特别市党部代表陈德征提出，曾载上海各报纸，其内容如下： 上海特别市代表陈德征向三全会提严厉处置反革命分子案，原文如下：〔理由〕反革命分子包括共产党、国家主义者、第三党及一切违反三民主义之分子。此等分子之危害党国，已成为社会一致公认之事实。吾人应认定对反革命分子，应不犹疑地予以严厉处置。查过去处置反革命分子之办法，辄以移解法院为惟一归宿，而普通法院因碍于法例之拘束，常忽于反革命分子之实际行动，而以事后证据不足为辞，宽纵著名之反革命分子。因此等之结果，不独使反革命分子得以逍遥法外，且使革命者有被反革命分子之攻击危害之危险。均应确定严厉处置反革命分子之办法，俾革命势力得以保障，党国前途实利赖之。〔办法〕凡经省及特别市党部书面证明为反革命分子者，法院或其他法定之受理机关应以反革命罪处分之，如不服得上诉，惟上级法院或其他上级法定之受理机关，如得中央党部之书面证明，即当驳斥之。(转引自《胡适来往书信选》，北京中华书局1979年5月版，上册，第509～510页。) ③参看《人权论集》，上海新月书店1931年8月4版，第4～7页。 ④同上书第8页。 ⑤《“人权与约法”的讨论》(胡适答诸青来)，载《新月》杂志第2卷第4号； 见《人权论集》第18～19页。 ⑥《我们什么时候才可有宪法?》原载《新月》杂志第2卷第4号；见《人权论集》第30～31页。 ⑦罗隆基《论人权》，原载《新月》杂志第2卷第5号；见《人权论集》第51页。 ⑧《新文化运动与国民党》，原载《新月》杂志第2卷第6、7号合刊，见《人权论集》第124页。 纪念周，是国民党统治中国时所规定的，于每周星期一上午，各机关、团体、学校人员集会，纪念孙中山先生的一种仪式。每次都照例须念“总理遗嘱”，然后“静默三分钟”，然后由主管人员训话，训话又大多千篇一律。后来纪念周便成为例行公事，颇类宗教的礼拜，只没有那种宗教的虔诚罢了。 ⑨罗隆基《告压迫言论自由者》，原载《新月》杂志第2卷第6、7号合刊；见《人权论集》第113页。 ⑩梁实秋《论思想统一》，原载《新月》杂志第2卷第3号；后收入《人权论集》。 罗隆基《专家政治》，见《人权论集》第179页。 《我们什么时候才可有宪法?》一文的副标题即是“对于建国大纲之疑问”。 参看《新文化运动与国民党》，见《人权论集》第130～137页。 《知难，行亦不易》一文有副标题“孙中山先生的'行易知难说'述评”，原载《吴淞月刊》，《新月》杂志第2卷第4号转载，后收入《人权论集》第145～168页。 陈钟凡，字玄，时任暨南大学文学院长兼中国文学系主任。他劝胡适的事，见《胡适的日记》手稿本，台北远流出版事业股份有限公司1990年版，第9册，1929年11月19日。 (Third Edition Note) 参看梁实秋著《忆新月》，载《秋实杂忆》，台北传记文学出版社1971年5月出版。 《人权论集?小序》，载该书卷首；后收入《胡适论学近著》第1集，卷五，上海商务印书馆1935年12月出版，改题为《人权论集序》。台北远东重版本《胡适文存四集》删。 参看蔡元培、张孝若、史济行等致胡适的信，见《胡适来往书信选》，上册，第515、522～524、540、543～544页。 高梦旦九兄1930年旧历“醉司命夕”致11弟(即梦旦)的信，高梦旦转给胡适，故附贴在《胡适的日记》里，见台北远流版，手稿本第9册，1930年1月29日后。 (Third Edition Note) 《胡适的日记》手稿本第8册，1929年7月2日。 (Third Edition Note) 1929年9月23日上海《申报》载中央社消息： 上海私立中国公学校长，最近在《吴淞月刊》及《新月》杂志上发表《人权与约法》、《我们什么时候才可有宪法》及《知难行亦不易》等篇文字，攻击本党党义及总理学说，各省市党部如上海、青岛、天津、北平、江苏、南京等处先后呈请中央严予惩办。中央亦以胡适言论不谙国内社会实际情形，误解本党党义及总理学说，并溢出学术研究范围，放言空论。其影响所及，既失大学校长尊严，并易使社会上缺乏定见之人民对党政生不良印象。业由中央训练部函请国民政府转饬教育部加以警告，并通饬全国各大学校长，切实督率教职员详细研究本党党义，以免再有与此类似之谬误见解发生。 国民政府教育部遵令于1929年10月4日，发出训令(字第1282号)，对胡适加以警告。旧中国的这类玩意，今日青年难以见到，录如下： 教育部训令字第1282号令中国公学为令饬事：奉行政院第3276号训令开： 案奉国民政府训令，内开： 案准中央执行委员会训练部函开： 径启者：顷奉中央常会交下上海特别市执行委员会来呈一件，内称： 案据职会属第三区党部呈称：“查属区第三次全区代表大会决议案呈称(?)市执行委员会转呈中央，咨请国民政府令饬教育部将中国公学校长胡适撤职惩处案，附具理由：胡适借五四运动倡导新学之名，博得一般青年随声附和，迄今十余年来，非惟思想没有进境，抑且以头脑之顽旧，迷惑青年。新近充任中国公学校长，对于学生社会政治运动多所阻挠，实属行为反动，应将该胡适撤职惩处，以利青运。等因，合亟缮呈钧会，祈察核转呈”，等情前来： “查胡适近年以来刊发言论，每多悖谬，如刊载《新月》杂志之《人权与约法》、《知难行亦不易》、《我们什么时候才可有宪法》等等，大都陈腐荒怪，而往往语侵个人，任情指谪，足以引起人民对于政府恶感或轻视之影响。夫以胡适如是之悖谬，乃任之为国立(?)学校之校长，其训育所被，尤多陷于腐旧荒怪之途。 为政府计，为学校计，胡适殊不能使之再长中国公学。而为纠绳学者发言计，又不能不予以相当之惩处。该会所请，不为无见。兹经职会第47次常会议决，准予转呈在案，理合备文呈称(?)钧会，祈鉴核施行。”等因： “查胡适年来言论确有不合，如最近《新月》杂志发表之《人权与约法》、《我们什么时候才可有宪法》及《知难行亦不易》等篇，不谙国内社会实际情况，误解本党党义及总理学说，并溢出讨论范围，放言空论。按本党党义博大精深，自不厌党内外人士反复研究探讨，以期有所引申发明。惟胡适身居大学校长，不但误解党义，且逾越学术研究范围，任意攻击，其影响所及，既失大学校长尊严，并易使社会缺乏定见之人民，对党政生不良印象，自不能不加以纠正，以昭警戒。为此拟请贵府转饬教育部对于中国公学校长胡适言论不合之处，加以警告，并通饬全国各大学校长切实督率教职员详细精研本党党义，以免再有与此类似之谬误见解发生。事关党义，至希查核办理为荷。等由，准此，自应照办，除函复外，合行令仰该院转饬教育部分别遵照办理。”等因，奉此，合行令仰该部即便分别遵照办理，此令。 等因，合行令仰该校长知照。此令。 中华民国十八年十月四日部长€讇讇? (据《胡适来往书信选》上册第548～550页排印的胡适保存的抄件录出，令文中的三处〈?〉，即系胡适所标出该令文的错误和别字) 该条例经1929年10月21日国民党中央第44次常会通过；《人权论集》把它附录在罗隆基作《告压迫言论自由者》一文后面，大约是当作“压迫言论自由者”的一个实例罢。见该书第115～117页，读者可以参看。 参看胡适致蒋梦麟信，载《胡适来往书信选》上册，第547～548页。 1930年2月5日，国民党上海市党部致新月书店公函，全文如下： 径启者：本部顷奉中央宣传部密令，内开：“为密令饬遵事：查最近在上海出版之《新月》第2卷第6、7期，载有胡适作之《新文化运动与国民党》及罗隆基作之《告压迫言论自由者》二文，诋本党，肆行反动，应由该部密查当地各书店有无该书出售。若有发现，即行设法没收焚毁。除分行外，合亟密令，仰该部遵照严密执行具复为要。”等因，奉此，查该刊累载反动文字，早经本部查禁在案。兹奉前因，相应备函转达，即希贵局勿为代售，致干禁令，为要。此致新月书店中国国民党上海特别市执行委员会宣传部1930年2月5日1930年5月3日，国民党上海特别市第四区执行委员会发出训令，查禁《人权论集》等书，录如下： 中国国民党上海特别市第四区执行委员会训令宣字第37号令各区分部宣传委员为密令饬遵事：案奉市宣传部密令行字第12号内开：“案奉中央宣传部密令：饬为查禁大众文艺编辑、上海四马路现代书局发行之《大众文艺新兴文学专号》及上海新月书店出版之《人权论集》两刊物等因，奉此，除呈复并分令外，仰该员切实遵照查禁为要”，等因，奉此，除分令外，令仰该员遵照查禁为要。此令。中华民国19年5月3日宣传委员赵少彝 胡适与徐志摩、梁实秋、罗隆基、叶公超、丁西林等人，于1929年3月又组一个“平社”，准备办一个《平论》周刊，未成；后又拟出一部书，总题为“中国问题”，每人任一方面，并有了明确的分工，①但也不见结果。恰好因《新月》谈人权，谈出麻烦来了。胡适的中国公学校长虽然没有明令撤职惩处，却也给学校惹了麻烦。他只好引咎向校董会辞职。《新月》呢?更麻烦，隔几个月才又出了一期，不死不活。胡适与同人等议论，改弦更张，另换题目，便讨论“怎样解决中国的问题”。这也是一个敏感的政治问题。为了不再惹麻烦，大家认为必须先写一篇“概括的引论”，以便向社会各界，自然也向当局，表明《新月》同人对中国问题的“根本态度”。 还是由胡适先出马。大家公推他来写这篇引论。于是，由胡适起草，经大家讨论，在《新月》第2卷10号上发表了《我们走那条路》一篇皇皇大文。②这头一炮放得颇为奇特，放出了一个“五鬼乱中华”的奇论!胡适写道： 我们要打倒五个大仇敌： 第一大敌是贫穷。 第二大敌是疾病。 第三大敌是愚昧。 第四大敌是贪污。 第五大敌是扰乱。 这五大仇敌之中，资本主义不在内，因为我们还没有资格谈资本主义。资产阶级也不在内，因为我们至多有几个小富人，哪有资产阶级?封建势力也不在内，因为封建制度早已在二千年前崩坏了。帝国主义也不在内，因为帝国主义不能侵害那五鬼不入之国。 这就是说，中国之所以坏到这般地步，都是这“五大恶魔”闹的；而帝国主义和军阀势力都不在“五鬼”之列，都不算中国人民的敌人了。这是胡适博士的一个最奇特的创造! 奇论一出，全国震惊。当即有位梁漱溟先生，在《村